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Mis)information and the politicization of food security 错误的信息和粮食安全的政治化
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0116
S. Smyth, P. Phillips, D. Castle
Agricultural biotechnology, particularly the introduction of genetically modified (GM) crops continues to be controversial more than two decades after they were introduced. For a technology that is now so widely adopted around the world, why is this so? Among the many explanations that have been offered, one focuses on the way that differing perspectives on new technology introductions become entrenched, whether or not they are warranted by the available evidence. Genetically modified crops have experienced a long tradition of entrenched and polarized views, commencing with an insalubrious exchange between Richard Dawkins and Prince Charles on the occasion of the latter’s 2000 Reith Lecture (Ruse and Castle, 2002). More recently in late 2016, the New York Times claimed it had conducted an “extensive examination” of GM crops and found their benefits to be lacking, a claim that was vociferously challenged by scientists and famers alike, some of whom wrote a pointed rebuttal (Hakim, 2016; Giddings, 2016). The rebuttal gives references to several reviews and analyses of the benefits—and it should be added, the limitations—of GM crops, particularly in the United States and Canada, and other GM crop adopting nations. No one has claimed that GM crop technologies are the “silver bullet” to effective yield gain and pesticide reduction (Scott, 2016), but the record of evidence suggests there have been substantial benefits for consumers, farmers, human health, the environment, and sustainable development. Despite research dating back 15 yr reporting the benefits of GM crops, and acknowledgment of their limitations, critics of GM crops (and biotechnology more generally) continue to dismiss this information and ignore the multitude of benefits resulting from their adoption. Critics go as far as insinuating that the biotechnology industry has co-opted academic researchers and is paying academics to mislead the public in the quantification of the benefits of biotech crops, as is evidenced by the US Right to Know campaign’s request for freedom-of-information access to the emails of more than 40 leading American academics (Kloor, 2015). These opponents suggest that the distribution of benefits is not equal (benefit distribution is not equal for any technology), causes farmers to commit suicide, and is polluting the land (Adams, 2014). Much of this misleading information was captured in the 2013 report released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) entitled, “Trade and Environmental Review 2013: Wake Up Before It Is Too Late” (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2013). While containing contributions from more than 60 experts, no single expert in biotechnology or GM crops was listed in the table of contents. On the contrary, many of the contributors listed have been longstanding critics of biotechnology and GM crops. The essential message of this lengthy report was that for food security to exist over the remainder of th
农业生物技术,特别是转基因作物的引进在引进20多年后仍然存在争议。对于一项现在在世界范围内被广泛采用的技术,为什么会这样呢?在提供的许多解释中,有一种解释侧重于对新技术引入的不同观点是如何根深蒂固的,无论这些观点是否得到现有证据的支持。转基因作物经历了根深蒂固和两极分化的长期传统,始于理查德·道金斯(Richard Dawkins)和查尔斯王子(Prince Charles)在2000年Reith Lecture上的一次不健康的交流(Ruse and Castle, 2002)。最近在2016年底,《纽约时报》声称它对转基因作物进行了“广泛检查”,发现它们缺乏益处,这一说法受到了科学家和农民的强烈质疑,其中一些人写了一篇尖锐的反驳文章(Hakim, 2016;吉丁斯,2016)。反驳中提到了几篇关于转基因作物的益处和局限性的评论和分析,特别是在美国和加拿大以及其他转基因作物采用国。没有人声称转基因作物技术是有效提高产量和减少农药的“银弹”(Scott, 2016),但证据记录表明,对消费者、农民、人类健康、环境和可持续发展都有实质性的好处。尽管15年前的研究报告了转基因作物的好处,并承认了它们的局限性,但转基因作物(以及更普遍的生物技术)的批评者继续忽视这些信息,忽视采用转基因作物带来的众多好处。批评者甚至暗示,生物技术行业已经拉拢了学术研究人员,并付钱给学者,让他们在量化生物技术作物的好处方面误导公众,正如美国知情权运动要求获得40多名美国知名学者的电子邮件的信息自由所证明的那样(Kloor, 2015)。这些反对者认为,利益分配不平等(任何技术的利益分配都不平等),导致农民自杀,并污染土地(Adams, 2014)。联合国贸易和发展会议(UNCTAD)在2013年发布的题为《2013年贸易与环境审查:在为时已晚之前醒来》(联合国贸易和发展会议,2013年)的报告中捕捉到了这些误导性信息。虽然包含了60多位专家的贡献,但目录中没有列出任何一位生物技术或转基因作物方面的专家。相反,所列的许多贡献者长期以来一直是生物技术和转基因作物的批评者。这份冗长报告的基本信息是,为了在本世纪余下的时间里维持粮食安全,发展中国家的农业需要回归有机的小规模农业实践。尽管有相反的证据,但根深蒂固的立场与过去二十年一样依然存在。作为回应,本文首先简要总结了世界各地有文献证明的转基因作物的好处,然后转向讨论环保非政府组织(eNGOs)如何在转基因作物问题上形成一种立场,使他们陷入两难境地:接受部分证据,失去政治立场,还是坚持立场,否认所有证据。由于engo的困境仍在继续,而且目前还没有解决办法,我们将在第三部分讨论继续和改善关于采用转基因作物技术的利益和风险的沟通的一些途径。我们的结论是,有选择性地使用信息或否认存在关于转基因作物益处的证据,使粮食安全政治化,使数百万饥饿人口变得脆弱。
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引用次数: 1
GMO crops in animal nutrition 转基因作物在动物营养中的应用
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0113
J. Vicini
The University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture offers all its Extension and Research programs and services without regard to race, color, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, national origin, religion, age, disability, marital or veteran status, genetic information, or any other legally protected status, and is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. Arkansas Is Our Campus Agriculture is associated with several critical societal issues, including carbon footprint and climate change, water use, biodiversity, food security, early childhood nutrition and food vs. feed vs. fuel. As an industry, agriculture needs to do a better job communicating with a public that in industrialized countries has become too distant from current agricultural practices.
阿肯色大学系统农业部门提供所有推广和研究项目和服务,不考虑种族、肤色、性别、性别认同、性取向、国籍、宗教、年龄、残疾、婚姻或退伍军人身份、遗传信息或任何其他受法律保护的身份,并且是一个平权行动/平等机会雇主。农业与几个关键的社会问题有关,包括碳足迹和气候变化、水资源利用、生物多样性、粮食安全、幼儿营养以及食品、饲料和燃料。作为一个产业,农业需要更好地与公众沟通,因为在工业化国家,公众与当前的农业实践已经太过疏远。
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引用次数: 6
The future of genetically engineered plants to stabilize yield and improve feed 转基因植物稳定产量和改善饲料的未来
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0112
G. Dhariwal, A. Laroche
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引用次数: 2
Genome-edited livestock: Ethics and social acceptance 基因组编辑家畜:伦理和社会接受
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-04-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0115
T. Ishii
The agricultural application of genetic engineering has advanced in the field of crop breeding. In 1994, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a genetically modified (GM) tomato variety, the world’s first GM crop for food consumption (Bruening and Lyons, 2000). In this GM tomato (the Flavr Savr), ripening was delayed by the insertion of an antisense gene that interferes with polygalacturonase production. Although the regulatory approval of GM crops largely demands strict assessments of the environmental risks and food safety, the commercial cultivation of GM crops with an exogenous gene (termed transgene) has spread to at least 28 countries, including the USA, Brazil, Argentina, India, Canada, China, and some European countries (Ishii and Araki, 2016). Conversely, there have been few regulatory approvals regarding GM livestock, with the exception of GM goats for “pharming” in which biopharmaceuticals are manufactured using transgenesis (FDA, 2009). Currently, older genetic engineering practices, such as transgenesis, are giving way to genome editing. Genome editing tools, such as zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs; Klug, 2010), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs; Joung and Sander, 2013), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas 9 (Barrangou and Doudna, 2016), can break DNA double strands at target sites and then achieve various types of genetic modification via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR), thus potentially adding new value to agriculture (Figure 1). Recent reviews suggest that NHEJ is preferred in crop genome editing because the resultant plants are considered to contain no transgenes, which is one of the major concerns over GM crops from regulatory and social aspects (Hartung and Schiemann, 2014; Voytas and Gao, 2014; Araki and Ishii, 2015). Genome editing has also been applied in livestock breeding (Carlson et al., 2012; Hai et al., 2014; Crispo et al., 2015; Cui et al., 2015; Proudfoot et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015a; Wang et al., 2015b; Wang et al., 2015c; Carlson et al., 2016; Fischer et al., 2016; Oishi et al., 2016; Petersen et al., 2016; Tanihara et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2016; Whitworth et al., 2016). Animals modified via NHEJ are unlikely to impose substantial risks on the environment because they can be managed within a farm, unlike GM crops, which are intentionally released into the environment (field cultivation). Thus, one can presume that the products derived from genome-edited livestock will soon be accepted in society if the food safety can be confirmed. However, it would be inappropriate to presume that such a favorable course of events is the only possibility. In November 2015, the FDA approved a GM salmon for food consumption (FDA, 2015). Nonetheless, citizen groups and environmentalists still loudly oppose the FDA’s decision about its safety. In addition, they questioned the environmental risk that it posed to wild salmon
基因工程的农业应用在作物育种领域取得了进展。1994年,美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了一种转基因番茄品种,这是世界上第一个用于食品消费的转基因作物(Bruening and Lyons, 2000)。在这个转基因番茄(Flavr Savr)中,由于插入了一个干扰聚半乳糖醛酸酶产生的反义基因,成熟被推迟了。尽管转基因作物的监管批准在很大程度上要求对环境风险和食品安全进行严格评估,但带有外源基因的转基因作物(称为转基因)的商业化种植已经蔓延到至少28个国家,包括美国、巴西、阿根廷、印度、加拿大、中国和一些欧洲国家(Ishii和Araki, 2016)。相反,很少有监管机构批准转基因牲畜,除了转基因山羊用于“制药”,其中使用转基因生产生物制药(FDA, 2009)。目前,转基因等较老的基因工程实践正在让位于基因组编辑。基因组编辑工具,如锌指核酸酶(ZFNs);Klug, 2010),转录激活子样效应核酸酶(TALENs;young and Sander, 2013)和聚集的规则间隔短回文重复序列(CRISPR)/ cas9 (Barrangou and Doudna, 2016)可以在目标位点破坏DNA双链,然后通过非同源末端连接(NHEJ)或同源定向修复(HDR)实现各种类型的遗传修饰。因此可能为农业增加新的价值(图1)。最近的评论表明,NHEJ在作物基因组编辑中更受青睐,因为由此产生的植物被认为不含转基因,这是监管和社会方面对转基因作物的主要担忧之一(Hartung和Schiemann, 2014;Voytas and Gao, 2014;Araki and Ishii, 2015)。基因组编辑也已应用于家畜育种(Carlson et al., 2012;Hai et al., 2014;Crispo et al., 2015;崔等,2015;Proudfoot et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2015a;Wang et al., 2015b;Wang et al., 2015c;Carlson et al., 2016;Fischer et al., 2016;Oishi et al., 2016;Petersen et al., 2016;Tanihara et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2016;Whitworth et al., 2016)。通过NHEJ改造的动物不太可能对环境造成重大风险,因为它们可以在农场内管理,不像转基因作物那样故意释放到环境中(田间种植)。因此,可以推测,如果能够确认食品安全性,基因组编辑家畜衍生的产品将很快被社会所接受。然而,假定这种有利的事态发展是唯一的可能性是不恰当的。2015年11月,FDA批准了一种转基因鲑鱼用于食品消费(FDA, 2015)。尽管如此,公民团体和环保主义者仍然大声反对FDA关于其安全性的决定。此外,他们质疑它对野生鲑鱼种群构成的环境风险;尽管不育的转基因鱼只在内陆水箱中饲养(Pollack, 2015)。这样的公众运动可能延长了FDA对转基因鲑鱼的审查。它花了将近四分之一个世纪,耗资超过7700万美元(Van Eenennaam and Muir, 2011)。心理学调查表明,人们认为转基因动物比转基因植物更不容易被接受,而人们的道德观念对接受程度的影响比其他因素(如感知到的风险、认识到的好处或对监管机构和研究人员的信任)更为显著(Zechendorf, 1994;Siegrist, 2000)。同样,在牲畜基因组编辑的情况下,可能会出现复杂的情况,因为通过NHEJ修饰的动物也是转基因的。在本文中,我们考虑了通过基因组编辑获得动物育种的社会接受度的实践和伦理瓶颈,重点是家畜品系的开发。
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引用次数: 19
Developing precision livestock farming tools for precision dairy farming 为奶牛精准养殖开发精准畜禽养殖工具
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0104
Tomas Norton, D. Berckmans
For centuries, milk and dairy products have been an important source of dietary energy, protein, and fat for the global population. Currently, milk is the EU’s number one agricultural product, accounting for circa 15% of agricultural output in terms of value (European Parliament, 2015). The EU diary sector is supported by 650,000 specialized dairy farmers and 18 million milking cows and has a labor force of about 1.2 million people (European Parliament, 2015). However, since the abolishment of milk quotas in 2015, farmers are facing increased pressures to exploit the economies of scale by increasing the size of their herds. With larger numbers of cows per farm, farmers no longer have the same time traditionally had to care for their animals. Therefore, the application of technology is becoming more important for EU dairy farmers than ever before. Precision livestock farming (PLF) represents the application of modern information and computer technology (ICT) for the real-time monitoring and management of animals. In dairy production, PLF systems can be important tools to complement and support the skills of the farmer in the monitoring and assessing cow health and welfare. Automated PLF systems enable dairy farmers to manage larger herds on a more time-efficient manner (Rutten et al., 2013). Automated systems exist to monitor behavioral activities for detection of lameness (Kashiha et al., 2013) and eustrus (Dolecheck et al., 2015). However, there are far fewer studies on the design/implementation of cow behavior monitoring for other important health events such as metabolic diseases or mastitis. When developing PLF systems for real-time monitoring of dairy cow health, welfare, and productivity, the development process should be done within a framework specifically designed for living organisms. A core principle in this regard is that any living organism can be considered a CITD system, which stands for complex, individually different, time-varying, and dynamic (Berckmans and Aerts, 2006; Quanten et al., 2006). A living organism is much more complex than any mechanical, electronic or ICT system. The complexity of information transmission in a single cell of a living organism is for example much higher than in most man-made systems (e.g., today’s most powerful microchip). It is obvious that all living organisms are individually different. The general approach in biological research and the management of biological process (e.g., medical world, livestock world) in industry and society is still to compare groups of living organisms by looking for statistical differences between group averages using experiments. However, there is not a single living organism that lives or acts as the purely theoretical average of a group since all living organisms are individually differDeveloping precision livestock farming tools for precision dairy farming
几个世纪以来,牛奶和乳制品一直是全球人口膳食能量、蛋白质和脂肪的重要来源。目前,牛奶是欧盟的头号农产品,约占农业产值的15%(欧洲议会,2015年)。欧盟乳制品行业由65万专业奶农和1800万头奶牛支撑,劳动力约为120万人(欧洲议会,2015年)。然而,自2015年取消牛奶配额以来,农民面临越来越大的压力,需要通过扩大牛群规模来利用规模经济。随着每个农场奶牛数量的增加,农民不再有传统上照顾他们的动物的时间。因此,技术的应用对欧盟奶农来说比以往任何时候都更加重要。精准畜牧业(PLF)代表了现代信息和计算机技术(ICT)对动物实时监测和管理的应用。在乳制品生产中,PLF系统可以成为补充和支持农民监测和评估奶牛健康和福利技能的重要工具。自动化PLF系统使奶农能够以更省时的方式管理更大的牛群(Rutten et al., 2013)。现有自动化系统用于监测行为活动,以检测跛行(Kashiha等人,2013年)和发情(Dolecheck等人,2015年)。然而,对其他重要健康事件(如代谢性疾病或乳腺炎)的奶牛行为监测设计/实施的研究要少得多。在开发用于实时监测奶牛健康、福利和生产力的PLF系统时,开发过程应在专门为生物设计的框架内完成。这方面的一个核心原则是,任何活的有机体都可以被认为是一个CITD系统,它代表复杂的、个体不同的、时变的和动态的(Berckmans和Aerts, 2006;Quanten et al., 2006)。一个生命体比任何机械、电子或信息通信技术系统都要复杂得多。例如,在生物体的单个细胞中,信息传输的复杂性远远高于大多数人造系统(例如,当今最强大的微芯片)。很明显,所有的生物个体都是不同的。在工业和社会中,生物研究和生物过程管理(例如,医学界,畜牧业)的一般方法仍然是通过使用实验寻找组平均值之间的统计差异来比较生物体组。然而,没有一个单一的生物体生活或作为一个群体的纯理论平均值,因为所有的生物体都是不同的,开发精确的牲畜养殖工具,用于精确的奶牛养殖
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引用次数: 29
General introduction to precision livestock farming 精密畜牧业概论
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0102
D. Berckmans
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引用次数: 218
Precision livestock farming in egg production 精准养殖禽蛋生产
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0105
H. Xin, Kai Liu
This article focuses on precision livestock farming (PLF) as it pertains to egg production. Specific contents include: (1) an overview of evolution in the egg industry that is reflective of what is now known as PLF and the new trend of egg production, (2) prominent characteristics of modern egg production systems that necessitate further development and adoption of PLF technologies, (3) some examples of PLF tools or technologies for establishment of science-based production guidelines or applications in field operations, and finally (4) outlook of PLF for egg production. For the fundamental principles and elements of PLF, readers can refer to the opening paper by Berckmans (2017) in this issue. Disciplines Agriculture | Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering | Poultry or Avian Science Comments This article is from Animal Frontiers 7 (2017): 24–31, doi:10.2527/af.2017.0105. Posted with permission. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/824 Evolution of the Egg Industry Egg production has undergone remarkable advancements over the past six decades. A recent life cycle analysis (LCA) study on the U.S. egg industry, conducted by the Egg Industry Center (Pelletier et al., 2014), revealed drastic reductions of 54–63% in total environmental footprints (greenhouse gases, acidification and eutrophication emissions) from 1960 to 2010. In the meantime, egg supply increased by 30%. These outcomes stemmed from advancements in poultry breeding and genetics, nutrition, disease prevention and control, housing equipment and environmental control, and utilization efficiency in feed and other natural resources as well as increased crop yields. For instance, during the period of 1960– 2010, laying hens in the USA showed a consistent increase of 1.16 extra eggs each year, i.e., 58 extra eggs per hen annually from 1960 to 2010. Feed conversion (FC) (kilogram of feed intake per kilogram of egg output) improved from 3.41 to 1.98 for the same period. Protecting the birds from the influence of seasonal climates has made their productivity much more consistent year-round. An example of maintaining relatively constant indoor temperature despite the largely fluctuating outside weather is illustrated in Figure 1. The same LCA study also identified two “hot spots” that have profound impact on environmental footprints of the operation, namely, feed efficiency and manure management, where further improvements should be focused on. For instance, while FC averaged 1.98, it ranged from 1.8 to 2.2 for the laying-hen flocks surveyed. Clearly, those operations with a poorer FC of 2.2 can particularly benefit from exercising some PLF principles and practices. While the egg industry enjoys these highly commendable advancements and always looks for new ways to provide the population nutritious and affordable protein at unprecedented efficiency, new challenges never stop emerging. Today, concerns over animal welfare
这篇文章的重点是精准畜牧业(PLF),因为它涉及到鸡蛋生产。具体内容包括:(1)蛋业的发展概况,反映了现在所谓的PLF和蛋品生产的新趋势;(2)现代蛋品生产系统的突出特点,需要进一步发展和采用PLF技术;(3)一些PLF工具或技术的例子,以建立基于科学的生产指南或在现场操作中的应用;最后(4)PLF对蛋品生产的展望。关于PLF的基本原理和要素,读者可以参考本期Berckmans(2017)的开题论文。本文来自动物前沿7 (2017):24-31,doi:10.2527/af.2017.0105。经许可发布。本文可在爱荷华州立大学数字资源库:http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/824蛋业的发展在过去的六十年中,蛋品生产经历了显着的进步。蛋业中心(Pelletier et al., 2014)最近对美国蛋业进行的一项生命周期分析(LCA)研究显示,从1960年到2010年,总环境足迹(温室气体、酸化和富营养化排放)大幅减少了54-63%。与此同时,鸡蛋供应量增加了30%。这些成果源于家禽育种和遗传、营养、疾病预防和控制、饲养设备和环境控制、饲料和其他自然资源的利用效率以及作物产量的提高。例如,在1960年至2010年期间,美国的蛋鸡每年增加1.16个额外鸡蛋,即从1960年到2010年,每只母鸡每年增加58个额外鸡蛋。饲料系数(FC)(每千克采食量/每千克产蛋量)同期由3.41提高到1.98。保护鸟类不受季节性气候的影响,使它们的生产力全年更加稳定。图1给出了一个在室外天气波动很大的情况下保持室内温度相对恒定的例子。同一份LCA研究还确定了对养殖业的环境足迹有深远影响的两个“热点”,即饲料效率和粪便管理,应着重于进一步改进。例如,虽然FC平均值为1.98,但在调查的蛋鸡群中,它的范围在1.8到2.2之间。显然,那些FC为2.2的较差的操作可以特别受益于执行一些PLF原则和实践。虽然蛋业享受着这些值得高度赞扬的进步,并一直在寻找新的方法,以前所未有的效率为人们提供营养和负担得起的蛋白质,但新的挑战从未停止出现。今天,对动物福利或福利的关注已经导致行业开发和采用更好地适应自然行为的替代蛋生产系统的压力越来越大,从而产生似乎改善动物福利的可能性。因此,世界各地(主要是欧盟和美国)已经制定了关于现在和未来如何生产鸡蛋的新准则或法规。2012年1月1日起,欧盟禁止生产传统的笼子,这是向替代住房系统发展的一个例子。欧盟2012 - 2014年分层住宅风格分布变化如图2所示。在美国,加利福尼亚州于2008年通过了第2号提案,该提案于2015年1月1日生效。该法律规定,在加州销售的所有带壳鸡蛋必须符合相关规定,包括当一个笼子里至少有9只母鸡时,每只母鸡的生活面积至少为750平方厘米(目前的行业标准为432平方厘米),以及定期的农场食品安全检查。迄今为止,美国已有100多家零售商、杂货店、连锁餐厅和娱乐公司承诺,到2025年或2030年只采购散养鸡蛋。这些承诺的数量超过了美国现有蛋鸡库存的72%,这些蛋鸡将不得不从目前大多数传统的笼式生产系统(约90%)转变为无笼式生产系统。最近的一项研究是通过公私合作伙伴关系进行的。©2016 A dobtock.com精准畜牧业在鸡蛋生产中的应用辛宏伟†与刘凯††爱荷华州立大学农业与生物系统工程系,爱荷华州艾姆斯50014爱荷华州立大学埃姆斯50014蛋业中心
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引用次数: 11
Precision livestock farming for pigs 猪的精准养殖
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0106
E. Vranken, D. Berckmans
To guarantee accurate and continuous monitoring of individual animals at a modern livestock farm, farmers nowadays need reliable and affordable technologies to assist them in performing daily management of tasks. The application of the principles and techniques of process engineering to livestock farming to monitor, model, and manage animal production is called precision livestock farming (PLF). Precision livestock farming seems like the only realistic way to support farmers and other stakeholders in the livestock production chain in the near future while at the same time coping with the rising demand for meat. Precision livestock farming is a series of practices aimed at increasing the farmer’s ability to keep contact with individual animals despite the growing intensification of livestock production. It aims to achieve economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable farming through the observation, behavioral interpretation, and control of the smallest possible group of animals. It enables farmers to reduce operational costs such as expenditures to feed, medication, and energy. Moreover, farmers can use PLF technologies to monitor animal health and welfare to ensure that animals live well and are free of diseases. Precision livestock farming systems aim to translate the output of the technology to useful information to the farmer. Commercial products need a combination of hardware complying with certain technical and safety standards in combination with software, a good user interface, a backup solution to store data, an auto-restart function in case of power failure, manual and help functions, and installers who can install and service the product, etc. Results and potential of PLF technology are mostly unknown to animal scientists, veterinarians, ethologists, etc. due to a lack of collaboration among different disciplines. However, there is no doubt that the combination of new technologies with biology offers great opportunities for the EU in terms of realizing and implementing directives as well as in economic and social terms. A lot of data are already automatically registered by the in-house control computers and collected on a farm computer. In practice, however, the pig farmers hardly use this information. As a result, they miss out on money because deviations in the production process are not noticed or noticed too late. However, the biggest challenge with PLF is to convert this growing amount of data into usable information so that, throughout the day, the farmer can use the relevant information directly to manage operations.
为了保证在现代牲畜养殖场对单个动物进行准确和连续的监测,农民现在需要可靠和负担得起的技术来协助他们执行日常管理任务。将过程工程的原理和技术应用于畜牧业以监测、建模和管理动物生产被称为精准畜牧业(PLF)。在不久的将来,精准畜牧业似乎是唯一现实的方式,既能支持农民和牲畜生产链上的其他利益相关者,又能应对不断增长的肉类需求。尽管畜牧生产日益集约化,但精准畜牧业是一系列旨在提高农民与个体动物保持联系的能力的做法。它旨在通过观察、行为解释和控制尽可能小的动物群体,实现经济、环境和社会可持续的农业。它使农民能够降低运营成本,如饲料、药物和能源支出。此外,农民可以使用PLF技术来监测动物的健康和福利,以确保动物生活良好,没有疾病。精准畜牧业系统旨在将技术成果转化为对农民有用的信息。商用产品需要符合一定技术和安全标准的硬件与软件相结合,良好的用户界面,存储数据的备份解决方案,断电后自动重启功能,手册和帮助功能,以及能够安装和维护产品的安装人员等。由于缺乏不同学科之间的合作,PLF技术的结果和潜力对动物科学家、兽医、动物行为学家等来说大多是未知的。然而,毫无疑问,新技术与生物学的结合在实现和执行指令以及经济和社会方面为欧盟提供了巨大的机会。许多数据已经由内部控制计算机自动注册,并在农场计算机上收集。然而,在实践中,养猪户很少使用这些信息。结果,由于生产过程中的偏差没有被注意到或注意得太晚,他们错过了钱。然而,PLF面临的最大挑战是将这些不断增长的数据转化为可用的信息,以便农民全天都能直接使用相关信息来管理作业。
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引用次数: 71
A blueprint for developing and applying precision livestock farming tools: A key output of the EU-PLF project 开发和应用精密畜牧业工具的蓝图:欧盟- plf项目的一个关键产出
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0103
M. Guarino, Tomas Norton, D. Berckmans, E. Vranken, D. Berckmans
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引用次数: 29
European farmers’ experiences with precision livestock farming systems 欧洲农民在精准畜牧业系统方面的经验
IF 3.6 2区 农林科学 Q1 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Pub Date : 2017-01-01 DOI: 10.2527/AF.2017.0107
J. Hartung, T. Banhazi, E. Vranken, M. Guarino
With the advent of modern livestock production systems since the 1970s, the numbers of animals per farm increased dramatically, and worldwide livestock production has grown by a factor of four. The production of pig and poultry meat has doubled in the last 30 yr following the demand of a fast-growing world population for food of animal origin (FAO, 2006). The output of the world meat market for cattle, pig, and poultry rose from about 60 million tons in 1961 to about 280 million tons 2010 (FAO, 2006). Chicken meat production worldwide has reached in 2012 clearly more than 100 million tons (FAO, 2014). For 2030, a total meat production of poultry, pork, and cattle of about 350 million tons is expected (FAO, 2006). This enormous increase was only possible by significant breeding progress and the development of specialized farms with modern, intensive, and very often non-grazing production systems where the animals are kept in confined houses at high stocking rates. These systems make best use of the animals’ selected genetic qualities that enable them, under appropriate housing, feeding, hygiene, management, and veterinary control, to reach high growth rates and high feed efficiencies in the shortest possible time. As an example, the efficiency of egg production of laying hens rose from 160 eggs in year 1960 to more than 300 eggs in 2011. Today, about 360 million red meat animals are slaughtered in the European Union (EU) per year along with several billions of chicken. Worldwide, about 60 billion animals are slaughtered for food per year. The number of laying hens in one district of Germany rose between 1960 and 1980 by a factor of nearly 12 from a couple of hundred thousand to 12 million while the number of laying hen farms (with more than 3,000 hens) dropped to a couple of hundred (Klon and Windhorst, 2001; Windhorst, 2006). While the number of animals per farm increased, the number of farms decreased and the number of people making their living as farmers dropped to about 2% in Germany. The 38.5 million laying hens are kept in Germany today on 1,355 farms only (Destatis, 2014). At the same time, the prices of farm animal products stagnated or decreased. From statistical figures, it is known that the relative expenditure of consumers in Germany of their income for food dropped from 57% in 1900 to 14% in 2010 (Statista, 2012). For the first time in human history, Europeans do not need to worry about sufficient food supply (Hartung, 2013). This is not the case in all parts of the world. World population rose by 30% since 1990 and is estimated to reach 9.6 billion people who have to be fed in 2050. It is expected that then 70% of the world population will live in urban areas, which is up from 40% in 1990 and about 50% today (Mottet, unpublished). Not least European farmers’ experiences with precision livestock farming systems
自20世纪70年代以来,随着现代牲畜生产系统的出现,每个农场的牲畜数量急剧增加,世界范围内的牲畜产量增长了四倍。由于世界人口对动物源性食品的需求快速增长,猪和禽肉的产量在过去30年中翻了一番(粮农组织,2006年)。世界肉牛、猪和家禽市场的产量从1961年的约6000万吨增加到2010年的约2.8亿吨(粮农组织,2006年)。2012年全球鸡肉产量明显超过1亿吨(粮农组织,2014年)。到2030年,预计家禽、猪肉和牛的肉类总产量约为3.5亿吨(粮农组织,2006年)。这种巨大的增长只有通过育种方面的重大进步和专业化农场的发展才有可能实现,这些农场拥有现代化的、集约化的、通常是非放牧生产系统,在这种生产系统中,动物以高放养率被关在密闭的房子里。这些系统充分利用了动物所选择的遗传品质,使它们能够在适当的住房、喂养、卫生、管理和兽医控制下,在尽可能短的时间内达到高生长速度和高饲料效率。例如,蛋鸡的产蛋效率从1960年的160个蛋提高到2011年的300多个蛋。今天,在欧盟,每年大约有3.6亿只红肉动物和数十亿只鸡被屠宰。在世界范围内,每年大约有600亿只动物被屠宰作为食物。1960年至1980年间,德国一个地区的蛋鸡数量增加了近12倍,从20万只增加到1200万只,而蛋鸡养殖场(拥有3000多只母鸡)的数量下降到几百只(科隆和温德霍斯特,2001年;文德霍斯特,2006)。在德国,虽然每个农场的动物数量增加了,但农场数量却减少了,以农民为生的人数下降到2%左右。德国目前仅1355个农场就饲养着3850万只蛋鸡(Destatis, 2014)。与此同时,农畜产品价格停滞不前或有所下降。从统计数据可知,德国消费者在食品上的相对支出从1900年的57%下降到2010年的14% (Statista, 2012)。在人类历史上,欧洲人第一次不需要担心足够的食物供应(Hartung, 2013)。并非世界各地的情况都是如此。自1990年以来,世界人口增长了30%,预计到2050年将达到96亿人。预计到那时,70%的世界人口将生活在城市地区,而1990年这一比例为40%,目前约为50% (Mottet,未发表)。尤其是欧洲农民在精准畜牧业系统方面的经验
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引用次数: 22
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Animal Frontiers
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