Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.52151/jae2022594.1787
The normal practice of coffee planters for cleaning dried cherry is time consuming, labourious, and totally depends on natural wind conditions. A low-cost power-operated dry cherry winnower was, therefore, developed at Central Coffee Research Institute, Karnataka. The dry cherry winnower consisted of a hopper, blower unit (exhaust fan), cherry outlet, and frame with an overall dimension of 1.28 (L) x 0.7 (W) x 1.63 (H) m. Arabica (Coffea arabica L) and robusta (Coffea canephora) cherry coffees were used for testing. During evaluation, cherry sample from main outlet, dried leaves and twigs from foreign materials outlet were collected to determine various parameters viz., percentage of blown cherry, cleaning efficiency, and output capacity. Air velocity of 4 m.s-1 was effective with lower percentage of blown cherry. Cleaning efficiency of arabica cherry was 99.85%, 99.73%, and 98.85% at 20, 25, and 30 kg.min-1 feed rate, respectively. Similarly, the cleaning efficiency of robusta cherry was 99.74%, 99.11%, and 98.53% at 20, 25, and 30 kg.min-1 feed rates. The output capacity ranged from 1,200 kg.h-1 to 1,807 kg.h-1 for arabica cherry, and 1,220 kg.h-1 to 1,821 kg.h-1 for robusta cherry. Higher cleaning efficiency of 99.85% and 99.74% were recorded for arabica and robusta cherry, respectively, at 20 kg.min-1 feed rate and 4 m.s-1 air velocity. The average power consumption was 0.375 kW.h. The cost of operation of the winnower was 105 `.h-1. The estimated cost of the winnower was `.16,000 per unit. The operational cost and time of winnowing could be reduced by 67% and 72%, respectively, by using the winnower when compared to conventional winnowing.
{"title":"Development and Performance Evaluation of a Low-cost Winnower for Dry Coffee Cherry","authors":"","doi":"10.52151/jae2022594.1787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2022594.1787","url":null,"abstract":"The normal practice of coffee planters for cleaning dried cherry is time consuming, labourious, and totally depends on natural wind conditions. A low-cost power-operated dry cherry winnower was, therefore, developed at Central Coffee Research Institute, Karnataka. The dry cherry winnower consisted of a hopper, blower unit (exhaust fan), cherry outlet, and frame with an overall dimension of 1.28 (L) x 0.7 (W) x 1.63 (H) m. Arabica (Coffea arabica L) and robusta (Coffea canephora) cherry coffees were used for testing. During evaluation, cherry sample from main outlet, dried leaves and twigs from foreign materials outlet were collected to determine various parameters viz., percentage of blown cherry, cleaning efficiency, and output capacity. Air velocity of 4 m.s-1 was effective with lower percentage of blown cherry. Cleaning efficiency of arabica cherry was 99.85%, 99.73%, and 98.85% at 20, 25, and 30 kg.min-1 feed rate, respectively. Similarly, the cleaning efficiency of robusta cherry was 99.74%, 99.11%, and 98.53% at 20, 25, and 30 kg.min-1 feed rates. The output capacity ranged from 1,200 kg.h-1 to 1,807 kg.h-1 for arabica cherry, and 1,220 kg.h-1 to 1,821 kg.h-1 for robusta cherry. Higher cleaning efficiency of 99.85% and 99.74% were recorded for arabica and robusta cherry, respectively, at 20 kg.min-1 feed rate and 4 m.s-1 air velocity. The average power consumption was 0.375 kW.h. The cost of operation of the winnower was 105 `.h-1. The estimated cost of the winnower was `.16,000 per unit. The operational cost and time of winnowing could be reduced by 67% and 72%, respectively, by using the winnower when compared to conventional winnowing.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78747909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.52151/jae2022593.1780
Small-scale farmers in India and other developing countries have been using traditional stone local dehuller (chakki) for pulse milling, which is extremely slow and less effective. In this study, a low-cost and easy-to-operate farm-level pulse dehuller was developed to enhance farm mechanization in the processing sector. The performance of the developed dehuller was evaluated using three independent parameters, namely roller speed (19.47, 22.72, 25.97 m.s-1), feed rate (60, 90, 120 kg.h-1), and two emery rollers (Grit No. 40, Grit No. 50). To optimize the parameters, results were fitted in multi-level categorical general factorial design using design expert software. The maximum dehulling efficiency (84.62 %), maximum whole dehulled kernel (48.45 %), and minimum loss (2.78%) were obtained at roller speed of 19.47 m.s-1 and feed rate of 90 kg.h-1 with Grit No.50 roller. Compared to the traditional pulse dehulling process, the developed pulse dehuller could save 2.29 ₹ .Kg-1 in cost and 10.24 min.kg-1 in time.
{"title":"Design, Development, and Performance Optimization of Farm Level Black Gram Dehuller","authors":"","doi":"10.52151/jae2022593.1780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2022593.1780","url":null,"abstract":"Small-scale farmers in India and other developing countries have been using traditional stone local dehuller (chakki) for pulse milling, which is extremely slow and less effective. In this study, a low-cost and easy-to-operate farm-level pulse dehuller was developed to enhance farm mechanization in the processing sector. The performance of the developed dehuller was evaluated using three independent parameters, namely roller speed (19.47, 22.72, 25.97 m.s-1), feed rate (60, 90, 120 kg.h-1), and two emery rollers (Grit No. 40, Grit No. 50). To optimize the parameters, results were fitted in multi-level categorical general factorial design using design expert software. The maximum dehulling efficiency (84.62 %), maximum whole dehulled kernel (48.45 %), and minimum loss (2.78%) were obtained at roller speed of 19.47 m.s-1 and feed rate of 90 kg.h-1 with Grit No.50 roller. Compared to the traditional pulse dehulling process, the developed pulse dehuller could save 2.29 ₹ .Kg-1 in cost and 10.24 min.kg-1 in time.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90542391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.52151/jae2022593.1779
A mobile two-way air flow flat-bed paddy dryer of 3-tonne capacity was developed and evaluated. With the provision of a two-way air flow arrangement for reversal of air direction, drying was uniform along the grain bed depth of 500 mm without the need to mix the grain during drying. The moisture content differential among different layers at 200 mm spacing was 3.1% and 0.80% for one-way upward and two-way reversible air flow mode, respectively. Specific energy consumption was 4.86 MJ.kg-1 and 4.34 MJ.kg-1, whereas the drying efficiency was 49.4% and 55.3% for conventional onedirectional and bi-directional reversible air flow mode, respectively. Head rice yield was 4.4% more for paddy dried in two-way reversible air flow mode as compared to conventional one-direction upward air flow drying. The cost of drying was less in twoway (reversible) air flow mode (` 9.80 per kg water) as compared to one-direction air flow mode ( ₹ 11.06 per kg water).
{"title":"Development and Evaluation of Mobile Two-way Reversible Air Flow Flat-bed Paddy Dryer","authors":"","doi":"10.52151/jae2022593.1779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2022593.1779","url":null,"abstract":"A mobile two-way air flow flat-bed paddy dryer of 3-tonne capacity was developed and evaluated. With the provision of a two-way air flow arrangement for reversal of air direction, drying was uniform along the grain bed depth of 500 mm without the need to mix the grain during drying. The moisture content differential among different layers at 200 mm spacing was 3.1% and 0.80% for one-way upward and two-way reversible air flow mode, respectively. Specific energy consumption was 4.86 MJ.kg-1 and 4.34 MJ.kg-1, whereas the drying efficiency was 49.4% and 55.3% for conventional onedirectional and bi-directional reversible air flow mode, respectively. Head rice yield was 4.4% more for paddy dried in two-way reversible air flow mode as compared to conventional one-direction upward air flow drying. The cost of drying was less in twoway (reversible) air flow mode (` 9.80 per kg water) as compared to one-direction air flow mode ( ₹ 11.06 per kg water).","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89749104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Determination of soil shear strength is essential for engineering construction. Using rice husk ash (RHA) with cement in the soil is a potential ground improvement technique that can reduce environmental problems and construction budget. In the present study, ten combinations of soil-RHA-cement were investigated to understand the effects of RHA with cement on the shear strength parameters of the soil. The admixtures were prepared by taking soil with 5%, 10%, 15% RHA, and 2%, 4%, and 6% cement. All specimens of soil-RHA-cement were tested after the initial setting of cement. The direct shear test was set up to compare different soil-RHA-cement mixtures under three normal stresses of 40, 60, and 80 kPa. The test results showed the difference in each mixture’s shear stress-shear displacement relationship, shear displacement- vertical displacement relationship, shear stress-normal stress relationship, shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle. According to the findings, shear strength improved as the cement ratio increased for the same amount of RHA in the soil, while dilatancy reduced compared to untreated soil. All soil-RHA-cement combinations had a stronger cohesiveness than untreated soil, but the angle of internal friction was lower. Under normal stress of 80 kPa, the soil with 5% RHA and 6% cement combination had the highest shear strength, corresponding to 62.9 kPa, and can be suggested for ground development.
{"title":"Influence of the initial setting of cement on the shear strength of rice husk ash stabilised soil","authors":"N. Nahar, Alexander Owino, Z. Hossain","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1411","url":null,"abstract":"Determination of soil shear strength is essential for engineering construction. Using rice husk ash (RHA) with cement in the soil is a potential ground improvement technique that can reduce environmental problems and construction budget. In the present study, ten combinations of soil-RHA-cement were investigated to understand the effects of RHA with cement on the shear strength parameters of the soil. The admixtures were prepared by taking soil with 5%, 10%, 15% RHA, and 2%, 4%, and 6% cement. All specimens of soil-RHA-cement were tested after the initial setting of cement. The direct shear test was set up to compare different soil-RHA-cement mixtures under three normal stresses of 40, 60, and 80 kPa. The test results showed the difference in each mixture’s shear stress-shear displacement relationship, shear displacement- vertical displacement relationship, shear stress-normal stress relationship, shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle. According to the findings, shear strength improved as the cement ratio increased for the same amount of RHA in the soil, while dilatancy reduced compared to untreated soil. All soil-RHA-cement combinations had a stronger cohesiveness than untreated soil, but the angle of internal friction was lower. Under normal stress of 80 kPa, the soil with 5% RHA and 6% cement combination had the highest shear strength, corresponding to 62.9 kPa, and can be suggested for ground development.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91197832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of temporary housing facilities has been recently highlighted due to the occurrence of migrant flows, agricultural workers, and, more recently, the need for ‘social distancing’ strategies has become crucial to limiting the spread of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease. They are built with different shapes, technology, structural and material systems. The structural system is often very simple because the module must be constructed in a short time by a few people. They have guaranteed the safety and well-being of the occupants and have to be designed in accordance with the rules and approved building codes. For these reasons, it is very important to design and verify the structural system with a high level of accuracy using a model and reliable structural analysis methods. Furthermore, it is essential to test the actual behaviour of the structure in use to validate the structural model simulated with the behaviour in situ. In this paper, we have illustrated a simple original test in situ to analyse the behaviour and survey the displacements of the shear wall prototype of a temporary home module in cork and timber loaded with a horizontal force. The comparison between the measured and the calculated displacements by means of finite element model software led to the evaluation of the accuracy of the structural model and the more realistic value of the connection’s metal stiffness. A specific numerical function was obtained using a rational regression interpolation that relates the connections’ stiffness value to the horizontal force. Knowing the actual value of the connection stiffness leads to a more reliable and safe design.
{"title":"Calibrating structural modelling simulation parameters of a lightweight temporary shelter using a lateral load test in situ","authors":"F. Barreca, G. Cardinali, Viviana Tirella","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1418","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of temporary housing facilities has been recently highlighted due to the occurrence of migrant flows, agricultural workers, and, more recently, the need for ‘social distancing’ strategies has become crucial to limiting the spread of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease. They are built with different shapes, technology, structural and material systems. The structural system is often very simple because the module must be constructed in a short time by a few people. They have guaranteed the safety and well-being of the occupants and have to be designed in accordance with the rules and approved building codes. For these reasons, it is very important to design and verify the structural system with a high level of accuracy using a model and reliable structural analysis methods. Furthermore, it is essential to test the actual behaviour of the structure in use to validate the structural model simulated with the behaviour in situ. In this paper, we have illustrated a simple original test in situ to analyse the behaviour and survey the displacements of the shear wall prototype of a temporary home module in cork and timber loaded with a horizontal force. The comparison between the measured and the calculated displacements by means of finite element model software led to the evaluation of the accuracy of the structural model and the more realistic value of the connection’s metal stiffness. A specific numerical function was obtained using a rational regression interpolation that relates the connections’ stiffness value to the horizontal force. Knowing the actual value of the connection stiffness leads to a more reliable and safe design.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84380509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Biglia, P. Barge, C. Tortia, L. Comba, D. Ricauda Aimonino, P. Gay
Traceability was introduced about twenty years ago to face the worldwide spread of food safety crises. Traceability data flow associated with each lot of food products during any production and/or delivery phases can also be used to guarantee product authenticity. For this purpose, it is necessary to protect the data from cyber intrusions and, at the same time, to guarantee the integrity of the bond between the physical product and the data. Price grading related to quality perceivable or credence attributes attracts criminals to attempt item substitution fraud. Improved track and trace technologies supported by artificial intelligence (AI) could highly enhance systems’ capability to detect authenticity violations by product substitution. This paper proposes an innovative method based on AI, to reinforce traceability systems in detecting possible counterfeiting by product substitution. It is an item-based mass balance method that analyses the congruity of the traceability data flows not by using explicit (even stochastic) rules but by exploiting the learning capabilities of a neural network. The system can then detect suspect information in a traceability data flow, alerting a possible profit-driven crime. The AI-based method was applied to a pork slaughtering and meat cutting chain case study.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence to boost traceability systems for fraud prevention in the meat industry","authors":"A. Biglia, P. Barge, C. Tortia, L. Comba, D. Ricauda Aimonino, P. Gay","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1328","url":null,"abstract":"Traceability was introduced about twenty years ago to face the worldwide spread of food safety crises. Traceability data flow associated with each lot of food products during any production and/or delivery phases can also be used to guarantee product authenticity. For this purpose, it is necessary to protect the data from cyber intrusions and, at the same time, to guarantee the integrity of the bond between the physical product and the data. Price grading related to quality perceivable or credence attributes attracts criminals to attempt item substitution fraud. Improved track and trace technologies supported by artificial intelligence (AI) could highly enhance systems’ capability to detect authenticity violations by product substitution. This paper proposes an innovative method based on AI, to reinforce traceability systems in detecting possible counterfeiting by product substitution. It is an item-based mass balance method that analyses the congruity of the traceability data flows not by using explicit (even stochastic) rules but by exploiting the learning capabilities of a neural network. The system can then detect suspect information in a traceability data flow, alerting a possible profit-driven crime. The AI-based method was applied to a pork slaughtering and meat cutting chain case study.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86035617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To solve the object detection task in the harsh sandy environment, this paper proposes a lightweight sandy vegetation object detection algorithm based on attention mechanism. We reduce the number of model parameters by lightweight design of the anchor-free object detection algorithm model, thereby reducing the model inference time and memory cost. Specifically, the algorithm uses a lightweight backbone network to extract features, and uses linear interpolation in the neck network to achieve multi-scale. Model algorithm compression is performed by depthwise separable convolution in the head network. At the same time, the channel attention mechanism is added to the model to further optimize the algorithm. Experiments have proved the superiority of the algorithm, the mAP in the training effect is 76%, and the prediction time per frame is 0.0277 seconds. It realizes the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm operation in the desert environment.
{"title":"Lightweight sandy vegetation object detection algorithm based on attention mechanism","authors":"Zhongwei Hua, Min Guan","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1471","url":null,"abstract":"To solve the object detection task in the harsh sandy environment, this paper proposes a lightweight sandy vegetation object detection algorithm based on attention mechanism. We reduce the number of model parameters by lightweight design of the anchor-free object detection algorithm model, thereby reducing the model inference time and memory cost. Specifically, the algorithm uses a lightweight backbone network to extract features, and uses linear interpolation in the neck network to achieve multi-scale. Model algorithm compression is performed by depthwise separable convolution in the head network. At the same time, the channel attention mechanism is added to the model to further optimize the algorithm. Experiments have proved the superiority of the algorithm, the mAP in the training effect is 76%, and the prediction time per frame is 0.0277 seconds. It realizes the efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm operation in the desert environment.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84528545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Islam, Md Zafar Iqbal, Mohammod Ali, M. Chowdhury, S. Kiraga, Md Shaha Nur Kabir, Dae-Hyun Lee, Jea-keun Woo, S. Chung
A gearbox is an essential component of an automatic transplanter to transmit engine power to the transplanter components. It is necessary to find the appropriate gearbox dimensions and materials for the pepper transplanter to minimize transmission losses. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to simulate the power transmission efficiency of the gearbox, and to determine a suitable number of stages, and materials and the dimensions of the spur gears. A 2.6 kW gasoline engine was considered as the prime source to power the entire transplanter. The available maximum length between the engine and transplanter subsystem was 422 mm. By considering design issues, a simulation model was created to determine the efficiency of the pepper transplanter gearbox, including various types of mechanical losses in the gearing system. Three different modules (1, 2, and 3 mm) and two materials were used to evaluate the effects on transmission. The analysis results indicated that the gearbox transmission efficiency levels of seven to twelve stages were in the range of 93.0–98.7%, whereas the eight-stage gearbox yielded the maximum efficiency of 98.7%, greater than our target efficiency of 98.0%. Therefore, an eight-stage gearbox was selected for power transmission to the components. The power transmission simulation results showed that the overall efficiency from engine to transplanting mechanism shaft varied in range of 95.2–95.9% owing to contact of the gear meshes. The analysis results also indicated that the 25CrMo4 carbon steel material with a 2-mm module gear was appropriate for the pepper transplanter. The analysis in this paper can be used as reference in the design of pepper transplanter gears and gearboxes with suitable material properties to provide the desired efficiency.
{"title":"Theoretical transmission analysis to optimize Gearbox for a 2.6 kW automatic pepper transplanter","authors":"M. Islam, Md Zafar Iqbal, Mohammod Ali, M. Chowdhury, S. Kiraga, Md Shaha Nur Kabir, Dae-Hyun Lee, Jea-keun Woo, S. Chung","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1254","url":null,"abstract":"A gearbox is an essential component of an automatic transplanter to transmit engine power to the transplanter components. It is necessary to find the appropriate gearbox dimensions and materials for the pepper transplanter to minimize transmission losses. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to simulate the power transmission efficiency of the gearbox, and to determine a suitable number of stages, and materials and the dimensions of the spur gears. A 2.6 kW gasoline engine was considered as the prime source to power the entire transplanter. The available maximum length between the engine and transplanter subsystem was 422 mm. By considering design issues, a simulation model was created to determine the efficiency of the pepper transplanter gearbox, including various types of mechanical losses in the gearing system. Three different modules (1, 2, and 3 mm) and two materials were used to evaluate the effects on transmission. The analysis results indicated that the gearbox transmission efficiency levels of seven to twelve stages were in the range of 93.0–98.7%, whereas the eight-stage gearbox yielded the maximum efficiency of 98.7%, greater than our target efficiency of 98.0%. Therefore, an eight-stage gearbox was selected for power transmission to the components. The power transmission simulation results showed that the overall efficiency from engine to transplanting mechanism shaft varied in range of 95.2–95.9% owing to contact of the gear meshes. The analysis results also indicated that the 25CrMo4 carbon steel material with a 2-mm module gear was appropriate for the pepper transplanter. The analysis in this paper can be used as reference in the design of pepper transplanter gears and gearboxes with suitable material properties to provide the desired efficiency.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85064068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Petroselli, Dario Romerio, P. Santelli, R. Mariotti, Silvano Di Giacinti, Ilaria Ceccarelli, C. Apollonio
In order to design an efficient microirrigation system, a monitoring approach allowing quantifying the main variables affecting the level of uniformity should be pursued. In the present work, we assess the performances of a commercial dripline, the product “Neptune PC AS”, furnished by TORO Company, employing an ad hoc built experimental benchmark, in doing so defining the dripline acceptable working conditions. Neptune PC AS has been tested at different operating pressure heads (range 1.5 - 3.5 bar) and its performances have been evaluated employing a series of metrics (the emitter technological variation coefficient, the emitter uniformity and the application efficiency). The obtained results show that Neptune PC AS is characterized by a strong pressure-compensating effect on the emitters and by very good / excellent performances for all the investigated operating pressure heads. Moreover, Neptune PC AS is characterized by limited differences between the maximum and the minimum of the emitter flow rate, in case of operating pressure heads equal to 1.5 bar and 2.0 bar, while such differences tend to increase for higher operating pressures.
{"title":"Performance assessment of the TORO Company Neptune PC AS dripline","authors":"A. Petroselli, Dario Romerio, P. Santelli, R. Mariotti, Silvano Di Giacinti, Ilaria Ceccarelli, C. Apollonio","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1463","url":null,"abstract":"In order to design an efficient microirrigation system, a monitoring approach allowing quantifying the main variables affecting the level of uniformity should be pursued. In the present work, we assess the performances of a commercial dripline, the product “Neptune PC AS”, furnished by TORO Company, employing an ad hoc built experimental benchmark, in doing so defining the dripline acceptable working conditions. Neptune PC AS has been tested at different operating pressure heads (range 1.5 - 3.5 bar) and its performances have been evaluated employing a series of metrics (the emitter technological variation coefficient, the emitter uniformity and the application efficiency). The obtained results show that Neptune PC AS is characterized by a strong pressure-compensating effect on the emitters and by very good / excellent performances for all the investigated operating pressure heads. Moreover, Neptune PC AS is characterized by limited differences between the maximum and the minimum of the emitter flow rate, in case of operating pressure heads equal to 1.5 bar and 2.0 bar, while such differences tend to increase for higher operating pressures.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80175799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A leaf-mounted sensor is described which detects condensing water vapour originating from leaf transpiration, taking advantage of a passive temperature gradient across the sunlit leaf and the underneath sensor plate, and simultaneously monitors incident solar radiation. The simple and low-cost device enables the qualitative assessment of plant water status by comparing the diurnal patterns of leaf transpiration and solar irradiance. A close correlation between condensation and irradiance occurs in conditions of unrestricted water supply, whereas a deviation of their course likely indicates a suboptimal plant water status.
{"title":"A leaf-mounted capacitance sensor for continuous monitoring of foliar transpiration and solar irradiance as an indicator of plant water status","authors":"M. Thalheimer","doi":"10.4081/jae.2022.1477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2022.1477","url":null,"abstract":"A leaf-mounted sensor is described which detects condensing water vapour originating from leaf transpiration, taking advantage of a passive temperature gradient across the sunlit leaf and the underneath sensor plate, and simultaneously monitors incident solar radiation. The simple and low-cost device enables the qualitative assessment of plant water status by comparing the diurnal patterns of leaf transpiration and solar irradiance. A close correlation between condensation and irradiance occurs in conditions of unrestricted water supply, whereas a deviation of their course likely indicates a suboptimal plant water status.","PeriodicalId":48507,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Agricultural Engineering","volume":"318 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77428794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：