The navigation in a deformable soil is related to the determination of traction and motion resistance via the soil strength. This strength is a function of parameters that are usually estimated using the bevameter tool. However, this tool is not usually available, hence the usage of another tool called cone penetrometer. In this study a new relationship was developed to estimate the bevameter parameters. This relation combines all bevameter parameters; (shear strength parameters and load penetration parameters), with a measurement called cone index. This equation is compared to another equation existing in the literature, that use only the load penetration parameters as a function of cone index, and then validated using experimental data obtained from Waterways Experiment Station (WES). The result shows that our equation is optimal compared to others existing in the literature. Finally, this equation is used to find all bevametric parameters of the soil inside the greenhouse strawberries.
{"title":"Soil profile analysis based on the identification of the bevametric parameters using cone penetrometer","authors":"Rania Majdoubi, L. Masmoudi, A. Elharif","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1262","url":null,"abstract":"The navigation in a deformable soil is related to the determination of traction and motion resistance via the soil strength. This strength is a function of parameters that are usually estimated using the bevameter tool. However, this tool is not usually available, hence the usage of another tool called cone penetrometer. In this study a new relationship was developed to estimate the bevameter parameters. This relation combines all bevameter parameters; (shear strength parameters and load penetration parameters), with a measurement called cone index. This equation is compared to another equation existing in the literature, that use only the load penetration parameters as a function of cone index, and then validated using experimental data obtained from Waterways Experiment Station (WES). The result shows that our equation is optimal compared to others existing in the literature. Finally, this equation is used to find all bevametric parameters of the soil inside the greenhouse strawberries.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"2008 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82571430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the summer heat season, the performance of greenhouse cooling system is the key factor of the greenhouse crop pollination and fruit formation. Scientific design of greenhouse cooling system and intelligent control of cooling equipment can ensure the normal growth of greenhouse crops and save energy. In this paper, the thermal equilibrium theory of greenhouse is analyzed, and the thermal environment model of glass greenhouse is established based on the theory of engineering thermophysics combined with greenhouse environmental regulation. This study uses CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation technology to simulate the change of greenhouse temperature field and perform experimental analysis, and designs an intelligent greenhouse temperature control cooling system scientifically. It provides reference for the design of IOT (Internet of Things) cooling system in glass greenhouse in theoretical analysis and engineering practice.
{"title":"Design and experiment of IOT cooling system in glass greenhouse based on CFD simulation","authors":"Zanbin Zhu, Yubing Li, Shoufu Gong","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1384","url":null,"abstract":"In the summer heat season, the performance of greenhouse cooling system is the key factor of the greenhouse crop pollination and fruit formation. Scientific design of greenhouse cooling system and intelligent control of cooling equipment can ensure the normal growth of greenhouse crops and save energy. In this paper, the thermal equilibrium theory of greenhouse is analyzed, and the thermal environment model of glass greenhouse is established based on the theory of engineering thermophysics combined with greenhouse environmental regulation. This study uses CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation technology to simulate the change of greenhouse temperature field and perform experimental analysis, and designs an intelligent greenhouse temperature control cooling system scientifically. It provides reference for the design of IOT (Internet of Things) cooling system in glass greenhouse in theoretical analysis and engineering practice.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89984593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to evaluate a new prototype for an injection machine that works in sandy soils using treated cardboard waste. The tests were divided into three major categories: The first one was a performance evaluation of the new injection prototype. Secondly, study the effect of adding the treated cardboard to the sandy subsoil on reducing the irrigation levels and increasing the moisture content in the root zone of cultivated plants. As well, investigate sandy soil water storage efficiency and its impact on improving the soil’s properties. Thirdly, measurements on water-sensitive crop yields, like potatoes. The new prototype technique was designed based on using an automatic control system that is integrated to precisely control the injection discharge rate. So, the injection operation is proportionally synchronized with the tractor's forward speed. The field experiments were carried out at 0.24, 0.40, 0.57 and 0.74 m sec-1 of tractor forward speeds with 250, 350 and 450 mm of furrow openers' subsoil depths at 140 and 200 mm of injection widths and 5 and 10% concentrations of cardboard solution. The main results indicated that the maximal consumed energy was 196.08 kWh ha-1 with a field efficiency of 89.05% and an optimal field capacity of 0.281 ha h-1 using the highest variable levels. In addition, the water saving percentage was 35.80%, while the water storage efficiency was 85.85%. Furthermore, the total economic costs were reduced by 13.88% compared to the traditional silt injection method for the tested control plots.
这项研究旨在评估一种新的注射机的原型，该机器使用处理过的纸板废物在沙质土壤中工作。测试分为三大类:第一类是对新型喷射样机的性能评估。其次，研究在砂质底土中添加处理过的纸板对降低灌溉水平和提高栽培植物根区含水率的影响。研究了沙质土壤的蓄水效率及其对改善土壤性质的影响。第三，测量对水分敏感的作物产量，比如土豆。设计了一种基于自动控制系统的新原型技术，该自动控制系统集成在一起，可以精确控制喷射排出速度。因此，喷射操作与拖拉机的前进速度成比例同步。田间试验分别在拖拉机前进速度为0.24、0.40、0.57和0.74 m s -1时进行，开沟器底土深度为250、350和450 mm，注入宽度为140和200 mm，纸板溶液浓度为5和10%。结果表明:在最高变量水平下，最大能耗为196.08 kWh h-1，田间效率为89.05%，最佳田间容量为0.281 ha h-1;节水率为35.80%，储水效率为85.85%。与传统喷粉法相比，总经济成本降低了13.88%。
{"title":"Development of a treated cardboard wastes injection machine into the sandy soils","authors":"Ahmed Shawky El-Sayed, Ibrahim Said Mosaad","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1354","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate a new prototype for an injection machine that works in sandy soils using treated cardboard waste. The tests were divided into three major categories: The first one was a performance evaluation of the new injection prototype. Secondly, study the effect of adding the treated cardboard to the sandy subsoil on reducing the irrigation levels and increasing the moisture content in the root zone of cultivated plants. As well, investigate sandy soil water storage efficiency and its impact on improving the soil’s properties. Thirdly, measurements on water-sensitive crop yields, like potatoes. The new prototype technique was designed based on using an automatic control system that is integrated to precisely control the injection discharge rate. So, the injection operation is proportionally synchronized with the tractor's forward speed. The field experiments were carried out at 0.24, 0.40, 0.57 and 0.74 m sec-1 of tractor forward speeds with 250, 350 and 450 mm of furrow openers' subsoil depths at 140 and 200 mm of injection widths and 5 and 10% concentrations of cardboard solution. The main results indicated that the maximal consumed energy was 196.08 kWh ha-1 with a field efficiency of 89.05% and an optimal field capacity of 0.281 ha h-1 using the highest variable levels. In addition, the water saving percentage was 35.80%, while the water storage efficiency was 85.85%. Furthermore, the total economic costs were reduced by 13.88% compared to the traditional silt injection method for the tested control plots.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78315832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Laurenson, L. Villamizar, Rémy Lasseur, Rhys Fitzgerald, Shengjing Shi
Microorganisms in soils are responsible for many ecosystem services. However, in degraded soils microbial abundance and function are limited which compromises several biologically facilitated processes. Inoculating soils with desirable microbes can help to re-instate or initiate a viable functioning microbial community. However, establishment success is reliant on the survival of the microorganism in an adverse environment. In this proof-of-concept study, artificial microbial refugia have been developed using resin and light-emitting diode array (LED) 3D printing technology. We assessed whether the artificial refugia, termed a Rhiome, would support better microbial growth in degraded soils. Soil compaction, a form of soil degradation, and Rhizobium, an important microorganism for global agriculture, were both selected as the use case application for this assessment. Different materials together with resin were assessed for their suitability as a 3D printing material and for supporting rhizobial growth. The best result was found in materials constructed with a combination of polylactic acid (PLA) resin, yeast extract and mannitol. In a soil compaction experiment with inoculation of rhizobia, the addition of Rhiome significantly increased bacterium survival in the compacted soil to a level similar to, or higher than, the rhizobial loading in non-compacted soils. Augmentation of the resin with yeast extract and mannitol increased Rhizobium growth significantly compared with the Rhiome constructed only with resin. These results indicate that the Rhiome was highly beneficial for instigating and maintaining significant rhizobia survival and growth in compacted soils. Further work, including near-to-field assessments, are required to assess Rhiome performance in a range of applications and to refine material properties relative to important context-specific performance metrics such as degradation rate. We propose the Rhiome concept as a promising asset in the toolbox for soil ecological restoration as a means of improving soil resiliency.
{"title":"3D-printed biological habitats for the protection and persistence of Rhizobia species in compacted soils","authors":"S. Laurenson, L. Villamizar, Rémy Lasseur, Rhys Fitzgerald, Shengjing Shi","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1391","url":null,"abstract":"Microorganisms in soils are responsible for many ecosystem services. However, in degraded soils microbial abundance and function are limited which compromises several biologically facilitated processes. Inoculating soils with desirable microbes can help to re-instate or initiate a viable functioning microbial community. However, establishment success is reliant on the survival of the microorganism in an adverse environment. In this proof-of-concept study, artificial microbial refugia have been developed using resin and light-emitting diode array (LED) 3D printing technology. We assessed whether the artificial refugia, termed a Rhiome, would support better microbial growth in degraded soils. Soil compaction, a form of soil degradation, and Rhizobium, an important microorganism for global agriculture, were both selected as the use case application for this assessment. Different materials together with resin were assessed for their suitability as a 3D printing material and for supporting rhizobial growth. The best result was found in materials constructed with a combination of polylactic acid (PLA) resin, yeast extract and mannitol. In a soil compaction experiment with inoculation of rhizobia, the addition of Rhiome significantly increased bacterium survival in the compacted soil to a level similar to, or higher than, the rhizobial loading in non-compacted soils. Augmentation of the resin with yeast extract and mannitol increased Rhizobium growth significantly compared with the Rhiome constructed only with resin. These results indicate that the Rhiome was highly beneficial for instigating and maintaining significant rhizobia survival and growth in compacted soils. Further work, including near-to-field assessments, are required to assess Rhiome performance in a range of applications and to refine material properties relative to important context-specific performance metrics such as degradation rate. We propose the Rhiome concept as a promising asset in the toolbox for soil ecological restoration as a means of improving soil resiliency.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84885589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Niyazbayev, F. Garbati Pegna, K. Khazimov, E. Umbetov, K. Akhmetov, Zhadyra Sagyndykova, M. Khazimov
Polymeric materials are largely used in horticulture for mulching and irrigation, but their long degradation time causes various environmental and agronomic problems, hence should be removed at the end of the crop cycle. Among different mechanized techniques for collecting polymer residues from the field, the single-phase one is the most effective, since the plastic film and irrigation tape lifting, cleaning, and collection operations are done in a single pass, though, in most cases, the implements used in Kazakhstan still need an operator to manage the winding mechanism. The authors, who developed a completely automatic plastic retriever, based on a hydraulic drive with a friction clutch for winding up the plastic materials, assessed the power need of the implement, in order to compare it with the power need of similar implements, where the winding mechanism is hand-operated and consequently power consumption is high, due to the need to stop and start the engine many times. In this study the parameters of the hydraulic drive were determined by analytical calculation, starting from pressure and speed data measured on the hydraulic line and velocity and traction resistance of the implemented measured during the field tests. The maximum power need to drive the winding mechanisms resulted 1.86 kW at a forward speed of the unit of 1.8 m⋅s-1. Secondary the operation costs were broadly assessed, finding that they were about 43% less then when using man driven equipment.
{"title":"Power need of an implement for removing polymer residues from the soil surface in Kazakh horticulture","authors":"A. Niyazbayev, F. Garbati Pegna, K. Khazimov, E. Umbetov, K. Akhmetov, Zhadyra Sagyndykova, M. Khazimov","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1382","url":null,"abstract":"Polymeric materials are largely used in horticulture for mulching and irrigation, but their long degradation time causes various environmental and agronomic problems, hence should be removed at the end of the crop cycle. Among different mechanized techniques for collecting polymer residues from the field, the single-phase one is the most effective, since the plastic film and irrigation tape lifting, cleaning, and collection operations are done in a single pass, though, in most cases, the implements used in Kazakhstan still need an operator to manage the winding mechanism. \u0000The authors, who developed a completely automatic plastic retriever, based on a hydraulic drive with a friction clutch for winding up the plastic materials, assessed the power need of the implement, in order to compare it with the power need of similar implements, where the winding mechanism is hand-operated and consequently power consumption is high, due to the need to stop and start the engine many times. \u0000In this study the parameters of the hydraulic drive were determined by analytical calculation, starting from pressure and speed data measured on the hydraulic line and velocity and traction resistance of the implemented measured during the field tests. The maximum power need to drive the winding mechanisms resulted 1.86 kW at a forward speed of the unit of 1.8 m⋅s-1. Secondary the operation costs were broadly assessed, finding that they were about 43% less then when using man driven equipment. ","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"165 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78610584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The stable and uniformly distributed airflow field can effectively improve the seed suction effect and seed-carrying stability of the pneumatic seeder. With this end in view, this paper was optimized the airflow basin structure of vacuum-vibration tray precision seeder based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technology. The results show that the airflow field is relatively stable and well-distributed when the chamber height is 50 mm and the outlet tube diameter is 65 mm. In addition, the thickness of the base plate with suction holes should be less than 5 mm, and the needle suction nozzle guide should be greater than 15 mm according to the numerical analysis results. On the basis of the above study, the seeding characteristics of the needle type suction nozzle and the plate type suction nozzle were further explored to determine the type of nozzle more suitable for rectangular sucker. Through various experimental designs, the significant influencing factors of the two suction nozzles and their appropriate working ranges as well as the optimal combination of working parameters were determined in turn. The needle suction nozzle requires lower suction height and less grains dispersion according to the experimental results, while the plate suction nozzle is just the opposite, it allows a certain suction height to be maintained with the seeds, and requires high dispersion of grain. In general, the plate suction nozzle can obtain better seeding performance, is a more favorable nozzle for the vacuum-vibration tray precision seeder.
{"title":"Airflow basin structure numerical optimization analysis and suction nozzle characteristics experimental study of vacuum-vibration tray precision seeder","authors":"Caiqi Liao, Jin Chen, Fanzhao Geng, Xueming Tang","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1294","url":null,"abstract":"The stable and uniformly distributed airflow field can effectively improve the seed suction effect and seed-carrying stability of the pneumatic seeder. With this end in view, this paper was optimized the airflow basin structure of vacuum-vibration tray precision seeder based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation technology. The results show that the airflow field is relatively stable and well-distributed when the chamber height is 50 mm and the outlet tube diameter is 65 mm. In addition, the thickness of the base plate with suction holes should be less than 5 mm, and the needle suction nozzle guide should be greater than 15 mm according to the numerical analysis results. On the basis of the above study, the seeding characteristics of the needle type suction nozzle and the plate type suction nozzle were further explored to determine the type of nozzle more suitable for rectangular sucker. Through various experimental designs, the significant influencing factors of the two suction nozzles and their appropriate working ranges as well as the optimal combination of working parameters were determined in turn. The needle suction nozzle requires lower suction height and less grains dispersion according to the experimental results, while the plate suction nozzle is just the opposite, it allows a certain suction height to be maintained with the seeds, and requires high dispersion of grain. In general, the plate suction nozzle can obtain better seeding performance, is a more favorable nozzle for the vacuum-vibration tray precision seeder.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78454380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the years, tillage became less intense due to environmental safety requirements in order to minimize fuel and labour time. Mostly, this is achieved by reducing the depth of tillage. However, highly cut winter rape stubble is the main challenge for reduced tillage to prepare clear soil, especially as the summer droughts intensify. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal tillage performances of the spring tine cultivator and compact disc harrow and establish the fuel consumption required to achieve the preferred level of soil structure formation and residue incorporation on loam and clay loam soil after a rape harvest. The fuel consumption depends on the desired level of soil tillage intensity, implement type, tillage depth (5 and 8 cm), and forward speed (1.4, 1.9, 2.5, 3.1, and 3.6 m∙s-1). The tractor “CASE IH 135” was instrumented with an additional data acquisition system and was used to perform the indicators of stubble tillage. The research examines the dependence of the tractor-implement regime mode on the soil aggregate ratio, which varied from 0.10 to 0.21, and the residue interblending ratio, which varied from 0.60 to 0.96. The relationship was established by obtaining the tillage quality level and reduced fuel consumption, which varied from 3.4 to 5.9 L·ha-1, depending on soil type. Minimization of fuel consumption and sufficient quality of oilseed rape stubble cultivation was achieved by reducing the depth but not the speed of tillage.
{"title":"Effect of tillage implement (spring tine cultivator, disc harrow), soil texture, forward speed and tillage depth on fuel consumption and tillage quality","authors":"V. Damanauskas, A. Janulevičius","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1371","url":null,"abstract":"Over the years, tillage became less intense due to environmental safety requirements in order to minimize fuel and labour time. Mostly, this is achieved by reducing the depth of tillage. However, highly cut winter rape stubble is the main challenge for reduced tillage to prepare clear soil, especially as the summer droughts intensify. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal tillage performances of the spring tine cultivator and compact disc harrow and establish the fuel consumption required to achieve the preferred level of soil structure formation and residue incorporation on loam and clay loam soil after a rape harvest. The fuel consumption depends on the desired level of soil tillage intensity, implement type, tillage depth (5 and 8 cm), and forward speed (1.4, 1.9, 2.5, 3.1, and 3.6 m∙s-1). The tractor “CASE IH 135” was instrumented with an additional data acquisition system and was used to perform the indicators of stubble tillage. The research examines the dependence of the tractor-implement regime mode on the soil aggregate ratio, which varied from 0.10 to 0.21, and the residue interblending ratio, which varied from 0.60 to 0.96. The relationship was established by obtaining the tillage quality level and reduced fuel consumption, which varied from 3.4 to 5.9 L·ha-1, depending on soil type. Minimization of fuel consumption and sufficient quality of oilseed rape stubble cultivation was achieved by reducing the depth but not the speed of tillage.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84444956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Q. O. Ogunlowo, W. Na, A. Rabiu, M. A. Adesanya, T. D. Akpenpuun, H. Kim, Hyun Woo Lee
TRNSYS is a common tool that has been recently used to model and simulate greenhouse energy demand and utilization using building energy simulation (BES). Previously, a single thermal point was used for validation, ignoring the distribution of greenhouse climate parameters, especially the temperature. Temperature variation often leads to thermal stratification, prompting researchers to propose volume discretization in dynamic greenhouse simulations. In this context, the effect of envelope characterization on the accuracy of discretized TRNSYS BES model was developed to determine the best BES model under a free-floating regime. The combination of the number of layers [double (D) and single (S)], geometry mode [3D and manual (M)], and layer type [massless (M) and no glazing window (W)], led to the development of five models: D_3D_M, D_3D_W, D_M_M, S_3D_W, and S_M_M. The simulation was performed in a standard radiation mode, and the output parameters were temperature and relative humidity (RH). R2 and the root square mean error (RSME) were used to check the fitness and degree of deviation, respectively, to validate the models. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to investigate the significant differences among the models, whereas contour plots were used to compare the distribution pattern between the significant models and experimental data. Validation of the models showed that the obtained R2 values ranged from 0.86 to 0.95, and the RSME values for the temperature were between 2.64 °C and 3.91 °C. These values were 0.91–0.93 and 19.72%–30.32% for RH. The ANOVA (p < 0.05) result exhibited significant differences between the S-scenario models and experimental central points in temperature and RH. The D- and S-layer scenarios with a 3D geometry and massless layer showed similar distribution with their corresponding experimental greenhouses. Hence, 3D_M was regarded as the best combination in the discretized BES model.
{"title":"Effect of envelope characteristics on the accuracy of discretized greenhouse model in TRNSYS","authors":"Q. O. Ogunlowo, W. Na, A. Rabiu, M. A. Adesanya, T. D. Akpenpuun, H. Kim, Hyun Woo Lee","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1420","url":null,"abstract":"TRNSYS is a common tool that has been recently used to model and simulate greenhouse energy demand and utilization using building energy simulation (BES). Previously, a single thermal point was used for validation, ignoring the distribution of greenhouse climate parameters, especially the temperature. Temperature variation often leads to thermal stratification, prompting researchers to propose volume discretization in dynamic greenhouse simulations. In this context, the effect of envelope characterization on the accuracy of discretized TRNSYS BES model was developed to determine the best BES model under a free-floating regime. The combination of the number of layers [double (D) and single (S)], geometry mode [3D and manual (M)], and layer type [massless (M) and no glazing window (W)], led to the development of five models: D_3D_M, D_3D_W, D_M_M, S_3D_W, and S_M_M. The simulation was performed in a standard radiation mode, and the output parameters were temperature and relative humidity (RH). R2 and the root square mean error (RSME) were used to check the fitness and degree of deviation, respectively, to validate the models. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to investigate the significant differences among the models, whereas contour plots were used to compare the distribution pattern between the significant models and experimental data. Validation of the models showed that the obtained R2 values ranged from 0.86 to 0.95, and the RSME values for the temperature were between 2.64 °C and 3.91 °C. These values were 0.91–0.93 and 19.72%–30.32% for RH. The ANOVA (p < 0.05) result exhibited significant differences between the S-scenario models and experimental central points in temperature and RH. The D- and S-layer scenarios with a 3D geometry and massless layer showed similar distribution with their corresponding experimental greenhouses. Hence, 3D_M was regarded as the best combination in the discretized BES model.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76698432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, the most critical agriculture-related problem is the harm caused in fruit, vegetable, nut, and flower crops by harmful pests, particularly the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, named in short as Medfly. Medfly existence in agricultural fields must be monitored systematically for effective combat against it. Special traps are utilized in the field to catch Medflies which will reveal their presence, and applying pesticides at the right time will help reduce their population. A technologically supported automated remote monitoring system should eliminate frequent site visits as a more economical solution. In this paper, a machine learning system that can detect Medfly images on a picture and count their numbers is developed. A special trap equipped with an integrated camera that can take photos of the sticky band where Medflies are caught daily is utilized. Obtained pictures are then transmitted by an electronic circuit containing a SIM card to the central server where the object detection algorithm runs. This study employs a faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) model in identifying trapped Medflies. When Medflies or other insects stick on the sticky band of the trap, they continue to spend extraordinary effort trying to release themselves in a panic until they die. Therefore, their shape is badly distorted as their bodies, wings, and legs are all buckled. The challenge here is that the machine learning system should detect these Medflies of distorted shape with high accuracy. Therefore, it is crucial to utilize pictures that contain trapped Medfly images that possess distorted shapes for training and validation. In this paper, the success rate in identifying Medflies when other insects are also present is approximately 94% that is achieved by the machine learning system training process, owing to the considerable amount of purpose-specific photographic data. This rate may be seen as quite favorable when compared to the success rates provided in the literature.
{"title":"An ıntelligent system for detecting Mediterranean fruit fly [Medfly; Ceratitis Capitata (Wiedemann)]","authors":"Yusuf Uzun, M. Tolun, H. Eyyuboğlu, Filiz Sari","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1381","url":null,"abstract":"Nowadays, the most critical agriculture-related problem is the harm caused in fruit, vegetable, nut, and flower crops by harmful pests, particularly the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, named in short as Medfly. Medfly existence in agricultural fields must be monitored systematically for effective combat against it. Special traps are utilized in the field to catch Medflies which will reveal their presence, and applying pesticides at the right time will help reduce their population. A technologically supported automated remote monitoring system should eliminate frequent site visits as a more economical solution. In this paper, a machine learning system that can detect Medfly images on a picture and count their numbers is developed. A special trap equipped with an integrated camera that can take photos of the sticky band where Medflies are caught daily is utilized. Obtained pictures are then transmitted by an electronic circuit containing a SIM card to the central server where the object detection algorithm runs. This study employs a faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) model in identifying trapped Medflies. When Medflies or other insects stick on the sticky band of the trap, they continue to spend extraordinary effort trying to release themselves in a panic until they die. Therefore, their shape is badly distorted as their bodies, wings, and legs are all buckled. The challenge here is that the machine learning system should detect these Medflies of distorted shape with high accuracy. Therefore, it is crucial to utilize pictures that contain trapped Medfly images that possess distorted shapes for training and validation. In this paper, the success rate in identifying Medflies when other insects are also present is approximately 94% that is achieved by the machine learning system training process, owing to the considerable amount of purpose-specific photographic data. This rate may be seen as quite favorable when compared to the success rates provided in the literature.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84867136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although existing sweet potato transplanters require automatic seedling feeding instead of manual seedling feeding, this causes seedling leakage and low efficiency. In this work, a control system for automatic seedling feeding of sweet potatoes was designed based on a pretreatment seedling belt. The system uses STM32 as the main controller and obtains the running speed of the machine through the encoder. The speed of the planting motor can be adjusted in real-time according to the running speed to keep the planting distance stable. The speed control model and linkage control strategy of seedling feeding and planting motors are investigated to keep the system feeding frequency and planting frequency consistent under running speed change. In order to verify the performance of this control system, a test bench was built, and some experiments were conducted. The test results show that the average error of seedling feeding motor speed is 4.04%, and that of planting motor speed is 3.28%. At medium and low operating speed levels, the stability of the seedling feeding mechanism is good, and the relative errors of automatic seedling feeding operation are 7.8% and 5.1%, respectively. The variation coefficients of plant spacing were 9.34% and 7.42%, respectively, indicating that the system could meet the seedling feeding and planting device control requirements based on the seedling belt and realize continuous automatic seedling feeding in the process of sweet potato seedling transplanting.
{"title":"Design and experiment of a control system for sweet potato seedling feeding and planting device based on pretreatment seedling belt","authors":"Yufan He, Qingzhen Zhu, Weiqiang Fu, Changhai Luo, Yue Cong, Wuchang Qin, Zhijun Meng, Liping Chen, Chunjiang Zhao, Guangwei Wu","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1261","url":null,"abstract":"Although existing sweet potato transplanters require automatic seedling feeding instead of manual seedling feeding, this causes seedling leakage and low efficiency. In this work, a control system for automatic seedling feeding of sweet potatoes was designed based on a pretreatment seedling belt. The system uses STM32 as the main controller and obtains the running speed of the machine through the encoder. The speed of the planting motor can be adjusted in real-time according to the running speed to keep the planting distance stable. The speed control model and linkage control strategy of seedling feeding and planting motors are investigated to keep the system feeding frequency and planting frequency consistent under running speed change. In order to verify the performance of this control system, a test bench was built, and some experiments were conducted. The test results show that the average error of seedling feeding motor speed is 4.04%, and that of planting motor speed is 3.28%. At medium and low operating speed levels, the stability of the seedling feeding mechanism is good, and the relative errors of automatic seedling feeding operation are 7.8% and 5.1%, respectively. The variation coefficients of plant spacing were 9.34% and 7.42%, respectively, indicating that the system could meet the seedling feeding and planting device control requirements based on the seedling belt and realize continuous automatic seedling feeding in the process of sweet potato seedling transplanting.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75830605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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