Pub Date : 2024-04-12DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad3984
Jennifer Hack, Ralf F Ziesche, Matilda Fransson, Theo Suter, Lukas Helfen, Cyrille Couture, Nikolay Kardjilov, Alessandro Tengattini, Paul Shearing, Dan Brett
Water management plays a key role in ensuring optimum polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) performance, and flow field design can influence the ability of a cell to balance maintaining hydration, whilst avoiding flooding and cell failure. This work deepens the understanding of water evolution in different PEFC flow channel designs, namely single serpentine (SS), double serpentine (DS) and parallel, using our novel high-speed neutron computed tomography method. We developed our previously-reported method by introducing continuous cell rotation, enabling 18 s per tomogram during 1 h holds at 300, 400 and 500 mA cm−2. The volume of water evolved in the cathode, membrane electrode assembly and anode was quantified, and key mechanisms for water droplet formation in the different flow channel designs were elucidated. The parallel flow field design had the poorest water management, with 47% of the cathode flow channel becoming filled after 1 h at 400 mA cm−2. This significant flooding blocked reactant sites and contributed to unstable cell performance and, ultimately, cell failure at higher current densities. The SS cell displayed the best water management, with only 11% of the cathode channel filled with water after 1 h at 500 mA cm−2, compared with 28% of the DS cathode channel. 3D visualisation and analysis of droplet behaviour elucidated how water ‘slugs’ in the SS were removed in the gas stream, whereas three of the four parallel cathode flow channels became entirely filled with water plugs, blocking gas flow and exacerbating cell flooding. The new insights gained here are expected to extend to novel flow field designs and image-based models, with the use of operando neutron CT demonstrated as a powerful technique for both visualising and quantifying water management in operating PEFCs, as well as deepening the knowledge of droplet behaviour in different flow field types.
{"title":"Understanding water dynamics in operating fuel cells by operando neutron tomography: investigation of different flow field designs","authors":"Jennifer Hack, Ralf F Ziesche, Matilda Fransson, Theo Suter, Lukas Helfen, Cyrille Couture, Nikolay Kardjilov, Alessandro Tengattini, Paul Shearing, Dan Brett","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad3984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad3984","url":null,"abstract":"Water management plays a key role in ensuring optimum polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) performance, and flow field design can influence the ability of a cell to balance maintaining hydration, whilst avoiding flooding and cell failure. This work deepens the understanding of water evolution in different PEFC flow channel designs, namely single serpentine (SS), double serpentine (DS) and parallel, using our novel high-speed neutron computed tomography method. We developed our previously-reported method by introducing continuous cell rotation, enabling 18 s per tomogram during 1 h holds at 300, 400 and 500 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. The volume of water evolved in the cathode, membrane electrode assembly and anode was quantified, and key mechanisms for water droplet formation in the different flow channel designs were elucidated. The parallel flow field design had the poorest water management, with 47% of the cathode flow channel becoming filled after 1 h at 400 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>. This significant flooding blocked reactant sites and contributed to unstable cell performance and, ultimately, cell failure at higher current densities. The SS cell displayed the best water management, with only 11% of the cathode channel filled with water after 1 h at 500 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, compared with 28% of the DS cathode channel. 3D visualisation and analysis of droplet behaviour elucidated how water ‘slugs’ in the SS were removed in the gas stream, whereas three of the four parallel cathode flow channels became entirely filled with water plugs, blocking gas flow and exacerbating cell flooding. The new insights gained here are expected to extend to novel flow field designs and image-based models, with the use of <italic toggle=\"yes\">operando</italic> neutron CT demonstrated as a powerful technique for both visualising and quantifying water management in operating PEFCs, as well as deepening the knowledge of droplet behaviour in different flow field types.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad3985
Frederic Rendell-Bhatti, David Boldrin, Melony Dilshad, Xavier Moya, Donald A MacLaren
Plastic crystals (PCs) exhibit solid–solid order-disorder first-order phase transitions that are accompanied by large correlated thermal and volume changes. These characteristics make PCs promising barocaloric solid-state working bodies for heating and cooling applications. However, understanding the variation of transition temperatures and thermal hysteresis in PCs with cycling is critical if these materials are to replace traditional gaseous refrigerants. Here, for the archetypal barocaloric PC neopentyl glycol (NPG), we correlate microstructure obtained from scanning electron microscopy with local and total thermal changes at the phase transition from infra-red imaging and calorimetry, respectively. We outline an evolution in microstructure as NPG recrystallises during repeated thermal cycling through its solid–solid phase transition. The observed microstructural changes are correlated with spatially inhomogeneous heat transfer, yielding direct insight into the kinetics of the phase transition. Our results suggest that the interplay of these processes affects the undesirable thermal hysteresis and the nature of the kinetic steady-state microstructures that are stabilised during cycling between the ordered and disordered phases. These observations have implications for using NPG and other PCs as technologically relevant barocaloric materials and suggest ways in which the hysteresis in these types of materials may be modified.
塑性晶体（PC）表现出固-固有序-无序的一阶相变，并伴随着大量相关的热量和体积变化。这些特性使 PC 成为加热和冷却应用中很有前途的热固性工作体。然而，要想让 PC 材料取代传统的气态制冷剂，了解 PC 在循环过程中转变温度和热滞后的变化至关重要。在这里，我们将扫描电子显微镜观察到的原型巴氏聚碳酸酯新戊二醇（NPG）的微观结构与红外成像和量热仪观察到的相变时的局部和整体热变化进行了关联。我们概述了 NPG 在反复热循环过程中通过固-固相变进行再结晶时的微观结构演变。观察到的微观结构变化与空间不均匀传热相关，从而直接了解了相变的动力学过程。我们的研究结果表明，这些过程的相互作用会影响不良热滞后以及有序相与无序相循环过程中稳定的动力学稳态微结构的性质。这些观察结果对于将 NPG 和其他 PC 用作技术上相关的巴焦材料具有重要意义，并提出了改变这些类型材料中滞后现象的方法。
{"title":"Understanding variations of thermal hysteresis in barocaloric plastic crystal neopentyl glycol using correlative microscopy and calorimetry","authors":"Frederic Rendell-Bhatti, David Boldrin, Melony Dilshad, Xavier Moya, Donald A MacLaren","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad3985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad3985","url":null,"abstract":"Plastic crystals (PCs) exhibit solid–solid order-disorder first-order phase transitions that are accompanied by large correlated thermal and volume changes. These characteristics make PCs promising barocaloric solid-state working bodies for heating and cooling applications. However, understanding the variation of transition temperatures and thermal hysteresis in PCs with cycling is critical if these materials are to replace traditional gaseous refrigerants. Here, for the archetypal barocaloric PC neopentyl glycol (NPG), we correlate microstructure obtained from scanning electron microscopy with local and total thermal changes at the phase transition from infra-red imaging and calorimetry, respectively. We outline an evolution in microstructure as NPG recrystallises during repeated thermal cycling through its solid–solid phase transition. The observed microstructural changes are correlated with spatially inhomogeneous heat transfer, yielding direct insight into the kinetics of the phase transition. Our results suggest that the interplay of these processes affects the undesirable thermal hysteresis and the nature of the kinetic steady-state microstructures that are stabilised during cycling between the ordered and disordered phases. These observations have implications for using NPG and other PCs as technologically relevant barocaloric materials and suggest ways in which the hysteresis in these types of materials may be modified.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140608477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-04DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad31ba
Stefan Radic Webster, Haris Ishaq, Curran Crawford
The optimal design and operation of an offshore wind powered direct air capture (DAC) system is complex owing to the intermittent energy supply and the modularity of the units. A solid amine DAC process involves multiple individual units which undergo periodic loading to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from ambient air, followed by regeneration to produce pure CO2 for utilisation or sequestration. The modular nature of a solid DAC process is exploited in this study to investigate the optimal design and coordinated operation of multiple DAC units mounted on a single 15 MW offshore wind turbine platform, with battery energy storage for additional short term power buffering. Important design parameters considered include the number of independently controllable units, the cyclic capacity of each unit (proportional to the amount of adsorbent) and the battery capacity and maximum power ratings. The design study results highlighted the diminishing returns to the CO2 capture rate with scaling, with a full design optimisation based upon cost estimations left for future work as the technology matures. It was found the optimal configuration was 14 DAC units, each with a cyclic capacity of 2000 kgCO2, giving a total annual capture rate of 45 600 ton yr−1 and a wind utilisation factor of 96.6%. Furthermore, it was found that a rules-based control strategy based on high and low loading limits was competitive with a machine learning based controller and outperformed a model predictive control scheme.
{"title":"Scaling considerations and optimal control for an offshore wind powered direct air capture system","authors":"Stefan Radic Webster, Haris Ishaq, Curran Crawford","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad31ba","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad31ba","url":null,"abstract":"The optimal design and operation of an offshore wind powered direct air capture (DAC) system is complex owing to the intermittent energy supply and the modularity of the units. A solid amine DAC process involves multiple individual units which undergo periodic loading to capture carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) from ambient air, followed by regeneration to produce pure CO<sub>2</sub> for utilisation or sequestration. The modular nature of a solid DAC process is exploited in this study to investigate the optimal design and coordinated operation of multiple DAC units mounted on a single 15 MW offshore wind turbine platform, with battery energy storage for additional short term power buffering. Important design parameters considered include the number of independently controllable units, the cyclic capacity of each unit (proportional to the amount of adsorbent) and the battery capacity and maximum power ratings. The design study results highlighted the diminishing returns to the CO<sub>2</sub> capture rate with scaling, with a full design optimisation based upon cost estimations left for future work as the technology matures. It was found the optimal configuration was 14 DAC units, each with a cyclic capacity of 2000 kg<inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $_{mathrm{CO}_2}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi></mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>CO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad31baieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>, giving a total annual capture rate of 45 600 ton yr<sup>−1</sup> and a wind utilisation factor of 96.6%. Furthermore, it was found that a rules-based control strategy based on high and low loading limits was competitive with a machine learning based controller and outperformed a model predictive control scheme.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140594583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-21DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad31bb
Ram Datt, Pietro Caprioglio, Saqlain Choudhary, Weixia Lan, Henry Snaith, Wing Chung Tsoi
The developing Internet of Things market is attracting the indoor photovoltaic (IPV) as an essential power source. Perovskite photovoltaics (PPVs) are a fascinating candidate for IPV in solution-processable photovoltaics. Recent developments in PPVs can deliver power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 25% outdoor (AM 1.5 G) and over 40% under indoor (1000 lux) light. The selection of charge transport layers (CTLs) has played an essential role in improving PPVs indoor performance. Herein, formamidinium-caesium-based mixed-cation (FACsPb(I,Br)3) PPV devices are fabricated, and evaluated their outdoor and indoor performances by changing the different CTL combinations such as PTAA-PCBM and SAM-C60. Outdoor PCEs were 13.76% and 15.27% achieved for PTAA-PCBM and SAM-C60-based devices, respectively. Meanwhile, under LED (4000 K) 1000 lux, the PCEs were 26.32% and 31.92% for PTAA-PCBM and SAM-C60-based PPV, respectively. The short circuit current (Jsc) (116.8–122.5 µA cm−2) and fill factor (FF) (0.724–0.817) were the main parameters which improved for SAM-C60-based devices under indoor light. This study points to the importance of CTL combination and indicates the promising potential of SAM-C60 interlayers in PPV indoor applications.
{"title":"Engineered charge transport layers for improving indoor perovskite photovoltaic performance","authors":"Ram Datt, Pietro Caprioglio, Saqlain Choudhary, Weixia Lan, Henry Snaith, Wing Chung Tsoi","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad31bb","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad31bb","url":null,"abstract":"The developing Internet of Things market is attracting the indoor photovoltaic (IPV) as an essential power source. Perovskite photovoltaics (PPVs) are a fascinating candidate for IPV in solution-processable photovoltaics. Recent developments in PPVs can deliver power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 25% outdoor (AM 1.5 G) and over 40% under indoor (1000 lux) light. The selection of charge transport layers (CTLs) has played an essential role in improving PPVs indoor performance. Herein, formamidinium-caesium-based mixed-cation (FACsPb(I,Br)<sub>3</sub>) PPV devices are fabricated, and evaluated their outdoor and indoor performances by changing the different CTL combinations such as PTAA-PCBM and SAM-C<sub>60</sub>. Outdoor PCEs were 13.76% and 15.27% achieved for PTAA-PCBM and SAM-C<sub>60</sub>-based devices, respectively. Meanwhile, under LED (4000 K) 1000 lux, the PCEs were 26.32% and 31.92% for PTAA-PCBM and SAM-C<sub>60</sub>-based PPV, respectively. The short circuit current (<italic toggle=\"yes\">J</italic>\u0000<sub>sc</sub>) (116.8–122.5 <italic toggle=\"yes\">µ</italic>A cm<sup>−2</sup>) and fill factor (FF) (0.724–0.817) were the main parameters which improved for SAM-C<sub>60</sub>-based devices under indoor light. This study points to the importance of CTL combination and indicates the promising potential of SAM-C<sub>60</sub> interlayers in PPV indoor applications.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad2498
Shahidul Alam, Christopher E Petoukhoff, José P Jurado, Haya Aldosari, Xinyu Jiang, Tomáš Váry, Hamza Al Nasser, Amr Dahman, Wejdan Althobaiti, Sandra P Gonzalez Lopez, Wejdan Alsufyani, Peter Müller-Buschbaum, Vojtech Nádaždy, Harald Hoppe, Frédéric Laquai
Thermal annealing alters the morphology of organic donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction thin films used in organic solar cells. Here, we studied the influence of thermal annealing on blends of amorphous regio-random (RRa) and semi-crystalline regio-regular (RR) poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester. Since the P3HT:PCBM blend is one of the most studied in the OPV community, the existing research provides a solid foundation for us to compare and benchmark our innovative characterization techniques that have been previously under-utilized to investigate bulk heterojunction organic thin films. Here, we combine advanced novel microscopies and spectroscopies, including polarized light microscopy, photo-deflection spectroscopy, hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging, and energy resolved-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with structural characterization techniques, including grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering, grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, in order to reveal the impact of thermal annealing on the microstructural crystallinity and morphology of the photoactive layer in organic solar cells. Coupled transfer matrix and drift-diffusion simulations were used to study the impact of the density of states on the solar cells’ device performance parameters, namely the short-circuit current (JSC), open circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE).
热退火会改变有机太阳能电池中使用的有机供体-受体大块异质结薄膜的形态。在这里，我们研究了热退火对无定形无规（RRa）和半晶体无规（RR）聚（3-己基噻吩）（P3HT）与富勒烯衍生物 [6,6]-phenyl-C60 丁酸甲酯混合物的影响。由于 P3HT:PCBM 混合物是 OPV 领域研究最多的材料之一，现有的研究为我们提供了坚实的基础，使我们能够比较和基准化我们的创新表征技术，这些技术以前在研究体异质结有机薄膜方面一直未得到充分利用。在这里，我们将先进的新型显微镜和光谱技术（包括偏振光显微镜、光偏转光谱、高光谱光致发光成像和能量分辨电化学阻抗光谱）与结构表征技术相结合、包括掠入射广角 X 射线散射、掠入射 X 射线衍射和拉曼光谱，以揭示热退火对有机太阳能电池中光活性层的微结构结晶度和形态的影响。利用耦合转移矩阵和漂移扩散模拟研究了态密度对太阳能电池器件性能参数的影响，即短路电流（JSC）、开路电压（VOC）、填充因子（FF）和功率转换效率（PCE）。
{"title":"Influence of thermal annealing on microstructure, energetic landscape and device performance of P3HT:PCBM-based organic solar cells","authors":"Shahidul Alam, Christopher E Petoukhoff, José P Jurado, Haya Aldosari, Xinyu Jiang, Tomáš Váry, Hamza Al Nasser, Amr Dahman, Wejdan Althobaiti, Sandra P Gonzalez Lopez, Wejdan Alsufyani, Peter Müller-Buschbaum, Vojtech Nádaždy, Harald Hoppe, Frédéric Laquai","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad2498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad2498","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal annealing alters the morphology of organic donor-acceptor bulk-heterojunction thin films used in organic solar cells. Here, we studied the influence of thermal annealing on blends of amorphous regio-random (RRa) and semi-crystalline regio-regular (RR) poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C<sub>60</sub>-butyric acid methyl ester. Since the P3HT:PCBM blend is one of the most studied in the OPV community, the existing research provides a solid foundation for us to compare and benchmark our innovative characterization techniques that have been previously under-utilized to investigate bulk heterojunction organic thin films. Here, we combine advanced novel microscopies and spectroscopies, including polarized light microscopy, photo-deflection spectroscopy, hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging, and energy resolved-electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, with structural characterization techniques, including grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering, grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, in order to reveal the impact of thermal annealing on the microstructural crystallinity and morphology of the photoactive layer in organic solar cells. Coupled transfer matrix and drift-diffusion simulations were used to study the impact of the density of states on the solar cells’ device performance parameters, namely the short-circuit current (<italic toggle=\"yes\">J</italic>\u0000<sub>SC</sub>), open circuit voltage (<italic toggle=\"yes\">V</italic>\u0000<sub>OC</sub>), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE).","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-04DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad2afd
J M Flitcroft, A Althubiani, J M Skelton
We present a detailed theoretical study of the thermoelectric properties of the bismuth oxychalcogenides Bi2ChO2 (Ch = S, Se, Te). The electrical transport is modelled using semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory with electronic structures from hybrid density-functional theory, including an approximate model for the electron lifetimes. The lattice thermal conductivity is calculated using first-principles phonon calculations with an explicit treatment of anharmonicity, yielding microscopic insight into how partial replacement of the chalcogen in the bismuth chalcogenides impacts the phonon transport. We find very good agreement between the predicted transport properties and a favourable cancellation of errors that allows for near-quantitative predictions of the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT. Our calculations suggest recent experiments on n-doped Bi2SeO2 have achieved close to the largest ZT possible in bulk materials, whereas the largest reported ZT for Bi2TeO2 could be improved sixfold by optimising the carrier concentration. We also predict that much larger ZT > 2.5, competitive with the benchmark thermoelectric SnSe, could be obtained for Bi2SO2 and Bi2SeO2 with heavy p-type doping. This study demonstrates the predictive power of this modelling approach for studying thermoelectrics and highlights several avenues for improving the performance of the Bi2ChO2.
{"title":"Thermoelectric properties of the bismuth oxychalcogenides Bi2SO2, Bi2SeO2 and Bi2TeO2","authors":"J M Flitcroft, A Althubiani, J M Skelton","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad2afd","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad2afd","url":null,"abstract":"We present a detailed theoretical study of the thermoelectric properties of the bismuth oxychalcogenides Bi<sub>2</sub>ChO<sub>2</sub> (Ch = S, Se, Te). The electrical transport is modelled using semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory with electronic structures from hybrid density-functional theory, including an approximate model for the electron lifetimes. The lattice thermal conductivity is calculated using first-principles phonon calculations with an explicit treatment of anharmonicity, yielding microscopic insight into how partial replacement of the chalcogen in the bismuth chalcogenides impacts the phonon transport. We find very good agreement between the predicted transport properties and a favourable cancellation of errors that allows for near-quantitative predictions of the thermoelectric figure of merit <italic toggle=\"yes\">ZT</italic>. Our calculations suggest recent experiments on n-doped Bi<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>2</sub> have achieved close to the largest <italic toggle=\"yes\">ZT</italic> possible in bulk materials, whereas the largest reported <italic toggle=\"yes\">ZT</italic> for Bi<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>2</sub> could be improved sixfold by optimising the carrier concentration. We also predict that much larger <italic toggle=\"yes\">ZT</italic> > 2.5, competitive with the benchmark thermoelectric SnSe, could be obtained for Bi<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>2</sub> and Bi<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>2</sub> with heavy p-type doping. This study demonstrates the predictive power of this modelling approach for studying thermoelectrics and highlights several avenues for improving the performance of the Bi<sub>2</sub>ChO<sub>2</sub>.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"3 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140316350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-28DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad29fe
E J Jelmy, Mathew Sunil, Chitra Kandappanthodi, P Rincy, K J Saji, Suresh C Pillai, Honey John
A high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed for breath sensing applications, utilizing tribopositive electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers and tribonegative fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The optimization toward the development of electrospun nylon-6-based TENG includes a range of factors such as the applied force and frequency on tribo responses, the thickness of the fiber mat, the concentration of nylon-6 in the fiber mats, and the selection of the tribonegative material for pairing with nylon-6 nanofiber. Among these parameters, the nanofiber prepared with 18 wt% nylon-6, characterized by a uniform fiber distribution, the highest surface area of 55.69 m2 g−1, and an optimal thickness of 0.169 mm, demonstrated excellent TENG performance, among others. The TENG module constructed using nanofiber in a 4 cm2 area showed the TENG responses of more than 30 μA short-circuit current, 200 V open-circuit voltage, and 90 nC charge when hand-pressed. It achieved a substantial power density of 890 mW m−2 at 20 MΩ by applying a constant force of 10 N at a 10 Hz frequency. Charging a 1 μF capacitor to approximately 30.1 V in just 30 s highlights the potential of electrospun nylon-6 as a promising material for nanogenerator energy harvesting and sensing applications. The TENG device was found to be sufficient to power small, portable electronics such as LEDs and digital watch displays. A wearable belt was fabricated to showcase its breath-sensing capabilities by pairing it with FEP. The microcontroller connected to the TENG in the wearable belt is used to analyze the output produced through breathing patterns, subsequently activating a buzzer and LED by the nature of the breathing.
利用摩擦正极电纺纳米纤维 6 和摩擦负极氟化乙烯丙烯 (FEP)，开发了一种用于呼吸传感应用的高性能三电纳米发电机 (TENG)。开发基于尼龙-6 的电纺 TENG 的优化过程包括一系列因素，例如对摩擦响应的作用力和频率、纤维毡的厚度、纤维毡中尼龙-6 的浓度以及选择与尼龙-6 纳米纤维配对的摩擦阴性材料。在这些参数中，使用 18 wt% 尼龙-6 制备的纳米纤维具有纤维分布均匀、表面积最大（55.69 m2 g-1）和最佳厚度（0.169 mm）等特点，表现出优异的 TENG 性能。在 4 cm2 面积上使用纳米纤维构建的 TENG 模块显示出超过 30 μA 的短路电流、200 V 的开路电压和 90 nC 的手压电荷的 TENG 响应。在 20 MΩ 时，以 10 Hz 频率施加 10 N 的恒定力，可达到 890 mW m-2 的高功率密度。在短短 30 秒内就能将 1 μF 的电容器充电至约 30.1 V，这凸显了电纺尼龙-6 作为纳米发电机能量采集和传感应用材料的潜力。研究发现，TENG 装置足以为 LED 和数字手表显示屏等小型便携式电子设备供电。为了展示其呼吸感应功能，我们制作了一条可穿戴腰带，将其与 FEP 搭配使用。连接到可穿戴腰带中 TENG 的微控制器用于分析呼吸模式产生的输出，随后根据呼吸的性质激活蜂鸣器和 LED。
{"title":"Sustainable energy harvesting and breath sensing with electrospun triboelectric nylon-6","authors":"E J Jelmy, Mathew Sunil, Chitra Kandappanthodi, P Rincy, K J Saji, Suresh C Pillai, Honey John","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad29fe","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad29fe","url":null,"abstract":"A high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been developed for breath sensing applications, utilizing tribopositive electrospun nylon-6 nanofibers and tribonegative fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). The optimization toward the development of electrospun nylon-6-based TENG includes a range of factors such as the applied force and frequency on tribo responses, the thickness of the fiber mat, the concentration of nylon-6 in the fiber mats, and the selection of the tribonegative material for pairing with nylon-6 nanofiber. Among these parameters, the nanofiber prepared with 18 wt% nylon-6, characterized by a uniform fiber distribution, the highest surface area of 55.69 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>, and an optimal thickness of 0.169 mm, demonstrated excellent TENG performance, among others. The TENG module constructed using nanofiber in a 4 cm<sup>2</sup> area showed the TENG responses of more than 30 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>A short-circuit current, 200 V open-circuit voltage, and 90 nC charge when hand-pressed. It achieved a substantial power density of 890 mW m<sup>−2</sup> at 20 MΩ by applying a constant force of 10 N at a 10 Hz frequency. Charging a 1 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>F capacitor to approximately 30.1 V in just 30 s highlights the potential of electrospun nylon-6 as a promising material for nanogenerator energy harvesting and sensing applications. The TENG device was found to be sufficient to power small, portable electronics such as LEDs and digital watch displays. A wearable belt was fabricated to showcase its breath-sensing capabilities by pairing it with FEP. The microcontroller connected to the TENG in the wearable belt is used to analyze the output produced through breathing patterns, subsequently activating a buzzer and LED by the nature of the breathing.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140006443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-15DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad2499
Andrea Crovetto
I derive a figure of merit (FOM) <inline-formula> <tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math> <mml:math overflow="scroll"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="jpenergyad2499ieqn1.gif" xlink:type="simple"></inline-graphic> </inline-formula> to estimate the maximum efficiency attainable by a generic non-ideal photovoltaic (PV) absorber in a planar single-junction solar cell. This efficiency limit complements the more idealized limits derived from fundamental physics, such as the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limit and its subsequent generalizations. Specifically, the present FOM approach yields stricter efficiency limits applicable to realistic PV absorbers with various imperfections, including finite carrier mobilities and doping densities. <inline-formula> <tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math> <mml:math overflow="scroll"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="jpenergyad2499ieqn2.gif" xlink:type="simple"></inline-graphic> </inline-formula> is a function of eight properties of the absorber that are both measurable by experiment and computable by electronic structure methods. They are: band gap, non-radiative carrier lifetime, carrier mobility, doping density, static dielectric constant, effective mass, and two parameters describing the spectral average and dispersion of the light absorption coefficient. <inline-formula> <tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math> <mml:math overflow="scroll"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="jpenergyad2499ieqn3.gif" xlink:type="simple"></inline-graphic> </inline-formula> has high predictive power (absolute efficiency error less than <inline-formula> <tex-math><?CDATA $pm 1.1%$?></tex-math> <mml:math overflow="scroll"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">%</mml:mi></mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="jpenergyad2499ieqn4.gif" xlink:type="simple"></inline-graphic> </inline-formula>) and wide applicability range. The SQ limit and its generalizations are reproduced by <inline-formula> <tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math> <mml:math overflow="scroll"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> <inline-graphic xlink:href="jpenergyad2499ieqn5.gif" xlink:type="simple"></inline-graphic> </inline-formula>. Simpler FOMs proposed by others are also included as special cases o
{"title":"A phenomenological figure of merit for photovoltaic materials","authors":"Andrea Crovetto","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad2499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad2499","url":null,"abstract":"I derive a figure of merit (FOM) <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad2499ieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> to estimate the maximum efficiency attainable by a generic non-ideal photovoltaic (PV) absorber in a planar single-junction solar cell. This efficiency limit complements the more idealized limits derived from fundamental physics, such as the Shockley–Queisser (SQ) limit and its subsequent generalizations. Specifically, the present FOM approach yields stricter efficiency limits applicable to realistic PV absorbers with various imperfections, including finite carrier mobilities and doping densities. <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad2499ieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> is a function of eight properties of the absorber that are both measurable by experiment and computable by electronic structure methods. They are: band gap, non-radiative carrier lifetime, carrier mobility, doping density, static dielectric constant, effective mass, and two parameters describing the spectral average and dispersion of the light absorption coefficient. <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad2499ieqn3.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula> has high predictive power (absolute efficiency error less than <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $pm 1.1%$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:mo>±</mml:mo><mml:mn>1.1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">%</mml:mi></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad2499ieqn4.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>) and wide applicability range. The SQ limit and its generalizations are reproduced by <inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $Gamma_{mathrm{PV}}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">Γ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">P</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad2499ieqn5.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>. Simpler FOMs proposed by others are also included as special cases o","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140006436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad249b
Ohidul Islam, M Hussayeen Khan Anik, Sakib Mahmud, Joyprokash Debnath, Ahsan Habib, Sharnali Islam
We propose a novel approach to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by incorporating grated Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) into the absorber layer. The CdS grating acts as the electron transport layer and penetrates into the perovskite absorber layer, increasing the absorption of the active layer and reducing the electron–hole recombination rate. The plasmonic Au NPs enhance the absorption in the infrared region by scattering and trapping the incident light. We perform a coupled optical and electrical study that shows a significant improvement in the short circuit current density (JSC) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC after introducing the CdS grating and plasmonic Au NPs. Specifically, we observe a 48% increase in average optical absorption from 800 nm to 1400 nm and a 7.42 mA cm−2 increase in JSC. We also find that the PCE of the PSC is increased by 7.91% when comparing the planar reference structure (without the CdS grating and the plasmonic Au NP). However, metal nanoparticles introduce ohmic losses and temperature rise in the solar cell. We analyze the non-radiative heat profile, electric field distribution, and temperature distribution across the PSC. We observe a temperature increase of approximately 14 K above the ambient temperature for the grated CdS layer with incorporated Au NPs, which is comparable to the temperature increase observed in the planar reference structure. Our results have the potential to pave the way for the development of highly efficient and stable PSCs in the future.
{"title":"Optical, thermal, and electrical analysis of perovskite solar cell with grated cds and embedded plasmonic Au nanoparticles","authors":"Ohidul Islam, M Hussayeen Khan Anik, Sakib Mahmud, Joyprokash Debnath, Ahsan Habib, Sharnali Islam","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad249b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad249b","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a novel approach to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by incorporating grated Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) and plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) into the absorber layer. The CdS grating acts as the electron transport layer and penetrates into the perovskite absorber layer, increasing the absorption of the active layer and reducing the electron–hole recombination rate. The plasmonic Au NPs enhance the absorption in the infrared region by scattering and trapping the incident light. We perform a coupled optical and electrical study that shows a significant improvement in the short circuit current density (<inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $mathrm{J}_{mathrm{SC}}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">J</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad249bieqn1.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSC after introducing the CdS grating and plasmonic Au NPs. Specifically, we observe a 48% increase in average optical absorption from 800 nm to 1400 nm and a 7.42 mA cm<sup>−2</sup> increase in J<inline-formula>\u0000<tex-math><?CDATA $_mathrm{SC}$?></tex-math>\u0000<mml:math overflow=\"scroll\"><mml:msub><mml:mi> </mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>\u0000<inline-graphic xlink:href=\"jpenergyad249bieqn2.gif\" xlink:type=\"simple\"></inline-graphic>\u0000</inline-formula>. We also find that the PCE of the PSC is increased by 7.91% when comparing the planar reference structure (without the CdS grating and the plasmonic Au NP). However, metal nanoparticles introduce ohmic losses and temperature rise in the solar cell. We analyze the non-radiative heat profile, electric field distribution, and temperature distribution across the PSC. We observe a temperature increase of approximately 14 K above the ambient temperature for the grated CdS layer with incorporated Au NPs, which is comparable to the temperature increase observed in the planar reference structure. Our results have the potential to pave the way for the development of highly efficient and stable PSCs in the future.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140006446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-14DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ad2497
J R Marín-Rueda, J F Valera-Jiménez, J M Ramos-Fajardo, I M Peláez-Tirado, S Tair, M Castro-García, J Canales-Vázquez, J C Pérez-Flores
Additive manufacturing techniques have the potential to promote a paradigmatic change in the electrode fabrication processes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) as they may offer alternative component designs to boost their performance or to customise the application. The present research work explores the use of low-cost fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing to fabricate Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) mesh electrodes in the search for enlarged electrochemically active areas. Using different nozzle diameters (ND), we have 3D printed several mesh electrodes that after sintering allow an increase in the surface to volume ratio by up to ≈290% compared to conventional flat cylindrical geometries. As the conventional route to produce 3D printed meshes, i.e. stacking of consecutive layers with a 90° rotation, leads to problems of vertical misalignment that may affect the electrical contact, we have developed a new compact design that maximises the contact between layers. All the 3D printed mesh electrodes with thicknesses of 400 and 800 μm, exhibit electrochemical performance very close to those of thin (70 μm) electrodes, e.g. 175 mAh g−1 at C/2 in the case of ND = 100 μm, which is the theoretical capacity value for LTO. At higher C-rates, 800 μm-thick mesh electrodes with larger ND exhibit a marked drop in the reversible capacity (28 mAh g−1 at 8 C), although the values obtained improve notably those of the equivalent thick solid electrode (almost null at 8 C). The compact design demonstrated superior performance at high C-rates, improving by ≈70% the results of the best conventional mesh electrode at 8 C for 800 μm electrodes. These results highlight the potential of FFF-3D printing to generate novel high aspect ratio geometries and the impact of design and printing parameters on the performance of LiB electrode materials. Exploring alternative efficient geometries may facilitate the integration of thick electrodes in high energy density LiBs.
增材制造技术有可能促进锂离子电池（LiBs）电极制造工艺的范式变革，因为它们可以提供替代组件设计，以提高电池性能或定制应用。本研究工作探讨了如何利用低成本的熔融长丝制造（FFF）3D打印技术制造Li4Ti5O12（LTO）网状电极，以寻找更大的电化学活性区域。通过使用不同的喷嘴直径（ND），我们三维打印出了几种网状电极，与传统的扁平圆柱形几何形状相比，烧结后的表面体积比最高可提高≈290%。生产三维打印网状电极的传统方法是将连续层堆叠并旋转 90°，这会导致垂直错位问题，从而影响电接触，因此我们开发了一种新的紧凑型设计，可最大限度地增加层间接触。所有厚度为 400 和 800 μm 的 3D 打印网状电极的电化学性能都非常接近薄型（70 μm）电极，例如，在 ND = 100 μm 的情况下，C/2 时的容量为 175 mAh g-1，这是 LTO 的理论容量值。在较高的 C 速率下，具有较大 ND 的 800 μm 厚网状电极的可逆容量明显下降（8 C 时为 28 mAh g-1），尽管所获得的值明显优于等效的厚固体电极（8 C 时几乎为零）。紧凑型设计在高 C 速率下表现出卓越的性能，在 800 μm 电极的 8 C 温度条件下，比最佳传统网状电极的结果提高了≈70%。这些结果凸显了 FFF-3D 印刷在生成新型高纵横比几何形状方面的潜力，以及设计和印刷参数对锂电池电极材料性能的影响。探索其他高效几何形状可能有助于将厚电极集成到高能量密度锂电池中。
{"title":"Evaluating 3D printed mesh geometries in ceramic LiB electrodes","authors":"J R Marín-Rueda, J F Valera-Jiménez, J M Ramos-Fajardo, I M Peláez-Tirado, S Tair, M Castro-García, J Canales-Vázquez, J C Pérez-Flores","doi":"10.1088/2515-7655/ad2497","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/ad2497","url":null,"abstract":"Additive manufacturing techniques have the potential to promote a paradigmatic change in the electrode fabrication processes for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) as they may offer alternative component designs to boost their performance or to customise the application. The present research work explores the use of low-cost fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing to fabricate Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (LTO) mesh electrodes in the search for enlarged electrochemically active areas. Using different nozzle diameters (ND), we have 3D printed several mesh electrodes that after sintering allow an increase in the surface to volume ratio by up to ≈290% compared to conventional flat cylindrical geometries. As the conventional route to produce 3D printed meshes, i.e. stacking of consecutive layers with a 90° rotation, leads to problems of vertical misalignment that may affect the electrical contact, we have developed a new compact design that maximises the contact between layers. All the 3D printed mesh electrodes with thicknesses of 400 and 800 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>m, exhibit electrochemical performance very close to those of thin (70 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>m) electrodes, e.g. 175 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at C/2 in the case of ND = 100 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>m, which is the theoretical capacity value for LTO. At higher C-rates, 800 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>m-thick mesh electrodes with larger ND exhibit a marked drop in the reversible capacity (28 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at 8 C), although the values obtained improve notably those of the equivalent thick solid electrode (almost null at 8 C). The compact design demonstrated superior performance at high C-rates, improving by ≈70% the results of the best conventional mesh electrode at 8 C for 800 <italic toggle=\"yes\">μ</italic>m electrodes. These results highlight the potential of FFF-3D printing to generate novel high aspect ratio geometries and the impact of design and printing parameters on the performance of LiB electrode materials. Exploring alternative efficient geometries may facilitate the integration of thick electrodes in high energy density LiBs.","PeriodicalId":48500,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physics-Energy","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140006442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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