Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00231-7
Andreas Holzinger, Janine Schweier, Christoph Gollob, Arne Nothdurft, Hubert Hasenauer, Thomas Kirisits, Carola Häggström, Rien Visser, Raffaele Cavalli, Raffaele Spinelli, Karl Stampfer
Purpose of the Review
Recent technological innovations in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have successfully revolutionized many industrial processes, enhancing productivity and sustainability, under the paradigm of Industry 5.0. It offers opportunities for the forestry sector such as predictive analytics, automation, and precision management, which could transform traditional forest operations into smart, effective, and sustainable practices. The paper sets forth to outline the evolution from Industry 5.0 and its promising transition into Forestry 5.0. The purpose is to elucidate the status of these developments, identify enabling technologies, particularly AI, and uncover the challenges hindering the efficient adoption of these techniques in forestry by presenting a framework.
Recent Findings
However, the gap between potential and practical implementation is primarily due to logistical, infrastructural, and environmental challenges unique to the forestry sector. The solution lies in Human-Centered AI, which, unlike the Industry 4.0 paradigm, aims to integrate humans into the loop rather than replace them, thereby fostering safe, secure, and trustworthy Human-AI interactions.
Summary
The paper concludes by highlighting the need for Human-Centered AI development for the successful transition to Forestry 5.0 – where the goal is to support the human workers rather than substituting them. A multidisciplinary approach involving technologists, ecologists, policymakers, and forestry practitioners is essential to navigate these challenges, leading to a sustainable and technologically advanced future for the forestry sector. In this transformation, our focus remains on ensuring a balance between increased productivity, nature conservation and social licence, worker safety and satisfaction.
{"title":"From Industry 5.0 to Forestry 5.0: Bridging the gap with Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Andreas Holzinger, Janine Schweier, Christoph Gollob, Arne Nothdurft, Hubert Hasenauer, Thomas Kirisits, Carola Häggström, Rien Visser, Raffaele Cavalli, Raffaele Spinelli, Karl Stampfer","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00231-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00231-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of the Review</h3><p>Recent technological innovations in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have successfully revolutionized many industrial processes, enhancing productivity and sustainability, under the paradigm of Industry 5.0. It offers opportunities for the forestry sector such as predictive analytics, automation, and precision management, which could transform traditional forest operations into smart, effective, and sustainable practices. The paper sets forth to outline the evolution from Industry 5.0 and its promising transition into Forestry 5.0. The purpose is to elucidate the status of these developments, identify enabling technologies, particularly AI, and uncover the challenges hindering the efficient adoption of these techniques in forestry by presenting a framework.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>However, the gap between potential and practical implementation is primarily due to logistical, infrastructural, and environmental challenges unique to the forestry sector. The solution lies in Human-Centered AI, which, unlike the Industry 4.0 paradigm, aims to integrate humans into the loop rather than replace them, thereby fostering safe, secure, and trustworthy Human-AI interactions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The paper concludes by highlighting the need for Human-Centered AI development for the successful transition to Forestry 5.0 – where the goal is to support the human workers rather than substituting them. A multidisciplinary approach involving technologists, ecologists, policymakers, and forestry practitioners is essential to navigate these challenges, leading to a sustainable and technologically advanced future for the forestry sector. In this transformation, our focus remains on ensuring a balance between increased productivity, nature conservation and social licence, worker safety and satisfaction.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142166368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00228-2
Arnadi Murtiyoso, Carlos Cabo, Arunima Singh, Dimas Pereira Obaya, Wout Cherlet, Jaz Stoddart, Cyprien Raymi Fol, Mirela Beloiu Schwenke, Nataliia Rehush, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Kim Calders, Verena Christiane Griess, Martin Mokroš
Purpose of Review
In recent years, the use of 3D point clouds in silviculture and forest ecology has seen a large increase in interest. With the development of novel 3D capture technologies, such as laser scanning, an increasing number of algorithms have been developed in parallel to process 3D point cloud data into more tangible results for forestry applications. From this variety of available algorithms, it can be challenging for users to decide which to apply to fulfil their goals best. Here, we present an extensive overview of point cloud acquisition and processing tools as well as their outputs for precision forestry. We then provide a comprehensive database of 24 algorithms for processing forest point clouds obtained using close-range techniques, specifically ground-based platforms.
Recent Findings
Of the 24 solutions identified, 20 are open-source, two are free software, and the remaining two are commercial products. The compiled database of solutions, along with the corresponding technical guides on installation and general use, is accessible on a web-based platform as part of the COST Action 3DForEcoTech. The database may serve the community as a single source of information to select a specific software/algorithm that works for their requirements.
Summary
We conclude that the development of various algorithms for processing point clouds offers powerful tools that can considerably impact forest inventories in the future, although we note the necessity of creating a standardisation paradigm.
{"title":"A Review of Software Solutions to Process Ground-based Point Clouds in Forest Applications","authors":"Arnadi Murtiyoso, Carlos Cabo, Arunima Singh, Dimas Pereira Obaya, Wout Cherlet, Jaz Stoddart, Cyprien Raymi Fol, Mirela Beloiu Schwenke, Nataliia Rehush, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Kim Calders, Verena Christiane Griess, Martin Mokroš","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00228-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00228-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>In recent years, the use of 3D point clouds in silviculture and forest ecology has seen a large increase in interest. With the development of novel 3D capture technologies, such as laser scanning, an increasing number of algorithms have been developed in parallel to process 3D point cloud data into more tangible results for forestry applications. From this variety of available algorithms, it can be challenging for users to decide which to apply to fulfil their goals best. Here, we present an extensive overview of point cloud acquisition and processing tools as well as their outputs for precision forestry. We then provide a comprehensive database of 24 algorithms for processing forest point clouds obtained using close-range techniques, specifically ground-based platforms.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Of the 24 solutions identified, 20 are open-source, two are free software, and the remaining two are commercial products. The compiled database of solutions, along with the corresponding technical guides on installation and general use, is accessible on a web-based platform as part of the COST Action 3DForEcoTech. The database may serve the community as a single source of information to select a specific software/algorithm that works for their requirements.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We conclude that the development of various algorithms for processing point clouds offers powerful tools that can considerably impact forest inventories in the future, although we note the necessity of creating a standardisation paradigm.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-17DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00229-1
Rosilei Garcia, Ingrid Calvez, Ahmed Koubaa, Véronic Landry, Alain Cloutier
Purpose of review
This review explores the opportunities and challenges associated with using unconventional and underutilized wood sources, such as fast-growing species, logging residues, fire-damaged wood, and post-consumer wood, to manufacture wood-based composite panels (WBCPs), particularly particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board. This paper also discusses recent advancements in lightweight and multifunctional panels, with new features such as fire resistance, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, and antibacterial laminates.
Recent findings
Climate change, wildfires, and competition from the energy sector threaten current sources of fiber supply for WBCP manufacturing in some regions. Logging residues are abundant but underutilized in some areas, and the abundance of fire-damaged wood is expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change. These raw materials’ effects on panel properties and technological limitations are discussed. Recycled wood is increasingly used for non-structural panels, but challenges remain when it comes to recycling panels, particularly post-consumer MDF. Conventional and emerging materials used in lightweight and multifunctional panels are also presented. Natural substances like cellulose, nanocellulose, chitosan, lignin, protein, and phytic acid are promising alternatives to conventional fire retardants. Innovative products such as MDF that contains carbon-based conductive fibers and antimicrobial laminates that use green-synthesized metal compounds are also reported.
Summary
This review shows that the WBCP industry can improve its sustainability by optimizing and diversifying wood sources, better managing and recycling post-consumer panels, and using more environmentally friendly materials. The hazardous chemicals in adhesives, fire retardants, and coatings are the main obstacles to recycling panels and creating a more circular economy within the WBCP industry.
{"title":"Sustainability, Circularity, and Innovation in Wood-based Panel Manufacturing in the 2020s: Opportunities and Challenges","authors":"Rosilei Garcia, Ingrid Calvez, Ahmed Koubaa, Véronic Landry, Alain Cloutier","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00229-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00229-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of review</h3><p>This review explores the opportunities and challenges associated with using unconventional and underutilized wood sources, such as fast-growing species, logging residues, fire-damaged wood, and post-consumer wood, to manufacture wood-based composite panels (WBCPs), particularly particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strand board. This paper also discusses recent advancements in lightweight and multifunctional panels, with new features such as fire resistance, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, and antibacterial laminates.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent findings</h3><p>Climate change, wildfires, and competition from the energy sector threaten current sources of fiber supply for WBCP manufacturing in some regions. Logging residues are abundant but underutilized in some areas, and the abundance of fire-damaged wood is expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change. These raw materials’ effects on panel properties and technological limitations are discussed. Recycled wood is increasingly used for non-structural panels, but challenges remain when it comes to recycling panels, particularly post-consumer MDF. Conventional and emerging materials used in lightweight and multifunctional panels are also presented. Natural substances like cellulose, nanocellulose, chitosan, lignin, protein, and phytic acid are promising alternatives to conventional fire retardants. Innovative products such as MDF that contains carbon-based conductive fibers and antimicrobial laminates that use green-synthesized metal compounds are also reported.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review shows that the WBCP industry can improve its sustainability by optimizing and diversifying wood sources, better managing and recycling post-consumer panels, and using more environmentally friendly materials. The hazardous chemicals in adhesives, fire retardants, and coatings are the main obstacles to recycling panels and creating a more circular economy within the WBCP industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"57 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-02DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00226-4
Benjamin Engler, Gwendolin Hartmann, Piotr S. Mederski, Leo G. Bont, Gianni Picchi, Gerard Alcoverro, Thomas Purfürst, Janine Schweier
Purpose of the Review
The aim of the review was to better understand the impacts of the dominant harvesting systems in Europe, namely harvester-forwarder (HFW), chainsaw-skidder (CSK), and chainsaw-cable yarder (CCY). Furthermore, we aimed to learn how the impact categories environment, economy, ergonomics, people and society, and quality optimization are related to the European biogeographical regions Boreal, Continental, Alpine, and Mediterranean forests. Based on this, key drivers for the future development of forest operations were identified. It was specifically not the aim to develop models through the outcome of this study.
Recent Findings
HFW harvesting systems dominate in Boreal (99%) and Continental forests (72%). In Alpine forests the most relevant, even when not dominant, harvesting system is CCY (47%). CSK harvesting systems are applied in all biogeographical regions, with a focus on Mediterranean (70%), Alpine (50%) and Continental (22%) forests. Major drivers for harvesting system development were identified: (i) increased environmental constraints, (ii) increased complexity of harvesting caused by an increasing area of mixed-forest stands, (iii) increased resource efficiency fostered by a growing demand for wood products, (iv) a reduced available work force resulting from heightened competition for skilled worker and an aging population, and (v) more transparent work and material flows through the introduction of digitalization.
Summary
A literature review from 110 journal articles and 975 datasets from four biogeographical regions in Europe, specifically from Estonia, Germany, Spain and Switzerland was performed. Most of the reviewed papers included information about economic or environmental impacts, while ergonomics, quality optimization and societal aspects were less in focus. The impacts from the HFW, CSK and CCY harvesting systems were evaluated against regional conditions. Unfortunately, a common understanding of harvesting system evaluation is missing, which limits the comparability of results between different regions.
{"title":"Impact of Forest Operations in Four Biogeographical Regions in Europe: Finding the Key Drivers for Future Development","authors":"Benjamin Engler, Gwendolin Hartmann, Piotr S. Mederski, Leo G. Bont, Gianni Picchi, Gerard Alcoverro, Thomas Purfürst, Janine Schweier","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00226-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00226-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of the Review</h3><p>The aim of the review was to better understand the impacts of the dominant harvesting systems in Europe, namely harvester-forwarder (<i>HFW</i>), chainsaw-skidder (<i>CSK</i>), and chainsaw-cable yarder (<i>CCY</i>). Furthermore, we aimed to learn how the impact categories environment, economy, ergonomics, people and society, and quality optimization are related to the European biogeographical regions Boreal, Continental, Alpine, and Mediterranean forests. Based on this, key drivers for the future development of forest operations were identified. It was specifically not the aim to develop models through the outcome of this study.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p><i>HFW</i> harvesting systems dominate in Boreal (99%) and Continental forests (72%). In Alpine forests the most relevant, even when not dominant, harvesting system is <i>CCY</i> (47%). <i>CSK</i> harvesting systems are applied in all biogeographical regions, with a focus on Mediterranean (70%), Alpine (50%) and Continental (22%) forests. Major drivers for harvesting system development were identified: (i) increased environmental constraints, (ii) increased complexity of harvesting caused by an increasing area of mixed-forest stands, (iii) increased resource efficiency fostered by a growing demand for wood products, (iv) a reduced available work force resulting from heightened competition for skilled worker and an aging population, and (v) more transparent work and material flows through the introduction of digitalization.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>A literature review from 110 journal articles and 975 datasets from four biogeographical regions in Europe, specifically from Estonia, Germany, Spain and Switzerland was performed. Most of the reviewed papers included information about economic or environmental impacts, while ergonomics, quality optimization and societal aspects were less in focus. The impacts from the <i>HFW</i>, <i>CSK</i> and <i>CCY</i> harvesting systems were evaluated against regional conditions. Unfortunately, a common understanding of harvesting system evaluation is missing, which limits the comparability of results between different regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141877606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-30DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00227-3
Ingrid Calvez, Rosilei Garcia, Ahmed Koubaa, Véronic Landry, Alain Cloutier
Purpose of Review
Conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives for wood-based composite panels are subject to significant concerns due to their formaldehyde emissions. Over the past decade, the wood adhesive industry has undergone a considerable transformation that is characterized by a major push in bio-adhesive development. Various bio-based materials have been explored to create alternatives to conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives. Moreover, growing interest in circularity has led to increasingly exploiting industrial coproducts and by-products to find innovative solutions.
Recent Findings
Industrial production generates many coproducts that can serve as renewable resources to produce eco-friendly materials. These coproducts offer alternative supply sources for material production without encroaching on food production. Many bio-based compounds or coproducts, such as saccharides, proteins, tannins, and lignocellulosic biomass, can also be used to develop bio-based adhesives. As part of ongoing efforts to reduce formaldehyde emissions, new hardeners and crosslinkers are being developed to replace formaldehyde and bio-scavengers. Other alternatives, such as binderless panels, are also emerging.
Summary
This review focuses on sources of bio-based material derived from by-products of various industries, which have many advantages and disadvantages when incorporated into adhesives. Modification methods to enhance their properties and performance in wood-based panels are also discussed. Additionally, alternatives for developing low-emission or formaldehyde-free adhesives are addressed, including hardeners, bio-scavengers, and binderless options. Finally, the environmental impact of bio-based adhesives compared to that of synthetic alternatives is detailed.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Bio-Based Adhesives and Formaldehyde-Free Technologies for Wood-Based Panel Manufacturing","authors":"Ingrid Calvez, Rosilei Garcia, Ahmed Koubaa, Véronic Landry, Alain Cloutier","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00227-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00227-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives for wood-based composite panels are subject to significant concerns due to their formaldehyde emissions. Over the past decade, the wood adhesive industry has undergone a considerable transformation that is characterized by a major push in bio-adhesive development. Various bio-based materials have been explored to create alternatives to conventional formaldehyde-based adhesives. Moreover, growing interest in circularity has led to increasingly exploiting industrial coproducts and by-products to find innovative solutions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Industrial production generates many coproducts that can serve as renewable resources to produce eco-friendly materials. These coproducts offer alternative supply sources for material production without encroaching on food production. Many bio-based compounds or coproducts, such as saccharides, proteins, tannins, and lignocellulosic biomass, can also be used to develop bio-based adhesives. As part of ongoing efforts to reduce formaldehyde emissions, new hardeners and crosslinkers are being developed to replace formaldehyde and bio-scavengers. Other alternatives, such as binderless panels, are also emerging.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review focuses on sources of bio-based material derived from by-products of various industries, which have many advantages and disadvantages when incorporated into adhesives. Modification methods to enhance their properties and performance in wood-based panels are also discussed. Additionally, alternatives for developing low-emission or formaldehyde-free adhesives are addressed, including hardeners, bio-scavengers, and binderless options. Finally, the environmental impact of bio-based adhesives compared to that of synthetic alternatives is detailed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00225-5
Robin J. L. Hartley, Sadeepa Jayathunga, Justin Morgenroth, Grant D. Pearse
Purpose of Review
Since the late 1990s, researchers have been increasingly utilising digital methodologies to assess the branch structure of trees. The emergence of commercial terrestrial laser scanners during this period catalysed an entirely new domain focused on point cloud-based research. Over the years, this field has transformed from a complex computational discipline into a practical tool that effectively supports research endeavours. Through the combined use of non-destructive remote sensing techniques and advanced analytical methods, branch characterisation can now be carried out at an unprecedented level.
Recent Findings
While terrestrial laser scanning has traditionally been the dominant methodology for this research domain, the increased use of mobile laser scanners and unmanned aerial vehicles indicates a transition towards more mobile platforms. Quantitative structural modelling (QSM) has been pivotal in advancing this field, enhancing branch characterisation capabilities across diverse fields. The past five years have seen increased uptake of 2D and 3D deep learning techniques as alternatives.
Summary
This article presents a comprehensive synthesis of approximately 25 years of research in the field of digital branch characterisation, reviewing the data capture technologies and analytical methods, along with the forest types and tree species to which these technologies have been applied. It explores the current trends in this dynamic field of research, research gaps and some of the key challenges that remain within this field. In this review, we placed particular emphasis on the potential resolution of the significant challenge associated with occlusion through the utilisation of mobile technologies, such as mobile laser scanners and unmanned aerial vehicles. We highlight the need for a more cohesive method for assessing point cloud quality and derived structural model accuracy, and benchmarking data sets that can be used to test new and existing algorithms.
{"title":"Tree Branch Characterisation from Point Clouds: a Comprehensive Review","authors":"Robin J. L. Hartley, Sadeepa Jayathunga, Justin Morgenroth, Grant D. Pearse","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00225-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00225-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Since the late 1990s, researchers have been increasingly utilising digital methodologies to assess the branch structure of trees. The emergence of commercial terrestrial laser scanners during this period catalysed an entirely new domain focused on point cloud-based research. Over the years, this field has transformed from a complex computational discipline into a practical tool that effectively supports research endeavours. Through the combined use of non-destructive remote sensing techniques and advanced analytical methods, branch characterisation can now be carried out at an unprecedented level.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>While terrestrial laser scanning has traditionally been the dominant methodology for this research domain, the increased use of mobile laser scanners and unmanned aerial vehicles indicates a transition towards more mobile platforms. Quantitative structural modelling (QSM) has been pivotal in advancing this field, enhancing branch characterisation capabilities across diverse fields. The past five years have seen increased uptake of 2D and 3D deep learning techniques as alternatives.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This article presents a comprehensive synthesis of approximately 25 years of research in the field of digital branch characterisation, reviewing the data capture technologies and analytical methods, along with the forest types and tree species to which these technologies have been applied. It explores the current trends in this dynamic field of research, research gaps and some of the key challenges that remain within this field. In this review, we placed particular emphasis on the potential resolution of the significant challenge associated with occlusion through the utilisation of mobile technologies, such as mobile laser scanners and unmanned aerial vehicles. We highlight the need for a more cohesive method for assessing point cloud quality and derived structural model accuracy, and benchmarking data sets that can be used to test new and existing algorithms.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141754772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-09DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00224-6
Michael D. Ulyshen, Kimberly M. Ballare, Christopher J. Fettig, James W. Rivers, Justin B. Runyon
Purpose of Review
Forests play an essential role in conserving pollinating insects and supporting pollination services in mixed-use landscapes and are particularly important to species that require resources restricted to forests. However, some forests provide higher quality habitat for these organisms than others. The primary objectives of this article are to 1) review how pollinator communities are influenced by changes in forest structure, composition, and age, 2) explore how these patterns differ between conifer and broadleaf forests, and 3) provide recommendations for managers interested in optimizing forest conditions for pollinating insects.
Recent Findings
Although biodiversity generally increases as forests mature and become more structurally and compositionally complex, patterns exhibited by pollinating insects vary depending on forest type and prevailing disturbance regimes. For example, conifer forests can either sustain pollinator diversity comparable to open habitats or experience reduced pollinator diversity depending on the openness of the canopy. In broadleaf forests, pollinator diversity often increases with age (following the stem exclusion stage) and increasing tree diversity, and diversity in these areas can exceed what is observed in open habitats even under closed-canopy conditions. Such patterns likely reflect the importance of flowering broadleaf trees to pollinators, including many forest-dependent species, and suggest that optimal management practices for conserving pollinators differ between conifer and broadleaf forests.
Summary
We conclude that: 1) the quality of forests to pollinating insects is a function of forest structure and composition as mediated by forest age and disturbance history and 2) best management practices need to be developed separately for conserving pollinators in conifer and broadleaf forests. Research aimed at better understanding the value of different broadleaf tree taxa to pollinators, especially forest-dependent species, is needed.
{"title":"The Value of Forests to Pollinating Insects Varies with Forest Structure, Composition, and Age","authors":"Michael D. Ulyshen, Kimberly M. Ballare, Christopher J. Fettig, James W. Rivers, Justin B. Runyon","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00224-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00224-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Forests play an essential role in conserving pollinating insects and supporting pollination services in mixed-use landscapes and are particularly important to species that require resources restricted to forests. However, some forests provide higher quality habitat for these organisms than others. The primary objectives of this article are to 1) review how pollinator communities are influenced by changes in forest structure, composition, and age, 2) explore how these patterns differ between conifer and broadleaf forests, and 3) provide recommendations for managers interested in optimizing forest conditions for pollinating insects.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Although biodiversity generally increases as forests mature and become more structurally and compositionally complex, patterns exhibited by pollinating insects vary depending on forest type and prevailing disturbance regimes. For example, conifer forests can either sustain pollinator diversity comparable to open habitats or experience reduced pollinator diversity depending on the openness of the canopy. In broadleaf forests, pollinator diversity often increases with age (following the stem exclusion stage) and increasing tree diversity, and diversity in these areas can exceed what is observed in open habitats even under closed-canopy conditions. Such patterns likely reflect the importance of flowering broadleaf trees to pollinators, including many forest-dependent species, and suggest that optimal management practices for conserving pollinators differ between conifer and broadleaf forests.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We conclude that: 1) the quality of forests to pollinating insects is a function of forest structure and composition as mediated by forest age and disturbance history and 2) best management practices need to be developed separately for conserving pollinators in conifer and broadleaf forests. Research aimed at better understanding the value of different broadleaf tree taxa to pollinators, especially forest-dependent species, is needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141574243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00223-7
Mattia Balestra, Suzanne Marselis, Temuulen Tsagaan Sankey, Carlos Cabo, Xinlian Liang, Martin Mokroš, Xi Peng, Arunima Singh, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Cedric Vega, Gregoire Vincent, Markus Hollaus
Purpose of the Review
Many LiDAR remote sensing studies over the past decade promised data fusion as a potential avenue to increase accuracy, spatial-temporal resolution, and information extraction in the final data products. Here, we performed a structured literature review to analyze relevant studies on these topics published in the last decade and the main motivations and applications for fusion, and the methods used. We discuss the findings with a panel of experts and report important lessons, main challenges, and future directions.
Recent Findings
LiDAR fusion with other datasets, including multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar, is found to be useful for a variety of applications in the literature, both at individual tree level and at area level, for tree/crown segmentation, aboveground biomass assessments, canopy height, tree species identification, structural parameters, and fuel load assessments etc. In most cases, gains are achieved in improving the accuracy (e.g. better tree species classifications), and spatial-temporal resolution (e.g. for canopy height). However, questions remain regarding whether the marginal improvements reported in a range of studies are worth the extra investment, specifically from an operational point of view. We also provide a clear definition of “data fusion” to inform the scientific community on data fusion, combination, and integration.
Summary
This review provides a positive outlook for LiDAR fusion applications in the decade to come, while raising questions about the trade-off between benefits versus the time and effort needed for collecting and combining multiple datasets.
{"title":"LiDAR Data Fusion to Improve Forest Attribute Estimates: A Review","authors":"Mattia Balestra, Suzanne Marselis, Temuulen Tsagaan Sankey, Carlos Cabo, Xinlian Liang, Martin Mokroš, Xi Peng, Arunima Singh, Krzysztof Stereńczak, Cedric Vega, Gregoire Vincent, Markus Hollaus","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00223-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00223-7","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of the Review</h3><p>Many LiDAR remote sensing studies over the past decade promised data fusion as a potential avenue to increase accuracy, spatial-temporal resolution, and information extraction in the final data products. Here, we performed a structured literature review to analyze relevant studies on these topics published in the last decade and the main motivations and applications for fusion, and the methods used. We discuss the findings with a panel of experts and report important lessons, main challenges, and future directions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>LiDAR fusion with other datasets, including multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar, is found to be useful for a variety of applications in the literature, both at individual tree level and at area level, for tree/crown segmentation, aboveground biomass assessments, canopy height, tree species identification, structural parameters, and fuel load assessments etc. In most cases, gains are achieved in improving the accuracy (e.g. better tree species classifications), and spatial-temporal resolution (e.g. for canopy height). However, questions remain regarding whether the marginal improvements reported in a range of studies are worth the extra investment, specifically from an operational point of view. We also provide a clear definition of “data fusion” to inform the scientific community on data fusion, combination, and integration.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review provides a positive outlook for LiDAR fusion applications in the decade to come, while raising questions about the trade-off between benefits versus the time and effort needed for collecting and combining multiple datasets.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141436124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-08DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00222-8
Emin Zeki Baskent, José Guilherme Borges, Jan Kašpar
Purpose of Review
The spatial forest planning concept has evolved as an essential component of the forest management planning process. The development of both exact and heuristic modeling techniques as analytical solution techniques have seen significant progress in application to spatial forest planning over the last two decades. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review of the current state of spatial forest planning in both scope and depth, focusing on different approaches and techniques used, the challenges faced, and the potential future developments. For that purpose, we conduct a world-wide literature review and an extensive analysis of the status and trends over the past two decades in spatial forest planning.
Recent Findings
The literature review indicates that recent advancements have led to the development of new algorithms/formulations for addressing spatial constraints in forest planning with exact solution techniques. Nevertheless, it highlights further that heuristic techniques are still widely used, especially in large real-world problems that encompass multiple ecosystem services and constraints. Besides the provisioning services, there has been a noticeable increase in the proportion of regulating, supporting and cultural services addressed in objective functions of forest management planning models. Adjacency/green-up relationships, opening size, core area, wildlife habitat and the spatial arrangement of fuel treatments have been considered as indicators to address the provision of these services and spatial forest problem.
Summary
We pinpoint persistent challenges to using exact modeling techniques to address large real problems with multiple ecosystems services. We highlight further that determining the optimal combination and values of heuristic parameters and assessing the quality of heuristic solutions remains a central challenge. Finally, we highlight the potential of artificial intelligence to overcome computational obstacles to the application of both exact and heuristic techniques to spatially explicit forest management planning.
{"title":"An Updated Review of Spatial Forest Planning: Approaches, Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions","authors":"Emin Zeki Baskent, José Guilherme Borges, Jan Kašpar","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00222-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00222-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The spatial forest planning concept has evolved as an essential component of the forest management planning process. The development of both exact and heuristic modeling techniques as analytical solution techniques have seen significant progress in application to spatial forest planning over the last two decades. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review of the current state of spatial forest planning in both scope and depth, focusing on different approaches and techniques used, the challenges faced, and the potential future developments. For that purpose, we conduct a world-wide literature review and an extensive analysis of the status and trends over the past two decades in spatial forest planning.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The literature review indicates that recent advancements have led to the development of new algorithms/formulations for addressing spatial constraints in forest planning with exact solution techniques. Nevertheless, it highlights further that heuristic techniques are still widely used, especially in large real-world problems that encompass multiple ecosystem services and constraints. Besides the provisioning services, there has been a noticeable increase in the proportion of regulating, supporting and cultural services addressed in objective functions of forest management planning models. Adjacency/green-up relationships, opening size, core area, wildlife habitat and the spatial arrangement of fuel treatments have been considered as indicators to address the provision of these services and spatial forest problem.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We pinpoint persistent challenges to using exact modeling techniques to address large real problems with multiple ecosystems services. We highlight further that determining the optimal combination and values of heuristic parameters and assessing the quality of heuristic solutions remains a central challenge. Finally, we highlight the potential of artificial intelligence to overcome computational obstacles to the application of both exact and heuristic techniques to spatially explicit forest management planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141292724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-29DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00220-w
Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello
Purpose of Review
Forest tree diseases are a major contributor to forest degradation and loss of productivity. They are often quite complex in their causation (etiology), especially in the case of forest syndromes, i.e. diseases with multiple causes and concurrent symptoms. Traditionally, to prove pathogenicity of a microbial agent, and thus correctly diagnose the etiology of a disease, plant pathologists must satisfy all of the so-called Koch’s postulates, as mandated by their deontological code. This review examines whether this approach is still current.
Recent Findings
Koch’s postulates state that a pathogen is a microorganism that, after being isolated in pure culture, can reproduce the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy plant. Over the decades, plant pathologists as well as medical scientists have discovered that these postulates are not always applicable in their entirety and that, furthermore, novel approaches based on molecular biology can be very helpful in uncovering relationships between microbes and diseases that are not easily proven using Koch’s postulates.
Summary
I conclude that Koch’s postulates are not a viable approach for many forest tree diseases and propose a set of new guidelines, based on the preponderance of the evidence principle, to integrate this proven approach and bring it into the twenty-first century.
{"title":"Complex Forest Tree Diseases – Diagnostics Beyond Koch’s Postulates","authors":"Pierluigi (Enrico) Bonello","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00220-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00220-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Forest tree diseases are a major contributor to forest degradation and loss of productivity. They are often quite complex in their causation (etiology), especially in the case of forest syndromes, i.e. diseases with multiple causes and concurrent symptoms. Traditionally, to prove pathogenicity of a microbial agent, and thus correctly diagnose the etiology of a disease, plant pathologists must satisfy all of the so-called Koch’s postulates, as mandated by their deontological code. This review examines whether this approach is still current.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Koch’s postulates state that a pathogen is a microorganism that, after being isolated in pure culture, can reproduce the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy plant. Over the decades, plant pathologists as well as medical scientists have discovered that these postulates are not always applicable in their entirety and that, furthermore, novel approaches based on molecular biology can be very helpful in uncovering relationships between microbes and diseases that are not easily proven using Koch’s postulates.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>I conclude that Koch’s postulates are not a viable approach for many forest tree diseases and propose a set of new guidelines, based on the <i>preponderance of the evidence</i> principle, to integrate this proven approach and bring it into the twenty-first century.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141177743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号