Food Structure-Netherlands最新文献

Soybean oil was structured with carnauba wax to develop oleogels which were evaluated to fry potato chips as an alternative to deep fat frying with soybean oil. The frying conditions of chips were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The frying temperature (147 °C) and time (4 min) of chips were decided by assessing the physical properties of the chips (hardness, color and sensory attributes). Thereafter, a comparative study was carried out between chips fried in oil and oleogel. Compared to chips fried in oil, the chips fried in oleogel absorbed approximately 23% less oil. No negative impact on the sensory scores and fatty acid composition of the chips was observed. The peak force of oleogel fried chips was also insignificantly lower (255.7 ± 17.5 g) than oil fried chips (314.2 ± 19.3 g). The appearance (color) of the oleogel fried chips was significantly better than chips fried in oil since oleogel chips had a higher lightness value (63.53 ± 3.94) than oil chips (53.59 ± 1.31). Moreover, the redness value of oleogel chips was also lower (−2.33 ± 0.47) than chips fried in oil (1.66 ± 0.49). However, significantly higher peroxide values were observed in oleogel fried chips during the storage study, which indicates its lower stability.

Full-fat milk was fortified with 0.5, 1, 1.5, or 2 % whey protein isolate (WPI) or micellar casein isolate (MCI). The effect of protein addition on composition, microstructure, and physicochemical properties of heat- and acid-induced milk gels was assessed. Lower moisture and higher calcium content was observed in gels with higher amount of MCI compared with WPI. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the population with shorter relaxation, assigned to casein micelles and a more dense protein network, may explain the hardest texture of MCI gels. Contrarily, WPI rich gels showed longer relaxation times which is in agreement with a more open and porous microstructure. Increasing the casein content by 0.5 % formed gel significantly harder, while adding 2 % WPI produced more inhomogeneous gels but the texture was not significantly affected compared with native milk. Protein formulation of the milk can modulate the textural and water holding properties of heat- and acid-induced milk gels.

In this study, emulsion gels based on egg white protein particles were constructed as emulsifiers, with curdlan as gelation factor. The properties of the emulsion gels and their application in low-fat meat batter systems (LFMs) were investigated to reveal the functional performances of emulsion gel mimicking pork fat. The emulsion gel improved the storage modulus of LFM compared with non-fat meat batter, replicating the rheological properties of pork fat meat batter (PFM). The droplet size distribution and microstructure results indicated that oil could be released from the emulsion gel during high-speed shear and stabilized by the interfacial protein film and meat matrix, showing similar emulsifying mechanisms to PFM. The emulsion gel could also perform thickening and lubricate the mixture of LFM and artificial saliva, indicating the emulsion gel replicated the oral behavior of pork fat. LFM had lower hardness and oil-release quality and higher cooking loss and lightness than PFM (p < 0.05). When fat was replaced by emulsion gel (4 wt% curdlan and 40 vt% oil), LFM performed similar physicochemical and oral processing properties to PFM. The constructed emulsion gel showed promising potential as animal fat mimics to be used in healthy meat production systems.

Pea protein isolates (PPI) mainly contain globulin proteins responsible for forming fragile gels affecting the texture properties of plant-based foods like extruded meat analogs. This study aims to extract a soluble protein fraction (SPF) from air-classified pea protein concentrate (PPC) containing globulins and albumins and use it directly in its liquid form to enhance the elasticity of PPI gels and extrudates produced by high moisture extrusion (HME). Two commercially available PPIs and one PPC were characterized by protein solubility, differential scanning calorimetry, and heat-induced gelation capacity by rotational rheology. Gel characterization was done by small amplitude oscillation rheology. Protein extraction at concentrations between 5% and 10% w/w and mildly alkaline pH was the most efficient way to produce functional SPF with high protein yield (> 67%). The SPF had a positive effect on the yield strain of PPI gels. However, the effect on the elastic modulus (G’) depended on the degree of protein isolate purification. Moreover, adding SPF directly as wet feed in HME reduced the brittleness of PPI extrudates. This research highlights the texture formation potential of minimally pre-processed pea protein ingredients in plant-based foods (e.g., meat analogs) manufactured with HME.

In this study, red lentil isolate protein (RLPI, 3 %, w/v) was treated at pH 2 and 7 at 85 °C for a period of 0–24 h. The TEM and SDS-PAGE results indicated that the molecular weight of RLPI was steadily reduced and hydrolyzed into peptides over the prolonged heating time, eventually forming fibrillar and particulate aggregates at pH 2 and 7, respectively. The FTIR results showed an increased level of the proteins’ random coil motifs due to the excessive heating. According to the results of emulsifying properties, the emulsifying capabilities of fibrillar proteins were higher than those of the particle proteins at the same protein concentration due to the proteins’ structure and their surface charge. Notably, the fibrillar aggregates formed a gel network structure and stronger interactions in fibrillar aggregates compared to the particulate aggregates at pH 2. This study provides references for the processing and utilization of plant proteins in beverages and dietary supplements.

Microalgae attract increasing interest in enhancing the nutritional values of plant-based foods. However, alterations in the final product’s color (by green algae) and mushy texture can be induced. In this study, we incorporated yellow Chlorella vulgaris (Cv) in pea protein-based meat substitutes and aimed to minimize properties alteration by using wet and disrupted Cv biomass. The cell wall disruption, done by high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at 150 MPa and initial biomass temperature below 10 °C, significantly increased the gelation capacity. The effect was confirmed by (i) a 10x increase in the apparent viscosity of 14% (w/w) Cv suspensions, and (ii) a 2x increase in the storage modulus (G’) of 9:1 (w/w) pea protein isolate - Cv gels. Furthermore, the HPH-treated Cv was successfully incorporated (10% (w/w)) into pea protein-based meat substitutes produced with high-moisture extrusion cooking without altering their visual appearance, hardness, or anisotropy index. Finally, spray drying or fractionation steps of the HPH-treated Cv did not improve protein gels, or meat substitutes produced thereof. This study demonstrated that disrupted Cv is a promising nutritious and sustainable ingredient for meat substitutes.

The contributions and importance of the water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2; W1:W2 = 40:60; W1/O: W2 = 20:80) type double emulsion (DE) to the physicochemical characteristics of almond-based gel were identified in this study. This study investigated from two perspectives: 1) the effect of the amount of DE addition on the gel properties of almond-based yoghurt and 2) the comparison between samples made with and without DE. The hardness, water holding capacity, and viscosity value of almond-based gel increased when the DE addition increased from 5, 10, 20, to 30 % due to the composition variance. Comparing the sample made with DE structure and made without DE, a significant difference was only found between samples incorporated with 30 % DE (D30) and its counterpart control sample C30. A significantly higher (p < 0.05) apparent viscosity and hardness values were observed in sample D30 (0.27 Pa·s; 18.25 g) compared to its counterpart control sample C30 (0.21 Pa·s; 15.09 g). A sensory evaluation revealed similar preferences for both samples (D30 and C30). In summary, the presence of a double emulsion structure contributed to the improved texture, microstructure and quality of almond-based gels. This approach can potentially guide the future production of double emulsion-incorporated plant-based gels.

The effect of High Intensity Ultrasound (HIU) on the structure and stability of soybean (SO) and avocado (AO) oleogels was evaluated. HIU treatments (25% and 50% amplitude and 15 and 30 s) were applied and oleogels were analyzed by crystal morphology, melting behavior, solid fat content (SFC), texture, oil binding capacity (OBC), and viscoelasticity (G’ and G’’). A PCA analysis was also performed. Results showed that HIU reduced crystals size and formed needle-like small crystals in all treated samples when compared to control, regardless the oil source. The lowest enthalpy values were presented in control samples, due to a small number of crystals. HIU treatments increased hardness of all samples in contrast to control. Regarding the OBC, AO samples were less stable compared to SO samples. PCA analysis showed a clear difference among the oil source samples, as well as the HIU treated samples compared to the control samples.

This work aimed to formulate oil-in-water Pickering emulsions using carboxylated-cellulose nanocrystal (cCNC) to encapsulate sesamolin to overcome sesamolin’s poor solubility. The formulations were prepared by varying the oil/water ratio, cCNC, and sesamolin concentrations. Their droplet size, charge, morphology, stability, and an in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity were investigated. Sesamolin was successfully loaded at a concentration 21 times greater than that found naturally in sesame oil. The droplet size of the emulsion was a micron size (38–95 µm), with a higher oil concentration and a zeta potential between − 26 to − 36 mV. Formulation with 1%w/v of cCNC and 10%v/v of oil showed the best stability during storage under the condition studied. High-loaded-sesamolin emulsion showed a similar creaming index to an emulsion containing only sesame oil, demonstrating that high-loaded sesamolin did not decrease the stability. The most stable formulation exerted anti-tyrosinase activity 11 times higher than pure sesamolin. The Pickering emulsion successfully loaded and enhanced the solubility of sesamolin in the aqueous system. The obtained stable emulsion was compatible with the hydrophilic phase. Consequently, Cellulose-based Pickering emulsion has the potential as a sesamolin delivery system in vitro or in vivo further studies.

Reconstituted rice composed of rice starch and glutelin was prepared under varied screw speeds by a twin-screw extruder, and the structure and physicochemical properties were analyzed. When the screw speed ranged from 265 to 345 rpm, the expansion ratio and cooking loss of reconstituted rice separately increased from 219.20% and 6.30–238.40% and 11.50%, while the bulk density reduced from 2.39 to 1.27 g/mL accompanying the color became darker. The water solubility index of reconstituted rice changed insignificantly with increasing screw speed. Clusters of gelatinized starch granules were observed, and the inner structure of reconstituted rice became rough and cracked. Increasing screw speed was not conducive to maintaining the viscoelasticity of reconstituted rice pastes due to the decrease in pasting parameters, and their frequency dependence was lower than raw rice paste. The relative crystallinity of reconstituted rice decreased from 13.45% to 4.50% as the screw speed increased, resulting in corresponding changes in thermal properties. Furthermore, the texture of cooked reconstituted rice was closely associated to screw speed. This study supplies theoretical guidance for producing extruded reconstituted rice.