{"title":"Developmental programming: What mom eats matters!","authors":"S. Zinn, K. Govoni, K. Vonnahme","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017.0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017.0121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017.0121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42020550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"How mom’s diet affects offspring growth and health through modified stem cell function","authors":"S. Reed, K. Govoni","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017-0125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017-0125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"25-31"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017-0125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48632499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issues and opportunities to capitalize on increased litter size in hill country sheep farming systems—a New Zealand perspective","authors":"S. McCoard","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017-0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017-0126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"32-37"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017-0126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45486399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The embryonic, fetal, and neonatal periods are the stages of life when most developmental processes occur and when cellular, tissue, organ, metabolic, and hormonal systems are established. Livestock scientists have been studying the consequences of maternal nutrition on growth and development during fetal life for the productivity of ruminants for many decades. However, in recent years, there has been increasing interest in how to manage breeding females and their offspring to either minimize the consequences of adverse environmental effects or to enhance productivity and efficiency. The idea that maternal nutrition at various stages of pregnancy can indelibly influence lifetime productivity and health of progeny has gained additional currency from more recent epidemiological studies of human populations and detailed experimental studies of rodents as well as livestock species (Greenwood et al., 2009a). These observations have formed the basis of the so-called “developmental origins hypothesis” as originally proposed by the British epidemiologist David Barker and his colleagues (Barker, 2007). Severe, prolonged undernutrition of pregnant ruminants, especially during late gestation, can permanently retard body and wool growth of their offspring (Greenwood et al., 2009a). The evidence for effects of prenatal nutrition on postnatal development of a wide variety of tissues directly related to the production of meat, milk, and wool, as well as reproduction, is now indisputable. However, despite the unqualified excitement of some researchers for these demonstrated phenomena, understanding of their quantitative significance for the productivity and management of livestock production systems is limited and requires further research. In this article, we provide a brief overview of current understanding and commercial relevance of observed postnatal responses to the management of breeding herds and discuss some future directions for research on developmental programming in beef cattle and other livestock species. More detailed summaries and interpretation of the current evidence for developmental programming in livestock is provided in recent reviews by Robinson et al. (2013), Kenyon and Blair (2014), Bell and Greenwood (2016), and Sinclair et al. (2016).
{"title":"Developmental programming and beef production","authors":"P. Greenwood, E. Clayton, A. Bell","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017-0127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017-0127","url":null,"abstract":"The embryonic, fetal, and neonatal periods are the stages of life when most developmental processes occur and when cellular, tissue, organ, metabolic, and hormonal systems are established. Livestock scientists have been studying the consequences of maternal nutrition on growth and development during fetal life for the productivity of ruminants for many decades. However, in recent years, there has been increasing interest in how to manage breeding females and their offspring to either minimize the consequences of adverse environmental effects or to enhance productivity and efficiency. The idea that maternal nutrition at various stages of pregnancy can indelibly influence lifetime productivity and health of progeny has gained additional currency from more recent epidemiological studies of human populations and detailed experimental studies of rodents as well as livestock species (Greenwood et al., 2009a). These observations have formed the basis of the so-called “developmental origins hypothesis” as originally proposed by the British epidemiologist David Barker and his colleagues (Barker, 2007). Severe, prolonged undernutrition of pregnant ruminants, especially during late gestation, can permanently retard body and wool growth of their offspring (Greenwood et al., 2009a). The evidence for effects of prenatal nutrition on postnatal development of a wide variety of tissues directly related to the production of meat, milk, and wool, as well as reproduction, is now indisputable. However, despite the unqualified excitement of some researchers for these demonstrated phenomena, understanding of their quantitative significance for the productivity and management of livestock production systems is limited and requires further research. In this article, we provide a brief overview of current understanding and commercial relevance of observed postnatal responses to the management of breeding herds and discuss some future directions for research on developmental programming in beef cattle and other livestock species. More detailed summaries and interpretation of the current evidence for developmental programming in livestock is provided in recent reviews by Robinson et al. (2013), Kenyon and Blair (2014), Bell and Greenwood (2016), and Sinclair et al. (2016).","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"38-47"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017-0127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43382745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to statistics collected by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (www.fao.org/faostat/en/), the worldwide population of horses was estimated at 58 million head in 2014, of which 55.2% are located in the Americas (with a third in North America), 24.3% in Asia, 10.3% in Africa, and 9.4% in Europe. This population is heterogeneous depending on continents, but the percentage of horses dedicated to leisure and sport activities is steadily increasing in westernized countries. In Europe, the equine sector provides 400,000 full-time jobs, generating revenue above €100 billion annually, and the number of horse riders increases by 5% per year (http://www.europeanhorsenetwork.eu/the-horse-industry/).
{"title":"Developmental programming in equine species: relevance for the horse industry","authors":"P. Chavatte-Palmer, P. Peugnet, M. Robles","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017-0128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017-0128","url":null,"abstract":"According to statistics collected by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (www.fao.org/faostat/en/), the worldwide population of horses was estimated at 58 million head in 2014, of which 55.2% are located in the Americas (with a third in North America), 24.3% in Asia, 10.3% in Africa, and 9.4% in Europe. This population is heterogeneous depending on continents, but the percentage of horses dedicated to leisure and sport activities is steadily increasing in westernized countries. In Europe, the equine sector provides 400,000 full-time jobs, generating revenue above €100 billion annually, and the number of horse riders increases by 5% per year (http://www.europeanhorsenetwork.eu/the-horse-industry/).","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"48-54"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017-0128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41381442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infants that are growth-restricted or developmentally compromised (e.g., altered development of specific organs such as the heart or coronary blood vessels) have an increased risk of health complications, not just as infants, but throughout their lives. The health complications include pathological conditions like metabolic disease (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity) as well as poor immune function, poor reproductive function, poor cognitive function, and pervasive developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum). This concept has been named Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, or developmental programming (Armitage et al., 2004; Barker, 2004; Wu et al., 2006; Reynolds et al., 2010b; Reynolds and Caton, 2012; Vonnahme, 2012; Reynolds and Vonnahme, 2016). The basic idea is that a stimulus or insult that occurs in utero or during infancy can have lifelong effects on the health and well-being of an individual. Human epidemiological studies throughout the world have provided convincing support for the concept of developmental programming by showing a strong relationship between low birth weight, or other “developmental insults” such as exposure to stress-related hormones (including corticosteroids, which are widely used clinically to prepare the fetus for birth and to initiate delivery), and the subsequent risk of developing the range of pathologies mentioned in the previous paragraph as adults (Godfrey and Barker, 2000; Armitage et al., 2004; Barker, 2004; Luther et al., 2009; Wallace et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2006; Reynolds et al., 2010b; Reynolds and Caton, 2012; Vonnahme, 2012). As one example, Table 1 shows the strong relationship between birth weight and the odds of developing type 2 (adult onset) diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes) in men aged 59 to 70; for example, men who were born in the lowest birth weight category (< 5.5 lb or 2.5 kg) were almost 7 times more likely to develop these pathologies compared with those born in the highest birth weight category (>9.5 lb or 4.3 kg). These and the other pathologies mentioned above have a major impact on the quality of life and lifetime productivity and ultimately will reduce life expectancy. Many epidemiological studies in humans and controlled studies in animal models, including livestock, have identified a host of risk factors that provide the developmental insults that may lead to developmental programming. These risk factors include such things as lifestyle choices, various maternal factors, and environmental exposures (Table 2). Reducing the incidence or impact of such developmental insults has the potential to affect both the immediate survival and the lifelong health of an individual (Reynolds and Caton, 2012; Reynolds and Vonnahme, 2016). Whereas the initial epidemiological studies that led to the concept of developmental programming focused on individuals with low birth weight, we now know that birth weight per se is only a reflection of an Livestock a
生长受限或发育受损的婴儿(例如，心脏或冠状动脉等特定器官的发育改变)不仅在婴儿时期，而且在其一生中出现健康并发症的风险都会增加。健康并发症包括病理状况，如代谢疾病(心血管疾病、糖尿病和肥胖)以及免疫功能低下、生殖功能低下、认知功能低下和普遍发育障碍(如自闭症谱系)。这一概念被命名为健康和疾病的发展起源，或发展规划(Armitage et al.， 2004;巴克,2004;Wu et al.， 2006;Reynolds et al.， 2010;Reynolds and Caton, 2012;Vonnahme, 2012;Reynolds and vonname, 2016)。其基本思想是，子宫内或婴儿期发生的刺激或侮辱可能对个人的健康和福祉产生终身影响。世界各地的人类流行病学研究为发育规划的概念提供了令人信服的支持，表明低出生体重或其他“发育损害”，如暴露于与压力有关的激素(包括皮质类固醇，临床上广泛用于准备胎儿出生和开始分娩)，以及在成年后发展上一段提到的一系列病症的后续风险(Godfrey和Barker, 2000;阿米蒂奇等人，2004;巴克,2004;Luther et al.， 2009;Wallace et al.， 2006;Wu et al.， 2006;Reynolds et al.， 2010;Reynolds and Caton, 2012;Vonnahme, 2012)。例如，表1显示了出生体重与59至70岁男性患2型(成人发病)糖尿病或糖耐量受损(糖尿病前期)的几率之间的密切关系;例如，出生时体重最低(小于5.5磅或2.5公斤)的男性患这些疾病的可能性几乎是出生时体重最高(小于9.5磅或4.3公斤)的男性的7倍。这些和上面提到的其他病理对生活质量和终身生产力有重大影响，最终会降低预期寿命。许多人类流行病学研究和包括牲畜在内的动物模型对照研究已经确定了一系列风险因素，这些因素可能会导致发育规划。这些风险因素包括生活方式选择、各种母亲因素和环境暴露(表2)。减少这种发育损害的发生率或影响有可能影响个人的即时生存和终身健康(Reynolds和Caton, 2012;Reynolds and vonname, 2016)。虽然最初的流行病学研究导致了发育规划的概念，重点关注低出生体重的个体，但我们现在知道，出生体重本身只是一个牲畜作为发育规划模型的反映
{"title":"Livestock as models for developmental programming","authors":"L. Reynolds, K. Vonnahme","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017-0123","url":null,"abstract":"Infants that are growth-restricted or developmentally compromised (e.g., altered development of specific organs such as the heart or coronary blood vessels) have an increased risk of health complications, not just as infants, but throughout their lives. The health complications include pathological conditions like metabolic disease (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity) as well as poor immune function, poor reproductive function, poor cognitive function, and pervasive developmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum). This concept has been named Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, or developmental programming (Armitage et al., 2004; Barker, 2004; Wu et al., 2006; Reynolds et al., 2010b; Reynolds and Caton, 2012; Vonnahme, 2012; Reynolds and Vonnahme, 2016). The basic idea is that a stimulus or insult that occurs in utero or during infancy can have lifelong effects on the health and well-being of an individual. Human epidemiological studies throughout the world have provided convincing support for the concept of developmental programming by showing a strong relationship between low birth weight, or other “developmental insults” such as exposure to stress-related hormones (including corticosteroids, which are widely used clinically to prepare the fetus for birth and to initiate delivery), and the subsequent risk of developing the range of pathologies mentioned in the previous paragraph as adults (Godfrey and Barker, 2000; Armitage et al., 2004; Barker, 2004; Luther et al., 2009; Wallace et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2006; Reynolds et al., 2010b; Reynolds and Caton, 2012; Vonnahme, 2012). As one example, Table 1 shows the strong relationship between birth weight and the odds of developing type 2 (adult onset) diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes) in men aged 59 to 70; for example, men who were born in the lowest birth weight category (< 5.5 lb or 2.5 kg) were almost 7 times more likely to develop these pathologies compared with those born in the highest birth weight category (>9.5 lb or 4.3 kg). These and the other pathologies mentioned above have a major impact on the quality of life and lifetime productivity and ultimately will reduce life expectancy. Many epidemiological studies in humans and controlled studies in animal models, including livestock, have identified a host of risk factors that provide the developmental insults that may lead to developmental programming. These risk factors include such things as lifestyle choices, various maternal factors, and environmental exposures (Table 2). Reducing the incidence or impact of such developmental insults has the potential to affect both the immediate survival and the lifelong health of an individual (Reynolds and Caton, 2012; Reynolds and Vonnahme, 2016). Whereas the initial epidemiological studies that led to the concept of developmental programming focused on individuals with low birth weight, we now know that birth weight per se is only a reflection of an Livestock a","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"12-17"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017-0123","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46989202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
pool of progenitor cells. Enhancing intramuscular adipogenesis while inhibiting fibrogenesis increases marbling and reduces connective tissue content, improving tenderness of meat.
祖细胞池。增强肌肉内脂肪生成，同时抑制纤维生成，增加大理石花纹，减少结缔组织含量，提高肉的嫩度。
{"title":"Optimizing livestock production efficiency through maternal nutritional management and fetal developmental programming","authors":"M. Du, S. Ford, Mei J. Zhu","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017-0122","url":null,"abstract":"pool of progenitor cells. Enhancing intramuscular adipogenesis while inhibiting fibrogenesis increases marbling and reduces connective tissue content, improving tenderness of meat.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017-0122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49257234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Since humans made the transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, crops have been subject to anthropogenic selection in an effort to improve agronomic traits and nutritional quality. For almost 80 yr, diversity in agricultural crops has been promoted through indirect genetic mutation induced by exposure to radioactivity and/or chemicals. According to the FAO/ IAEA, more than 3,000 plant mutants are registered; with more than 2,000 modified plants being used for food and feed production, of which 1,400 are major staples (Ahloowalia et al., 2004; Kharkwal and Shu, 2009). In the last three decades, advances in molecular biology have made targetoriented gene transfer across the species barrier possible. The majority of first-generation commercialized genetically modified (GM) crops have been engineered for enhanced agronomic performance through transformation with genes encoding either herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, or both (Flachowsky and Aulrich, 2001). The cultivation of GM crops has become the subject of global controversy over their safety, trade, regulation, and implications for the environment throughout all sectors of society. In 1996, the first GM crops serving as major feedstuffs for livestock entered the North American market. These included herbicide-tolerant soybeans and canola and pest-protected corn. From 1996 to 2015, the cultivated area of GM crops increased more than 100-fold to 180 million ha globally (James, 2015). Regulations concerning GM plants were established by major international organizations prior to their commercialization, including the policy of substantial equivalence, which was first introduced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1993) and was adopted by both the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most appropriate regulatory framework (FAO/WHO, 2000). Substantial equivalence was based on comparison of GM plants to an appropriate conventional counterpart from which the GM line was derived. Once defined plant traits had been deemed equivalent between the two lines, the novel transgenic trait became the focus of the safety assessment. With the 20-yr anniversary, detailed information about commercial cultivation, the feeding qualities of GM crops for livestock, and their nutritional evaluation have been reviewed previously by academia (e.g., Flachowsky, 2013; van Eenennaam and Young, 2014; Nicolia et al., 2014; Smyth et al., 2015; Flachowsky and Meyer, 2015; Harvie, 2015; Watson and Preedy, 2015; Brookes and Barfoot 2015, 2016; Panchin and Tuzhikow, 2016; Qaim 2016) and scientific bodies (e.g., JRC, 2016; NASEM, 2016; The Royal Society, 2016) analyzing socio-economic effects of cultivation, related environmental aspects, and the impact on human and animal health.
自从人类从狩猎采集者向农业过渡以来，为了提高农艺性状和营养质量，作物一直受到人为选择的影响。近80年来，通过暴露于放射性和/或化学品引起的间接基因突变，促进了农业作物的多样性。根据粮农组织/国际原子能机构的数据，已经登记的植物突变体超过3000种;超过2000种转基因植物被用于食品和饲料生产，其中1400种是主要作物(Ahloowalia等人，2004年;Kharkwal and Shu, 2009)。在过去的三十年中，分子生物学的进步使得靶向基因跨越物种屏障成为可能。大多数第一代商业化的转基因作物都是通过将编码抗除草剂、抗虫害或两者兼有的基因转化来提高农艺性能的(Flachowsky和ulrich, 2001)。转基因作物的种植已经成为全球争议的主题，涉及其安全性、贸易、监管以及对社会各部门环境的影响。1996年，第一批作为牲畜主要饲料的转基因作物进入北美市场。其中包括抗除草剂的大豆和油菜籽，以及防虫害的玉米。从1996年到2015年，全球转基因作物的种植面积增加了100多倍，达到1.8亿公顷(James, 2015)。主要国际组织在转基因植物商业化之前就制定了有关其的条例，其中包括实质等同政策，经济合作与发展组织(经合发组织，1993年)首先提出这一政策，并被粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和世界卫生组织(卫生组织)作为最适当的管制框架予以采纳(粮农组织/卫生组织，2000年)。实质等同是基于转基因植物与衍生转基因品系的适当的传统对应物的比较。一旦确定的植物性状在两个品系之间被认为是相同的，新的转基因性状就成为安全性评价的重点。20周年之际，学术界对商业化种植、家畜用转基因作物的饲养质量及其营养评价的详细信息进行了回顾(例如，Flachowsky, 2013;van Eenennaam and Young, 2014;Nicolia et al.， 2014;Smyth等人，2015;Flachowsky and Meyer, 2015;Harvie, 2015;Watson and Preedy, 2015;Brookes and Barfoot 2015、2016;Panchin and Tuzhikow, 2016;Qaim 2016)和科学机构(例如，JRC, 2016;NASEM, 2016;(英国皇家学会，2016年)分析种植的社会经济影响、相关环境因素以及对人类和动物健康的影响。
{"title":"Future challenges feeding transgenic plants","authors":"G. Flachowsky, T. Reuter","doi":"10.2527/AF.2017.0114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2527/AF.2017.0114","url":null,"abstract":"Since humans made the transition from hunter-gatherers to agriculture, crops have been subject to anthropogenic selection in an effort to improve agronomic traits and nutritional quality. For almost 80 yr, diversity in agricultural crops has been promoted through indirect genetic mutation induced by exposure to radioactivity and/or chemicals. According to the FAO/ IAEA, more than 3,000 plant mutants are registered; with more than 2,000 modified plants being used for food and feed production, of which 1,400 are major staples (Ahloowalia et al., 2004; Kharkwal and Shu, 2009). In the last three decades, advances in molecular biology have made targetoriented gene transfer across the species barrier possible. The majority of first-generation commercialized genetically modified (GM) crops have been engineered for enhanced agronomic performance through transformation with genes encoding either herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, or both (Flachowsky and Aulrich, 2001). The cultivation of GM crops has become the subject of global controversy over their safety, trade, regulation, and implications for the environment throughout all sectors of society. In 1996, the first GM crops serving as major feedstuffs for livestock entered the North American market. These included herbicide-tolerant soybeans and canola and pest-protected corn. From 1996 to 2015, the cultivated area of GM crops increased more than 100-fold to 180 million ha globally (James, 2015). Regulations concerning GM plants were established by major international organizations prior to their commercialization, including the policy of substantial equivalence, which was first introduced by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1993) and was adopted by both the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) as the most appropriate regulatory framework (FAO/WHO, 2000). Substantial equivalence was based on comparison of GM plants to an appropriate conventional counterpart from which the GM line was derived. Once defined plant traits had been deemed equivalent between the two lines, the novel transgenic trait became the focus of the safety assessment. With the 20-yr anniversary, detailed information about commercial cultivation, the feeding qualities of GM crops for livestock, and their nutritional evaluation have been reviewed previously by academia (e.g., Flachowsky, 2013; van Eenennaam and Young, 2014; Nicolia et al., 2014; Smyth et al., 2015; Flachowsky and Meyer, 2015; Harvie, 2015; Watson and Preedy, 2015; Brookes and Barfoot 2015, 2016; Panchin and Tuzhikow, 2016; Qaim 2016) and scientific bodies (e.g., JRC, 2016; NASEM, 2016; The Royal Society, 2016) analyzing socio-economic effects of cultivation, related environmental aspects, and the impact on human and animal health.","PeriodicalId":48645,"journal":{"name":"Animal Frontiers","volume":"7 1","pages":"15-23"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2017-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2527/AF.2017.0114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44328002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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