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The Evolution of Forest Restoration in Europe: A Synthesis for a Step Forward Based on National Expert Knowledge 欧洲森林恢复的演变:基于国家专家知识的前进综合
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00235-3
Maitane Erdozain, Iciar Alberdi, Réka Aszalós, Kurt Bollmann, Vassilis Detsis, Jurij Diaci, Martina Đodan, Georgios Efthimiou, László Gálhidy, Marie Haase, Johanna Hoffmann, Delphine Jaymond, Elisabeth Johann, Henrik Jørgensen, Frank Krumm, Timo Kuuluvainen, Thibault Lachat, Katharina Lapin, Marcus Lindner, Palle Madsen, Liviu Nichiforel, Maciej Pach, Yoan Paillet, Ciprian Palaghianu, Jordi Palau, Jesús Pemán, Sanja Perić, Susanne Raum, Silvio Schueler, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Johan Svensson, Sander Teeuwen, Giorgio Vacchiano, Kris Vandekerkhove, Isabel Cañellas, María Menéndez-Miguélez, Leland Leland K. Werden, Aitor Àvila, Sergio de-Miguel

Purpose of review

We are amid a historical momentum encouraging forest restoration, yet the translation of ambitious targets into reality is hindered by poor documentation and understanding of the success and failure of past restoration efforts. This review aims to evaluate the ecological, social, political and economic characteristics of forest restoration across Europe, their development over time and key lessons learned to guide future restoration initiatives. The analysis is based on the synthesis of expert assessments from 18 European countries.

Recent findings

Early restoration initiatives in central and southern Europe were largely reactive to natural disasters or timber shortages, and while effective in erosion control and timber production, their ecological benefits were often limited due to monoculture plantations and short-rotation systems. Geopolitical crises intensified timber production, with nationalized and centrally managed forests in several countries, but often at the cost of biodiversity. Since the 1990s, a shift toward multifunctionality has emerged driven by the convergence of environmental, social, political and economic events.

Summary

Forest restoration in Europe has transitioned from disaster reduction and production-driven efforts to a more multifunctional approach that promotes biodiversity. Changes have been driven by a combination of environmental (e.g., catastrophic consequences following natural disasters), political (e.g., wars, forest nationalization and management centralization), legal (e.g., strict and ambitious national and international policies), social (e.g., rural abandonment and changes in societal values) and economic (e.g., new funding mechanisms or market fluctuations) events. Despite the development, conflicting goals, insufficient funding, climate change and short-term thinking persist as key barriers.

审查目的我们正处于鼓励森林恢复的历史势头之中,但由于缺乏文件和对过去恢复工作的成功和失败的了解,阻碍了将雄心勃勃的目标变为现实。本综述旨在评估整个欧洲森林恢复的生态、社会、政治和经济特征,它们随着时间的推移而发展,以及从中吸取的重要经验教训,以指导未来的恢复行动。该分析是基于18个欧洲国家专家评估的综合。最近的研究发现,中欧和南欧的早期恢复倡议主要是对自然灾害或木材短缺作出反应,虽然在控制侵蚀和木材生产方面有效,但由于单一种植和短期轮作制度,其生态效益往往有限。地缘政治危机加剧了木材生产,一些国家实行了国有化和中央管理的森林,但往往以牺牲生物多样性为代价。自20世纪90年代以来,在环境、社会、政治和经济事件的融合推动下,出现了向多功能的转变。欧洲的森林恢复已经从减少灾害和生产驱动的努力过渡到促进生物多样性的更多功能的方法。环境(如自然灾害后的灾难性后果)、政治(如战争、森林国有化和管理集中化)、法律(如严格和雄心勃勃的国家和国际政策)、社会(如农村被遗弃和社会价值观的变化)和经济(如新的筹资机制或市场波动)事件的综合作用推动了变化。尽管取得了进展,但目标冲突、资金不足、气候变化和目光短浅仍然是主要障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Responses of Tropical Tree Seedlings to Nutrient Addition: A Meta-analysis to understand future changes in Tropical Forest Dynamics 热带树木幼苗对营养补充的响应:了解热带森林动态未来变化的荟萃分析
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-12-18 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00240-6
Daisy Cárate Tandalla, Jürgen Homeier, Péter Batáry

Purpose of the Review

The escalating impacts of human activities and climate change, particularly increased nutrient leaching and deposition, could significantly alter the productivity, structure, and function of tropical vegetation. To better understand how nutrient deposition affects regeneration in tropical ecosystems, we synthesised studies that added N, P, NP, or NPK to the seedlings of tropical tree and shrub species.

Recent Findings

In the tropics, nutrient limitation leads to multiple resource constraints. Our systematic review and hierarchical meta-analyses aimed to: (1) test the effect of nutrient addition on the growth rate and biomass allocation of seedlings of tropical species; (2) examine seedling responses across climate-defined groups; (3) quantify the effects of experimental methods and wood density on species’ responses to experimental fertilisation.

Summary

Overall, nutrient addition increased seedling shoot biomass by 26% and growth rates by 14%. Pot and transplantation experiments demonstrated stronger positive effects than in-situ observational studies. Nutrient combinations yielded the highest growth rates (NPK: 27%, and NP: 18%), and N was critical for shoot biomass (N: 38%, and NP: 48%). The responses of shoot biomass indicated co-limitation of N and P, but also high variability in seedling responses to individual nutrients. Temperature and precipitation had indirect regulating effects, while seasonality showed the strongest impact in seasonally dry sites (38% growth rate and 70% shoot biomass). Species showed individual responses to nutrients, influenced by biotic and abiotic interactions. Finally, we suggest tracking additional parameters, like forest successional status, that may intensify nutrient deposition effects on tropical soils due to climate change.

综述目的 人类活动和气候变化的影响不断加剧,尤其是营养物质浸出和沉积的增加,可能会显著改变热带植被的生产力、结构和功能。为了更好地了解养分沉积如何影响热带生态系统的再生,我们综合了向热带乔木和灌木物种幼苗添加氮、磷、钾或氮磷钾的研究。我们的系统综述和分层荟萃分析旨在(摘要总的来说,添加养分可使幼苗嫩枝生物量增加 26%,生长率提高 14%。盆栽和移植实验比原地观察研究显示出更强的积极效果。养分组合产生的生长率最高(氮磷钾:27%,氮磷钾:18%),氮对幼苗的生物量至关重要(氮:38%,氮磷钾:48%)。嫩枝生物量的反应表明氮和磷具有共同限制作用,但幼苗对单种养分的反应也存在很大差异。温度和降水具有间接调节作用,而季节性对季节性干旱地区的影响最大(生长率为 38%,幼苗生物量为 70%)。受生物和非生物相互作用的影响,物种对养分表现出各自的反应。最后,我们建议跟踪其他参数,如森林演替状态,这些参数可能会加剧气候变化对热带土壤的养分沉积效应。
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引用次数: 0
The Pine Pathogen Diplodia sapinea: Expanding Frontiers 松树病原菌松二plodia sapinea:扩展的前沿
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00236-2
Michael J. Wingfield, Bernard Slippers, Irene Barnes, Tuan A. Duong, Brenda D. Wingfield

Purpose of Review

This review offers a thorough examination of the pine pathogen Diplodia sapinea, tracing its historical significance from its initial impact on South African non-native Pinus plantations to its recent emergence as a major threat to forests, particularly in Europe. It also highlights recent findings regarding its taxonomic position, genetic studies, and shifts from being perceived as a wound-infecting pathogen to an endophyte in healthy Pinus species that causes disease after stress.

Recent Findings

Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the damage caused by D. sapinea in natural and planted forests. This escalation is apparently strongly linked to climate change. The pathogen’s previously confused taxonomic position has been clearly resolved in the Botryosphaeriaceae, alongside several sibling species. Diplodia sapinea is now well-understood as an endophyte in healthy trees, which has significant implications for studies aimed at understanding its biology. Importantly, robust techniques including those utilizing genome sequences, are now available for rapid identification and population genetic studies of the pathogen and the factors that drive disease outbreaks.

Summary

Over the past century, D. sapinea has transitioned from a localized problem in South African non-native plantations to a global threat to both natural and planted forests, particularly in Europe. This review underscores the importance of historical context in understanding the evolution of the pathogen’s impact. It also lays the foundation for future research endeavours, leveraging modern technologies to address key questions surrounding its biology and ecology.

本文综述了松树病原菌sapinea的全面研究,追溯了其历史意义,从最初对南非非本地松树种植园的影响到最近对森林,特别是欧洲森林的主要威胁。它还强调了最近的发现,关于其分类位置,遗传研究,以及从被认为是伤口感染病原体转变为健康松物种的内生菌,在应激后引起疾病。最近的发现近年来,在天然林和人工林中,沙锥虫造成的破坏急剧增加。这种升级显然与气候变化密切相关。病原菌以前的混淆的分类位置已经清楚地解决了在芽孢菌科,以及几个兄弟物种。sapinea Diplodia是健康树木中的一种内生菌,这对了解其生物学具有重要意义。重要的是,包括利用基因组序列的技术在内的强大技术现在可用于病原体和驱动疾病暴发的因素的快速鉴定和群体遗传研究。在过去的一个世纪里,沙锥虫已经从南非非本地种植园的局部问题转变为对天然森林和人工林的全球威胁,特别是在欧洲。这篇综述强调了历史背景对理解病原体影响演变的重要性。它还为未来的研究工作奠定了基础,利用现代技术来解决围绕其生物学和生态学的关键问题。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental Sensitivity and Impact of Climate Change on leaf-, wood- and root Phenology for the Overstory and Understory of Temperate Deciduous Forests 环境敏感性和气候变化对温带落叶林上层和下层树叶、木材和根系物候学的影响
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00233-5
Matteo Campioli, Lorène J. Marchand, Cedric Zahnd, Paolo Zuccarini, M. Luke McCormack, Dries Landuyt, Eline Lorer, Nicolas Delpierre, Jožica Gričar, Yann Vitasse

Purpose of Review

To synthesize new information regarding the environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on leaf-, wood-, phloem- and root phenology of deciduous forests of the temperate (and boreal) zone, comprising overstory and understory, and both woody and herbaceous species.

Recent Findings

The environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on spring leaf phenology are relatively well understood, with ongoing efforts focusing on the spatial and temporal variability in both overstory and understory. Autumn leaf phenology and cambial phenology have received increasing attention in recent years. The drivers of senescence progression are well understood (current temperature), while the drivers of the onset of senescence are still uncertain but likely relate to spring temperature, water availability and light conditions. Studies on cambial phenology of angiosperm trees have focused on the variability across populations and years, while studies on phloem remain scarce and synthesis studies are unavailable. For fine root phenology, asynchronicity with leaf phenology and high variability among species have been demonstrated, but large uncertainty remains regarding the drivers of the onset and cessation of their growth. Studies on woody and herbaceous understory highlight the importance of microclimate differences within the stand.

Summary

Future phenology research should focus on (i) onset of leaf senescence, (ii) fine roots, (iii) the relationships between overstory and understory species not only regarding leaves, but also wood and fine roots, (iv) variability across multiples scales (e.g. individuals, stands), and (v) interannual legacy effects and connections among phenophases of different organs and forest compartments.

综述目的综述有关环境敏感性和气候变化对温带(和寒带)落叶林(包括上层和下层以及木本和草本物种)的叶片、木质部、韧皮部和根系物候的影响的新信息。最近的研究结果气候变化对春季叶片物候的环境敏感性和影响相对较好理解,目前的工作重点是上层和下层的空间和时间变化。近年来,秋叶物候和倒生物候越来越受到关注。衰老进程的驱动因素(当前温度)已经很清楚,而衰老开始的驱动因素仍不确定,但可能与春季温度、水分供应和光照条件有关。对被子植物树木的韧皮部物候的研究主要集中在不同种群和不同年份的变化上,而对韧皮部的研究仍然很少,也没有综合研究。细根物候与叶片物候不同步,且在不同物种之间存在很大差异,但其生长开始和停止的驱动因素仍存在很大的不确定性。对林下木质和草本植物的研究强调了林分内部小气候差异的重要性。小结未来的物候学研究应重点关注:(i)叶片衰老的开始;(ii)细根;(iii)上层树种和林下树种之间的关系,不仅包括叶片,还包括木质和细根;(iv)不同尺度(如个体、林分)之间的变异;以及(v)不同器官和森林区系物候期之间的年际遗留效应和联系。
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引用次数: 0
Established Invasive Tree Species Offer Opportunities for Forest Resilience to Climate Change 成熟的入侵树种为森林抵御气候变化提供了机遇
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00232-6
Bart Nyssen, Jan Den Ouden, Anja Bindewald, Pedro Brancalion, Klaus Kremer, Katharina Lapin, Lisa Raats, Elisabeth Schatzdorfer, John Stanturf, Kris Verheyen, Bart Muys

Purpose of review

A rapidly changing climate is weakening the resilience of forest ecosystems through vitality loss of major native tree species, which reduces the ability of forests to deliver ecosystem services. Established invasive tree species (EITS) may take over the vacant space potentially preventing the regeneration of the preferred native tree species. This paper aims to investigate how expansion of these invasive non-native tree species can be addressed in a context of climate-smart forest management, considering alternatives to costly and often ineffective EITS control measures.

Recent findings

We found that forest ecologists increasingly recognize that climate-smart forest management, in particular tree species diversification and close-to-nature forest management, can strengthen the resilience of forests against negative impacts by EITS. In the resulting resilient forest ecosystems, a more closed canopy may deprive EITS of their invasive nature, and EITS may contribute to climate change adaptation.

Summary

This review proposes new pathways for forest management transcending the apparent incompatibility between the dominance of EITS and the adaptation capacity of forests and forest management to climate change. Adaptive measures to increase the resilience of forests to climate change may prevent the dominance of EITS. Under such conditions, useful functional traits of these tree species may even contribute to maintenance or enhancement of biodiversity, provisioning of ecosystem services and adaptation to climate change.

审查目的 快速变化的气候正在通过主要本地树种生命力的丧失削弱森林生态系统的复原力,从而降低森林提供生态系统服务的能力。已确定的入侵树种(EITS)可能会占据空余空间,从而可能阻止首选本地树种的再生。本文旨在研究如何在气候智能型森林管理的背景下解决这些非本地入侵树种的扩张问题,并考虑采取成本高昂且往往无效的 EITS 控制措施的替代方案。我们发现,森林生态学家越来越认识到,气候智能型森林管理,尤其是树种多样化和接近自然的森林管理,可以增强森林的恢复力,抵御 EITS 的负面影响。在由此产生的具有复原力的森林生态系统中,更加封闭的树冠可能会剥夺 EITS 的入侵性,而 EITS 可能会有助于适应气候变化。摘要本综述提出了森林管理的新途径,以超越 EITS 的主导地位与森林和森林管理对气候变化的适应能力之间明显不相容的问题。采取适应性措施提高森林对气候变化的适应能力,可防止EITS占据主导地位。在这种情况下,这些树种的有用功能特性甚至可能有助于维持或提高生物多样性、提供生态系统服务和适应气候变化。
{"title":"Established Invasive Tree Species Offer Opportunities for Forest Resilience to Climate Change","authors":"Bart Nyssen, Jan Den Ouden, Anja Bindewald, Pedro Brancalion, Klaus Kremer, Katharina Lapin, Lisa Raats, Elisabeth Schatzdorfer, John Stanturf, Kris Verheyen, Bart Muys","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00232-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00232-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of review</h3><p>A rapidly changing climate is weakening the resilience of forest ecosystems through vitality loss of major native tree species, which reduces the ability of forests to deliver ecosystem services. Established invasive tree species (EITS) may take over the vacant space potentially preventing the regeneration of the preferred native tree species. This paper aims to investigate how expansion of these invasive non-native tree species can be addressed in a context of climate-smart forest management, considering alternatives to costly and often ineffective EITS control measures.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent findings</h3><p>We found that forest ecologists increasingly recognize that climate-smart forest management, in particular tree species diversification and close-to-nature forest management, can strengthen the resilience of forests against negative impacts by EITS. In the resulting resilient forest ecosystems, a more closed canopy may deprive EITS of their invasive nature, and EITS may contribute to climate change adaptation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review proposes new pathways for forest management transcending the apparent incompatibility between the dominance of EITS and the adaptation capacity of forests and forest management to climate change. Adaptive measures to increase the resilience of forests to climate change may prevent the dominance of EITS. Under such conditions, useful functional traits of these tree species may even contribute to maintenance or enhancement of biodiversity, provisioning of ecosystem services and adaptation to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Ecology, Economics, and Management of Agrilus Beetles Agrilus 甲虫的生态、经济和管理
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00230-8
Jian J. Duan, Todd D. Johnson, Justin K. O’Dea, Toby R. Petrice, Robert A. Haack

Purpose of Review

The invasion of North America by the Asian beetle Agrilus planipennis has caused severe economic and ecological damage to ash (Fraxinus) tree populations. Agrilus planipennis has recently entered eastern Europe and is spreading there. Many other Agrilus species can potentially become invasive pests due to the cryptic nature of their immature stages that can be inconspicuously transported within infested plant material. We review the ecology, economic impacts, and management strategies of Agrilus worldwide and highlight research gaps.

Recent Findings

Much has been learned in recent decades about the basic biology and control tactics for a few Agrilus species, especially A. planipennis.

Summary

The genus Agrilus has over 3,341 described species, making it the largest genus in the Animal Kingdom. Most Agrilus are univoltine and have a narrow host range. Chemical, tactile, and visual cues of host plants are used by adult Agrilus to select suitable hosts for consumption by adults and larvae. Most Agrilus larvae develop within the cambial region, constructing galleries that effectively girdle the host plant. Mechanisms of host plant resistance are being explored. Diverse groups of natural enemies attack all life stages of Agrilus species, with some coevolved specialist parasitoids being introduced successfully to suppress A. planipennis in North America. Climate change, leading to warmer and drier conditions, will influence the distribution and population dynamics of many Agrilus species. Many research gaps still exist in the areas of biocontrol, host plant resistance, and sustainable management strategies for this important group of plant pests.

综述目的 亚洲甲虫 Agrilus planipennis 入侵北美对白蜡树(Fraxinus)种群造成了严重的经济和生态破坏。Agrilus planipennis 最近已进入东欧,并正在那里蔓延。许多其他 Agrilus 种类都有可能成为入侵害虫,因为它们的幼虫阶段具有隐蔽性,可以在受侵染的植物材料中不显眼地传播。我们回顾了全球 Agrilus 的生态学、经济影响和管理策略,并强调了研究缺口。最近的研究结果近几十年来,人们已经了解了一些 Agrilus 物种(尤其是 A. planipennis)的基本生物学特性和防治策略。大多数 Agrilus 为单伏性,寄主范围狭窄。成虫利用寄主植物的化学、触觉和视觉线索选择合适的寄主,供成虫和幼虫食用。大多数 Agrilus 幼虫在骨皮层区域内发育,构建的虫道可有效地束缚寄主植物。目前正在探索寄主植物的抗性机制。多种多样的天敌攻击 Agrilus 物种的各个生命阶段,一些共同进化的专业寄生虫被成功引入北美,以抑制 A. planipennis。气候变化导致气候更加温暖干燥,将影响许多 Agrilus 物种的分布和种群动态。在生物防治、寄主植物抗性以及针对这类重要植物害虫的可持续管理策略方面,仍存在许多研究空白。
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引用次数: 0
From Industry 5.0 to Forestry 5.0: Bridging the gap with Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence 从工业 5.0 到林业 5.0:利用以人为本的人工智能缩小差距
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00231-7
Andreas Holzinger, Janine Schweier, Christoph Gollob, Arne Nothdurft, Hubert Hasenauer, Thomas Kirisits, Carola Häggström, Rien Visser, Raffaele Cavalli, Raffaele Spinelli, Karl Stampfer

Purpose of the Review

Recent technological innovations in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have successfully revolutionized many industrial processes, enhancing productivity and sustainability, under the paradigm of Industry 5.0. It offers opportunities for the forestry sector such as predictive analytics, automation, and precision management, which could transform traditional forest operations into smart, effective, and sustainable practices. The paper sets forth to outline the evolution from Industry 5.0 and its promising transition into Forestry 5.0. The purpose is to elucidate the status of these developments, identify enabling technologies, particularly AI, and uncover the challenges hindering the efficient adoption of these techniques in forestry by presenting a framework.

Recent Findings

However, the gap between potential and practical implementation is primarily due to logistical, infrastructural, and environmental challenges unique to the forestry sector. The solution lies in Human-Centered AI, which, unlike the Industry 4.0 paradigm, aims to integrate humans into the loop rather than replace them, thereby fostering safe, secure, and trustworthy Human-AI interactions.

Summary

The paper concludes by highlighting the need for Human-Centered AI development for the successful transition to Forestry 5.0 – where the goal is to support the human workers rather than substituting them. A multidisciplinary approach involving technologists, ecologists, policymakers, and forestry practitioners is essential to navigate these challenges, leading to a sustainable and technologically advanced future for the forestry sector. In this transformation, our focus remains on ensuring a balance between increased productivity, nature conservation and social licence, worker safety and satisfaction.

审查目的最近的人工智能(AI)技术创新成功地革新了许多工业流程,在工业 5.0 的范式下提高了生产率和可持续性。它为林业部门提供了机遇,如预测分析、自动化和精确管理,可将传统的林业运营转变为智能、有效和可持续的实践。本文概述了从工业 5.0 到林业 5.0 的演变过程及其充满希望的过渡。本文的目的是阐明这些发展的现状,确定使能技术,特别是人工智能,并通过提出一个框架来揭示阻碍在林业中有效采用这些技术的挑战。然而,潜力与实际实施之间的差距主要是由于林业部门特有的后勤、基础设施和环境挑战造成的。解决方案在于以人为本的人工智能,它与工业 4.0 范式不同,旨在将人类融入环路中,而不是取代人类,从而促进安全、可靠和可信的人与人工智能互动。摘要本文最后强调,要成功过渡到林业 5.0,就必须开发以人为本的人工智能,其目标是支持人类工作者,而不是取代他们。技术专家、生态学家、政策制定者和林业从业人员共同参与的多学科方法对于应对这些挑战至关重要,它将为林业部门带来一个可持续发展、技术先进的未来。在这一转变过程中,我们的重点仍然是确保提高生产力、自然保护和社会许可、工人安全和满意度之间的平衡。
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引用次数: 0
A Review of Software Solutions to Process Ground-based Point Clouds in Forest Applications 森林应用中处理地基点云的软件解决方案综述
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00228-2
Arnadi Murtiyoso, Carlos Cabo, Arunima Singh, Dimas Pereira Obaya, Wout Cherlet, Jaz Stoddart, Cyprien Raymi Fol, Mirela Beloiu Schwenke, Nataliia Rehush, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Kim Calders, Verena Christiane Griess, Martin Mokroš

Purpose of Review

In recent years, the use of 3D point clouds in silviculture and forest ecology has seen a large increase in interest. With the development of novel 3D capture technologies, such as laser scanning, an increasing number of algorithms have been developed in parallel to process 3D point cloud data into more tangible results for forestry applications. From this variety of available algorithms, it can be challenging for users to decide which to apply to fulfil their goals best. Here, we present an extensive overview of point cloud acquisition and processing tools as well as their outputs for precision forestry. We then provide a comprehensive database of 24 algorithms for processing forest point clouds obtained using close-range techniques, specifically ground-based platforms.

Recent Findings

Of the 24 solutions identified, 20 are open-source, two are free software, and the remaining two are commercial products. The compiled database of solutions, along with the corresponding technical guides on installation and general use, is accessible on a web-based platform as part of the COST Action 3DForEcoTech. The database may serve the community as a single source of information to select a specific software/algorithm that works for their requirements.

Summary

We conclude that the development of various algorithms for processing point clouds offers powerful tools that can considerably impact forest inventories in the future, although we note the necessity of creating a standardisation paradigm.

综述目的 近年来,人们对三维点云在造林和森林生态学中的应用兴趣大增。随着激光扫描等新型三维捕捉技术的发展,人们同时开发了越来越多的算法,用于将三维点云数据处理成更具体的林业应用结果。对于用户来说,要从这些种类繁多的可用算法中选择最能实现其目标的算法是一项挑战。在此,我们将广泛介绍点云采集和处理工具及其在精准林业中的应用。然后,我们提供了一个包含 24 种算法的综合数据库,用于处理利用近距离技术(特别是地面平台)获取的森林点云。作为 COST 行动 3DForEcoTech 的一部分,汇编的解决方案数据库以及相应的安装和一般使用技术指南可在网络平台上访问。该数据库可作为社区的单一信息来源,用于选择符合其要求的特定软件/算法。小结我们的结论是,各种点云处理算法的开发提供了强大的工具,可对未来的森林资源清查工作产生重大影响,尽管我们注意到有必要创建一个标准化范例。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainability, Circularity, and Innovation in Wood-based Panel Manufacturing in the 2020s: Opportunities and Challenges 2020 年代人造板制造业的可持续性、循环性和创新:机遇与挑战
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-17 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00229-1
Rosilei Garcia, Ingrid Calvez, Ahmed Koubaa, Véronic Landry, Alain Cloutier

Purpose of review

This review explores the opportunities and challenges associated with using unconventional and underutilized wood sources, such as fast-growing species, logging residues, fire-damaged wood, and post-consumer wood, to manufacture wood-based composite panels (WBCPs), particularly particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board. This paper also discusses recent advancements in lightweight and multifunctional panels, with new features such as fire resistance, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, and antibacterial laminates.

Recent findings

Climate change, wildfires, and competition from the energy sector threaten current sources of fiber supply for WBCP manufacturing in some regions. Logging residues are abundant but underutilized in some areas, and the abundance of fire-damaged wood is expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change. These raw materials’ effects on panel properties and technological limitations are discussed. Recycled wood is increasingly used for non-structural panels, but challenges remain when it comes to recycling panels, particularly post-consumer MDF. Conventional and emerging materials used in lightweight and multifunctional panels are also presented. Natural substances like cellulose, nanocellulose, chitosan, lignin, protein, and phytic acid are promising alternatives to conventional fire retardants. Innovative products such as MDF that contains carbon-based conductive fibers and antimicrobial laminates that use green-synthesized metal compounds are also reported.

Summary

This review shows that the WBCP industry can improve its sustainability by optimizing and diversifying wood sources, better managing and recycling post-consumer panels, and using more environmentally friendly materials. The hazardous chemicals in adhesives, fire retardants, and coatings are the main obstacles to recycling panels and creating a more circular economy within the WBCP industry.

综述目的本综述探讨了使用非常规和未充分利用的木材资源(如速生树种、伐木剩余物、火灾损坏木材和消费后木材)制造人造复合板(WBCPs),特别是刨花板、中密度纤维板(MDF)和定向刨花板所带来的机遇和挑战。本文还讨论了最近在轻质和多功能板材方面取得的进展,这些板材具有防火、导电、电磁屏蔽和抗菌层压板等新特性。最近的研究结果气候变化、野火和来自能源行业的竞争威胁着一些地区目前用于制造 WBCP 的纤维供应来源。在某些地区,伐木残留物资源丰富,但利用率却很低,而且由于气候变化,预计未来几年受火灾破坏的木材数量还会增加。本文讨论了这些原材料对板材性能的影响和技术限制。回收木材越来越多地用于非结构板材,但在回收板材,特别是消费后中密度纤维板方面仍存在挑战。此外,还介绍了用于轻质和多功能板材的传统材料和新兴材料。纤维素、纳米纤维素、壳聚糖、木质素、蛋白质和植酸等天然物质有望成为传统阻燃剂的替代品。此外,还介绍了含有碳基导电纤维的中密度纤维板和使用绿色合成金属化合物的抗菌层压板等创新产品。摘要本综述表明,通过优化木材来源并使之多样化、更好地管理和回收利用消费后板材以及使用更环保的材料,可以提高 WBCP 行业的可持续性。粘合剂、阻燃剂和涂料中的有害化学物质是阻碍板材回收利用和在水性木塑行业内创造更多循环经济的主要障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of Forest Operations in Four Biogeographical Regions in Europe: Finding the Key Drivers for Future Development 欧洲四个生物地理区域森林作业的影响:寻找未来发展的关键驱动因素
IF 9.5 1区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00226-4
Benjamin Engler, Gwendolin Hartmann, Piotr S. Mederski, Leo G. Bont, Gianni Picchi, Gerard Alcoverro, Thomas Purfürst, Janine Schweier

Purpose of the Review

The aim of the review was to better understand the impacts of the dominant harvesting systems in Europe, namely harvester-forwarder (HFW), chainsaw-skidder (CSK), and chainsaw-cable yarder (CCY). Furthermore, we aimed to learn how the impact categories environment, economy, ergonomics, people and society, and quality optimization are related to the European biogeographical regions Boreal, Continental, Alpine, and Mediterranean forests. Based on this, key drivers for the future development of forest operations were identified. It was specifically not the aim to develop models through the outcome of this study.

Recent Findings

HFW harvesting systems dominate in Boreal (99%) and Continental forests (72%). In Alpine forests the most relevant, even when not dominant, harvesting system is CCY (47%). CSK harvesting systems are applied in all biogeographical regions, with a focus on Mediterranean (70%), Alpine (50%) and Continental (22%) forests. Major drivers for harvesting system development were identified: (i) increased environmental constraints, (ii) increased complexity of harvesting caused by an increasing area of mixed-forest stands, (iii) increased resource efficiency fostered by a growing demand for wood products, (iv) a reduced available work force resulting from heightened competition for skilled worker and an aging population, and (v) more transparent work and material flows through the introduction of digitalization.

Summary

A literature review from 110 journal articles and 975 datasets from four biogeographical regions in Europe, specifically from Estonia, Germany, Spain and Switzerland was performed. Most of the reviewed papers included information about economic or environmental impacts, while ergonomics, quality optimization and societal aspects were less in focus. The impacts from the HFW, CSK and CCY harvesting systems were evaluated against regional conditions. Unfortunately, a common understanding of harvesting system evaluation is missing, which limits the comparability of results between different regions.

综述的目的综述的目的是更好地了解欧洲主要采伐系统的影响,即收割机-前进机(HFW)、链锯-滑车(CSK)和链锯-电缆码垛机(CCY)。此外,我们还旨在了解环境、经济、人体工程学、人类和社会以及质量优化等方面的影响与欧洲生物地理区域北方森林、大陆森林、高山森林和地中海森林的关系。在此基础上,确定了未来森林运营发展的关键驱动因素。本研究的具体目的并不是要通过本研究的成果来开发模型。最新研究结果高频采伐系统在北方森林(99%)和大陆森林(72%)中占主导地位。在阿尔卑斯山森林中,最相关的采伐系统是CCY(47%),即使不是主导采伐系统。CSK 采伐系统适用于所有生物地理区域,主要集中在地中海森林(70%)、高山森林(50%)和大陆森林(22%)。采伐系统发展的主要驱动力是(摘要对欧洲四个生物地理区域,特别是爱沙尼亚、德国、西班牙和瑞士的 110 篇期刊论文和 975 个数据集进行了文献综述。大部分综述论文都包含经济或环境影响方面的信息,而工效学、质量优化和社会方面的信息则较少关注。根据地区条件对 HFW、CSK 和 CCY 收割系统的影响进行了评估。遗憾的是,对收割系统评估缺乏共识,这限制了不同地区之间结果的可比性。
{"title":"Impact of Forest Operations in Four Biogeographical Regions in Europe: Finding the Key Drivers for Future Development","authors":"Benjamin Engler, Gwendolin Hartmann, Piotr S. Mederski, Leo G. Bont, Gianni Picchi, Gerard Alcoverro, Thomas Purfürst, Janine Schweier","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00226-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00226-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of the Review</h3><p>The aim of the review was to better understand the impacts of the dominant harvesting systems in Europe, namely harvester-forwarder (<i>HFW</i>), chainsaw-skidder (<i>CSK</i>), and chainsaw-cable yarder (<i>CCY</i>). Furthermore, we aimed to learn how the impact categories environment, economy, ergonomics, people and society, and quality optimization are related to the European biogeographical regions Boreal, Continental, Alpine, and Mediterranean forests. Based on this, key drivers for the future development of forest operations were identified. It was specifically not the aim to develop models through the outcome of this study.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p><i>HFW</i> harvesting systems dominate in Boreal (99%) and Continental forests (72%). In Alpine forests the most relevant, even when not dominant, harvesting system is <i>CCY</i> (47%). <i>CSK</i> harvesting systems are applied in all biogeographical regions, with a focus on Mediterranean (70%), Alpine (50%) and Continental (22%) forests. Major drivers for harvesting system development were identified: (i) increased environmental constraints, (ii) increased complexity of harvesting caused by an increasing area of mixed-forest stands, (iii) increased resource efficiency fostered by a growing demand for wood products, (iv) a reduced available work force resulting from heightened competition for skilled worker and an aging population, and (v) more transparent work and material flows through the introduction of digitalization.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>A literature review from 110 journal articles and 975 datasets from four biogeographical regions in Europe, specifically from Estonia, Germany, Spain and Switzerland was performed. Most of the reviewed papers included information about economic or environmental impacts, while ergonomics, quality optimization and societal aspects were less in focus. The impacts from the <i>HFW</i>, <i>CSK</i> and <i>CCY</i> harvesting systems were evaluated against regional conditions. Unfortunately, a common understanding of harvesting system evaluation is missing, which limits the comparability of results between different regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Current Forestry Reports
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