Pub Date : 2025-01-07DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00241-5
Miguel G. Cruz, Chad M. Hoffman, Paulo M. Fernandes
Purpose of Review
The behaviour of wildland fires, namely their free spreading nature, destructive energy fluxes and hazardous environment, make it a phenomenon difficult to study. Field experimental studies and occasional wildfire observations underpin our understanding of fire behaviour. We aim to present a global synthesis of field-based studies in forest and shrublands fuel types published since 2003 with a focus on the most commonly measured fire behaviour attributes, namely rate of fire spread, ignition and spread sustainability, flame characteristics, fuel consumption and spotting behaviour.
Recent Findings
We present a synthesis of measured fire behaviour data collected in field experiments and wildfire environments encompassing the last two decades. We discuss the effect of a lack of standardised experimental methodologies in field studies, which has inhibited our quantitative understanding of the physical drivers of fire behaviour. The application of new fire environment and behaviour measuring sensors and methods offer opportunities for more comprehensive descriptions of fire spread characteristics, particularly when applied to wildfire events, to better capture scale dependent phenomena that do not occur at smaller experimental scales.
Summary
Fire behaviour data collected in field experiments and wildfires form the foundation of our quantitative understanding of fire dynamics. These data are used in the development and evaluation of predictive models with operational and scientific applications. We provide a broad synthesis of existing field-based studies in forest and shrubland ecosystems and discuss their limitations and needs for future research.
{"title":"Global Synthesis of Quantification of Fire Behaviour Characteristics in Forests and Shrublands: Recent Progress","authors":"Miguel G. Cruz, Chad M. Hoffman, Paulo M. Fernandes","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00241-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00241-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The behaviour of wildland fires, namely their free spreading nature, destructive energy fluxes and hazardous environment, make it a phenomenon difficult to study. Field experimental studies and occasional wildfire observations underpin our understanding of fire behaviour. We aim to present a global synthesis of field-based studies in forest and shrublands fuel types published since 2003 with a focus on the most commonly measured fire behaviour attributes, namely rate of fire spread, ignition and spread sustainability, flame characteristics, fuel consumption and spotting behaviour.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>We present a synthesis of measured fire behaviour data collected in field experiments and wildfire environments encompassing the last two decades. We discuss the effect of a lack of standardised experimental methodologies in field studies, which has inhibited our quantitative understanding of the physical drivers of fire behaviour. The application of new fire environment and behaviour measuring sensors and methods offer opportunities for more comprehensive descriptions of fire spread characteristics, particularly when applied to wildfire events, to better capture scale dependent phenomena that do not occur at smaller experimental scales.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Fire behaviour data collected in field experiments and wildfires form the foundation of our quantitative understanding of fire dynamics. These data are used in the development and evaluation of predictive models with operational and scientific applications. We provide a broad synthesis of existing field-based studies in forest and shrubland ecosystems and discuss their limitations and needs for future research.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-02DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00238-0
Vikash Ghildiyal, Clemens M. Altaner, Bill Heffernan, Michael C. Jarvis
Purpose of review
This review covers electrical phenomena originating from the physical properties of wood, relevant to tree biology and timber industry applications. Membrane-associated cellular phenomena like action potentials are excluded. Trees exhibit diverse bioelectric processes of physical origin. The electrical properties of wood hold promise for advancing timber processing, and developing smart materials, while enhancing our understanding of tree-environment interactions.
Recent findings
Streaming and piezoelectric potentials have long histories but are now reinterpreted based on our better understanding of plants. Streaming potentials from sap flow, discounted in the 2000s, have been reinstated through recent publications addressing past inconsistencies with current data on xylem structure. Electro-osmotic flow is gaining new applications in timber drying. Wood, previously considered weakly piezoelectric, shows much stronger activity after fungal degradation, spurring interest in practical applications and the underlying mechanism – now better understood through new findings on the structure, deposition and deformation of wood cellulose. Internal variation in the electric (conductive and dielectric) properties of green logs facilitates innovative timber quality mapping methods. Emerging research on perturbation of the atmospheric and soil electric fields by trees offers insights into inter-organism interactions.
Summary
This review encompasses electrical measurement methods; electrokinetic phenomena, including streaming potentials and electro-osmotic timber drying; electric heating; mapping and technologies based on dielectric properties; wood-based electronics; electromechanical phenomena, including the piezoelectric effect and triboelectrification; atmospheric electricity around trees; and electrotaxis. Future research should explore electro-osmosis in wood and its applications. Electric potentials in green wood and living trees, generated through ion-transport mechanisms, need further exploration to elucidate charge separation processes.
{"title":"Electrical Phenomena in Trees and Wood: A Review","authors":"Vikash Ghildiyal, Clemens M. Altaner, Bill Heffernan, Michael C. Jarvis","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00238-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00238-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of review</h3><p>This review covers electrical phenomena originating from the physical properties of wood, relevant to tree biology and timber industry applications. Membrane-associated cellular phenomena like action potentials are excluded. Trees exhibit diverse bioelectric processes of physical origin. The electrical properties of wood hold promise for advancing timber processing, and developing smart materials, while enhancing our understanding of tree-environment interactions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent findings</h3><p>Streaming and piezoelectric potentials have long histories but are now reinterpreted based on our better understanding of plants. Streaming potentials from sap flow, discounted in the 2000s, have been reinstated through recent publications addressing past inconsistencies with current data on xylem structure. Electro-osmotic flow is gaining new applications in timber drying. Wood, previously considered weakly piezoelectric, shows much stronger activity after fungal degradation, spurring interest in practical applications and the underlying mechanism – now better understood through new findings on the structure, deposition and deformation of wood cellulose. Internal variation in the electric (conductive and dielectric) properties of green logs facilitates innovative timber quality mapping methods. Emerging research on perturbation of the atmospheric and soil electric fields by trees offers insights into inter-organism interactions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review encompasses electrical measurement methods; electrokinetic phenomena, including streaming potentials and electro-osmotic timber drying; electric heating; mapping and technologies based on dielectric properties; wood-based electronics; electromechanical phenomena, including the piezoelectric effect and triboelectrification; atmospheric electricity around trees; and electrotaxis. Future research should explore electro-osmosis in wood and its applications. Electric potentials in green wood and living trees, generated through ion-transport mechanisms, need further exploration to elucidate charge separation processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142917149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-30DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00239-z
Benjamin M. L. Leroy
Purpose of Review
The perception of forests has evolved from mere timber sources to multifunctional ecosystems that support biodiversity and provide essential ecosystem services. Nevertheless, insecticides remain crucial in many forestry systems facing intensifying insect outbreaks and invasions. This review examines recent literature on insecticide use in forestry worldwide, aiming to identify major use patterns, environmental impacts, and emerging alternatives to foster sustainable pest management.
Recent Findings
The need for alternatives to chemical control is globally recognized, driven by environmental impacts and increasingly strict regulatory frameworks. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing suggest that insecticides can have complex, indirect effects on animal community structures, underscoring the importance of in situ community-wide assessments. Bioinsecticides have been extensively tested, but their effectiveness is strongly dependent on environmental conditions. Advances in functional genomics, nanomaterials, and application technologies suggest that direct control tactics compatible with conservation goals may become achievable.
Summary
Four major use patterns were identified: (1) aerial applications against defoliators; (2) tree-level prophylactic applications against endophagous insects; (3) toxic baits against eusocial pests; and (4) seedling protection in nurseries and reforestation sites. Although insecticide use is influenced by management intensity, integrated pest management (IPM) is widely implemented across forestry systems. Insecticides are generally used sparingly but still play a critical role as last-resort suppression tactics against severe outbreaks. This complicates the search for alternatives, as reduced-risk compounds often lack the efficacy needed for this niche. The scope of ecological impact assessments vary, focusing on natural enemies in intensive systems, and increasingly including wider communities in multifunctional forests. There is a pressing need for protocols that assess both economic and ecological trade-offs at the community level to integrate future technologies, such as molecular control and nanoinsecticides, into IPM strategies.
{"title":"Global Insights on Insecticide Use in Forest Systems: Current Use, Impacts and Perspectives in a Changing World","authors":"Benjamin M. L. Leroy","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00239-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00239-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The perception of forests has evolved from mere timber sources to multifunctional ecosystems that support biodiversity and provide essential ecosystem services. Nevertheless, insecticides remain crucial in many forestry systems facing intensifying insect outbreaks and invasions. This review examines recent literature on insecticide use in forestry worldwide, aiming to identify major use patterns, environmental impacts, and emerging alternatives to foster sustainable pest management.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The need for alternatives to chemical control is globally recognized, driven by environmental impacts and increasingly strict regulatory frameworks. Recent studies using next-generation sequencing suggest that insecticides can have complex, indirect effects on animal community structures, underscoring the importance of in situ community-wide assessments. Bioinsecticides have been extensively tested, but their effectiveness is strongly dependent on environmental conditions. Advances in functional genomics, nanomaterials, and application technologies suggest that direct control tactics compatible with conservation goals may become achievable.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Four major use patterns were identified: (1) aerial applications against defoliators; (2) tree-level prophylactic applications against endophagous insects; (3) toxic baits against eusocial pests; and (4) seedling protection in nurseries and reforestation sites. Although insecticide use is influenced by management intensity, integrated pest management (IPM) is widely implemented across forestry systems. Insecticides are generally used sparingly but still play a critical role as <i>last-resort</i> suppression tactics against severe outbreaks. This complicates the search for alternatives, as reduced-risk compounds often lack the efficacy needed for this niche. The scope of ecological impact assessments vary, focusing on natural enemies in intensive systems, and increasingly including wider communities in multifunctional forests. There is a pressing need for protocols that assess both economic and ecological trade-offs at the community level to integrate future technologies, such as molecular control and nanoinsecticides, into IPM strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142901759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-27DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00234-4
Maksymilian Kulicki, Carlos Cabo, Tomasz Trzciński, Janusz Będkowski, Krzysztof Stereńczak
Purpose of Review
This paper provides an overview of integrating artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL), with ground-based LiDAR point clouds for forest monitoring. It identifies trends, highlights advancements, and discusses future directions for AI-supported forest monitoring.
Recent Findings
Recent studies indicate that DL models significantly outperform traditional machine learning methods in forest inventory tasks using terrestrial LiDAR data. Key advancements have been made in areas such as semantic segmentation, which involves labeling points corresponding to different vegetation structures (e.g., leaves, branches, stems), individual tree segmentation, and species classification. Main challenges include a lack of standardized evaluation metrics, limited code and data sharing, and reproducibility issues. A critical issue is the need for extensive reference data, which hinders the development and evaluation of robust AI models. Solutions such as the creation of large-scale benchmark datasets and the use of synthetic data generation are proposed to address these challenges. Promising AI paradigms like Graph Neural Networks, semi-supervised learning, self-supervised learning, and generative modeling have shown potential but are not yet fully explored in forestry applications.
Summary
The review underscores the transformative role of AI, particularly DL, in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of forest monitoring using ground-based 3D point clouds. To advance the field, there is a critical need for comprehensive benchmark datasets, open-access policies for data and code, and the exploration of novel DL architectures and learning paradigms. These steps are essential for improving research reproducibility, facilitating comparative studies, and unlocking new insights into forest management and conservation.
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Terrestrial Point Clouds for Forest Monitoring","authors":"Maksymilian Kulicki, Carlos Cabo, Tomasz Trzciński, Janusz Będkowski, Krzysztof Stereńczak","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00234-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00234-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>This paper provides an overview of integrating artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning (DL), with ground-based LiDAR point clouds for forest monitoring. It identifies trends, highlights advancements, and discusses future directions for AI-supported forest monitoring.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Recent studies indicate that DL models significantly outperform traditional machine learning methods in forest inventory tasks using terrestrial LiDAR data. Key advancements have been made in areas such as semantic segmentation, which involves labeling points corresponding to different vegetation structures (e.g., leaves, branches, stems), individual tree segmentation, and species classification. Main challenges include a lack of standardized evaluation metrics, limited code and data sharing, and reproducibility issues. A critical issue is the need for extensive reference data, which hinders the development and evaluation of robust AI models. Solutions such as the creation of large-scale benchmark datasets and the use of synthetic data generation are proposed to address these challenges. Promising AI paradigms like Graph Neural Networks, semi-supervised learning, self-supervised learning, and generative modeling have shown potential but are not yet fully explored in forestry applications.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The review underscores the transformative role of AI, particularly DL, in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of forest monitoring using ground-based 3D point clouds. To advance the field, there is a critical need for comprehensive benchmark datasets, open-access policies for data and code, and the exploration of novel DL architectures and learning paradigms. These steps are essential for improving research reproducibility, facilitating comparative studies, and unlocking new insights into forest management and conservation.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"154 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142888138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00235-3
Maitane Erdozain, Iciar Alberdi, Réka Aszalós, Kurt Bollmann, Vassilis Detsis, Jurij Diaci, Martina Đodan, Georgios Efthimiou, László Gálhidy, Marie Haase, Johanna Hoffmann, Delphine Jaymond, Elisabeth Johann, Henrik Jørgensen, Frank Krumm, Timo Kuuluvainen, Thibault Lachat, Katharina Lapin, Marcus Lindner, Palle Madsen, Liviu Nichiforel, Maciej Pach, Yoan Paillet, Ciprian Palaghianu, Jordi Palau, Jesús Pemán, Sanja Perić, Susanne Raum, Silvio Schueler, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Johan Svensson, Sander Teeuwen, Giorgio Vacchiano, Kris Vandekerkhove, Isabel Cañellas, María Menéndez-Miguélez, Leland Leland K. Werden, Aitor Àvila, Sergio de-Miguel
Purpose of review
We are amid a historical momentum encouraging forest restoration, yet the translation of ambitious targets into reality is hindered by poor documentation and understanding of the success and failure of past restoration efforts. This review aims to evaluate the ecological, social, political and economic characteristics of forest restoration across Europe, their development over time and key lessons learned to guide future restoration initiatives. The analysis is based on the synthesis of expert assessments from 18 European countries.
Recent findings
Early restoration initiatives in central and southern Europe were largely reactive to natural disasters or timber shortages, and while effective in erosion control and timber production, their ecological benefits were often limited due to monoculture plantations and short-rotation systems. Geopolitical crises intensified timber production, with nationalized and centrally managed forests in several countries, but often at the cost of biodiversity. Since the 1990s, a shift toward multifunctionality has emerged driven by the convergence of environmental, social, political and economic events.
Summary
Forest restoration in Europe has transitioned from disaster reduction and production-driven efforts to a more multifunctional approach that promotes biodiversity. Changes have been driven by a combination of environmental (e.g., catastrophic consequences following natural disasters), political (e.g., wars, forest nationalization and management centralization), legal (e.g., strict and ambitious national and international policies), social (e.g., rural abandonment and changes in societal values) and economic (e.g., new funding mechanisms or market fluctuations) events. Despite the development, conflicting goals, insufficient funding, climate change and short-term thinking persist as key barriers.
{"title":"The Evolution of Forest Restoration in Europe: A Synthesis for a Step Forward Based on National Expert Knowledge","authors":"Maitane Erdozain, Iciar Alberdi, Réka Aszalós, Kurt Bollmann, Vassilis Detsis, Jurij Diaci, Martina Đodan, Georgios Efthimiou, László Gálhidy, Marie Haase, Johanna Hoffmann, Delphine Jaymond, Elisabeth Johann, Henrik Jørgensen, Frank Krumm, Timo Kuuluvainen, Thibault Lachat, Katharina Lapin, Marcus Lindner, Palle Madsen, Liviu Nichiforel, Maciej Pach, Yoan Paillet, Ciprian Palaghianu, Jordi Palau, Jesús Pemán, Sanja Perić, Susanne Raum, Silvio Schueler, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Johan Svensson, Sander Teeuwen, Giorgio Vacchiano, Kris Vandekerkhove, Isabel Cañellas, María Menéndez-Miguélez, Leland Leland K. Werden, Aitor Àvila, Sergio de-Miguel","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00235-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00235-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of review</h3><p>We are amid a historical momentum encouraging forest restoration, yet the translation of ambitious targets into reality is hindered by poor documentation and understanding of the success and failure of past restoration efforts. This review aims to evaluate the ecological, social, political and economic characteristics of forest restoration across Europe, their development over time and key lessons learned to guide future restoration initiatives. The analysis is based on the synthesis of expert assessments from 18 European countries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent findings</h3><p>Early restoration initiatives in central and southern Europe were largely reactive to natural disasters or timber shortages, and while effective in erosion control and timber production, their ecological benefits were often limited due to monoculture plantations and short-rotation systems. Geopolitical crises intensified timber production, with nationalized and centrally managed forests in several countries, but often at the cost of biodiversity. Since the 1990s, a shift toward multifunctionality has emerged driven by the convergence of environmental, social, political and economic events.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Forest restoration in Europe has transitioned from disaster reduction and production-driven efforts to a more multifunctional approach that promotes biodiversity. Changes have been driven by a combination of environmental (e.g., catastrophic consequences following natural disasters), political (e.g., wars, forest nationalization and management centralization), legal (e.g., strict and ambitious national and international policies), social (e.g., rural abandonment and changes in societal values) and economic (e.g., new funding mechanisms or market fluctuations) events. Despite the development, conflicting goals, insufficient funding, climate change and short-term thinking persist as key barriers.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00240-6
Daisy Cárate Tandalla, Jürgen Homeier, Péter Batáry
Purpose of the Review
The escalating impacts of human activities and climate change, particularly increased nutrient leaching and deposition, could significantly alter the productivity, structure, and function of tropical vegetation. To better understand how nutrient deposition affects regeneration in tropical ecosystems, we synthesised studies that added N, P, NP, or NPK to the seedlings of tropical tree and shrub species.
Recent Findings
In the tropics, nutrient limitation leads to multiple resource constraints. Our systematic review and hierarchical meta-analyses aimed to: (1) test the effect of nutrient addition on the growth rate and biomass allocation of seedlings of tropical species; (2) examine seedling responses across climate-defined groups; (3) quantify the effects of experimental methods and wood density on species’ responses to experimental fertilisation.
Summary
Overall, nutrient addition increased seedling shoot biomass by 26% and growth rates by 14%. Pot and transplantation experiments demonstrated stronger positive effects than in-situ observational studies. Nutrient combinations yielded the highest growth rates (NPK: 27%, and NP: 18%), and N was critical for shoot biomass (N: 38%, and NP: 48%). The responses of shoot biomass indicated co-limitation of N and P, but also high variability in seedling responses to individual nutrients. Temperature and precipitation had indirect regulating effects, while seasonality showed the strongest impact in seasonally dry sites (38% growth rate and 70% shoot biomass). Species showed individual responses to nutrients, influenced by biotic and abiotic interactions. Finally, we suggest tracking additional parameters, like forest successional status, that may intensify nutrient deposition effects on tropical soils due to climate change.
{"title":"Responses of Tropical Tree Seedlings to Nutrient Addition: A Meta-analysis to understand future changes in Tropical Forest Dynamics","authors":"Daisy Cárate Tandalla, Jürgen Homeier, Péter Batáry","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00240-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00240-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of the Review</h3><p>The escalating impacts of human activities and climate change, particularly increased nutrient leaching and deposition, could significantly alter the productivity, structure, and function of tropical vegetation. To better understand how nutrient deposition affects regeneration in tropical ecosystems, we synthesised studies that added N, P, NP, or NPK to the seedlings of tropical tree and shrub species.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>In the tropics, nutrient limitation leads to multiple resource constraints. Our systematic review and hierarchical meta-analyses aimed to: (1) test the effect of nutrient addition on the growth rate and biomass allocation of seedlings of tropical species; (2) examine seedling responses across climate-defined groups; (3) quantify the effects of experimental methods and wood density on species’ responses to experimental fertilisation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Overall, nutrient addition increased seedling shoot biomass by 26% and growth rates by 14%. Pot and transplantation experiments demonstrated stronger positive effects than <i>in-situ</i> observational studies. Nutrient combinations yielded the highest growth rates (NPK: 27%, and NP: 18%), and N was critical for shoot biomass (N: 38%, and NP: 48%). The responses of shoot biomass indicated co-limitation of N and P, but also high variability in seedling responses to individual nutrients. Temperature and precipitation had indirect regulating effects, while seasonality showed the strongest impact in seasonally dry sites (38% growth rate and 70% shoot biomass). Species showed individual responses to nutrients, influenced by biotic and abiotic interactions. Finally, we suggest tracking additional parameters, like forest successional status, that may intensify nutrient deposition effects on tropical soils due to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142849187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00236-2
Michael J. Wingfield, Bernard Slippers, Irene Barnes, Tuan A. Duong, Brenda D. Wingfield
Purpose of Review
This review offers a thorough examination of the pine pathogen Diplodia sapinea, tracing its historical significance from its initial impact on South African non-native Pinus plantations to its recent emergence as a major threat to forests, particularly in Europe. It also highlights recent findings regarding its taxonomic position, genetic studies, and shifts from being perceived as a wound-infecting pathogen to an endophyte in healthy Pinus species that causes disease after stress.
Recent Findings
Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the damage caused by D. sapinea in natural and planted forests. This escalation is apparently strongly linked to climate change. The pathogen’s previously confused taxonomic position has been clearly resolved in the Botryosphaeriaceae, alongside several sibling species. Diplodia sapinea is now well-understood as an endophyte in healthy trees, which has significant implications for studies aimed at understanding its biology. Importantly, robust techniques including those utilizing genome sequences, are now available for rapid identification and population genetic studies of the pathogen and the factors that drive disease outbreaks.
Summary
Over the past century, D. sapinea has transitioned from a localized problem in South African non-native plantations to a global threat to both natural and planted forests, particularly in Europe. This review underscores the importance of historical context in understanding the evolution of the pathogen’s impact. It also lays the foundation for future research endeavours, leveraging modern technologies to address key questions surrounding its biology and ecology.
{"title":"The Pine Pathogen Diplodia sapinea: Expanding Frontiers","authors":"Michael J. Wingfield, Bernard Slippers, Irene Barnes, Tuan A. Duong, Brenda D. Wingfield","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00236-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00236-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>This review offers a thorough examination of the pine pathogen <i>Diplodia sapinea</i>, tracing its historical significance from its initial impact on South African non-native <i>Pinus</i> plantations to its recent emergence as a major threat to forests, particularly in Europe. It also highlights recent findings regarding its taxonomic position, genetic studies, and shifts from being perceived as a wound-infecting pathogen to an endophyte in healthy <i>Pinus</i> species that causes disease after stress.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the damage caused by <i>D. sapinea</i> in natural and planted forests. This escalation is apparently strongly linked to climate change. The pathogen’s previously confused taxonomic position has been clearly resolved in the <i>Botryosphaeriaceae</i>, alongside several sibling species. <i>Diplodia sapinea</i> is now well-understood as an endophyte in healthy trees, which has significant implications for studies aimed at understanding its biology. Importantly, robust techniques including those utilizing genome sequences, are now available for rapid identification and population genetic studies of the pathogen and the factors that drive disease outbreaks.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Over the past century, <i>D. sapinea</i> has transitioned from a localized problem in South African non-native plantations to a global threat to both natural and planted forests, particularly in Europe. This review underscores the importance of historical context in understanding the evolution of the pathogen’s impact. It also lays the foundation for future research endeavours, leveraging modern technologies to address key questions surrounding its biology and ecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142793437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-22DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00233-5
Matteo Campioli, Lorène J. Marchand, Cedric Zahnd, Paolo Zuccarini, M. Luke McCormack, Dries Landuyt, Eline Lorer, Nicolas Delpierre, Jožica Gričar, Yann Vitasse
Purpose of Review
To synthesize new information regarding the environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on leaf-, wood-, phloem- and root phenology of deciduous forests of the temperate (and boreal) zone, comprising overstory and understory, and both woody and herbaceous species.
Recent Findings
The environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on spring leaf phenology are relatively well understood, with ongoing efforts focusing on the spatial and temporal variability in both overstory and understory. Autumn leaf phenology and cambial phenology have received increasing attention in recent years. The drivers of senescence progression are well understood (current temperature), while the drivers of the onset of senescence are still uncertain but likely relate to spring temperature, water availability and light conditions. Studies on cambial phenology of angiosperm trees have focused on the variability across populations and years, while studies on phloem remain scarce and synthesis studies are unavailable. For fine root phenology, asynchronicity with leaf phenology and high variability among species have been demonstrated, but large uncertainty remains regarding the drivers of the onset and cessation of their growth. Studies on woody and herbaceous understory highlight the importance of microclimate differences within the stand.
Summary
Future phenology research should focus on (i) onset of leaf senescence, (ii) fine roots, (iii) the relationships between overstory and understory species not only regarding leaves, but also wood and fine roots, (iv) variability across multiples scales (e.g. individuals, stands), and (v) interannual legacy effects and connections among phenophases of different organs and forest compartments.
{"title":"Environmental Sensitivity and Impact of Climate Change on leaf-, wood- and root Phenology for the Overstory and Understory of Temperate Deciduous Forests","authors":"Matteo Campioli, Lorène J. Marchand, Cedric Zahnd, Paolo Zuccarini, M. Luke McCormack, Dries Landuyt, Eline Lorer, Nicolas Delpierre, Jožica Gričar, Yann Vitasse","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00233-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00233-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>To synthesize new information regarding the environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on leaf-, wood-, phloem- and root phenology of deciduous forests of the temperate (and boreal) zone, comprising overstory and understory, and both woody and herbaceous species.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The environmental sensitivity and impact of climate change on spring leaf phenology are relatively well understood, with ongoing efforts focusing on the spatial and temporal variability in both overstory and understory. Autumn leaf phenology and cambial phenology have received increasing attention in recent years. The drivers of senescence progression are well understood (current temperature), while the drivers of the onset of senescence are still uncertain but likely relate to spring temperature, water availability and light conditions. Studies on cambial phenology of angiosperm trees have focused on the variability across populations and years, while studies on phloem remain scarce and synthesis studies are unavailable. For fine root phenology, asynchronicity with leaf phenology and high variability among species have been demonstrated, but large uncertainty remains regarding the drivers of the onset and cessation of their growth. Studies on woody and herbaceous understory highlight the importance of microclimate differences within the stand.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Future phenology research should focus on (i) onset of leaf senescence, (ii) fine roots, (iii) the relationships between overstory and understory species not only regarding leaves, but also wood and fine roots, (iv) variability across multiples scales (e.g. individuals, stands), and (v) interannual legacy effects and connections among phenophases of different organs and forest compartments. </p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142684298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00232-6
Bart Nyssen, Jan Den Ouden, Anja Bindewald, Pedro Brancalion, Klaus Kremer, Katharina Lapin, Lisa Raats, Elisabeth Schatzdorfer, John Stanturf, Kris Verheyen, Bart Muys
Purpose of review
A rapidly changing climate is weakening the resilience of forest ecosystems through vitality loss of major native tree species, which reduces the ability of forests to deliver ecosystem services. Established invasive tree species (EITS) may take over the vacant space potentially preventing the regeneration of the preferred native tree species. This paper aims to investigate how expansion of these invasive non-native tree species can be addressed in a context of climate-smart forest management, considering alternatives to costly and often ineffective EITS control measures.
Recent findings
We found that forest ecologists increasingly recognize that climate-smart forest management, in particular tree species diversification and close-to-nature forest management, can strengthen the resilience of forests against negative impacts by EITS. In the resulting resilient forest ecosystems, a more closed canopy may deprive EITS of their invasive nature, and EITS may contribute to climate change adaptation.
Summary
This review proposes new pathways for forest management transcending the apparent incompatibility between the dominance of EITS and the adaptation capacity of forests and forest management to climate change. Adaptive measures to increase the resilience of forests to climate change may prevent the dominance of EITS. Under such conditions, useful functional traits of these tree species may even contribute to maintenance or enhancement of biodiversity, provisioning of ecosystem services and adaptation to climate change.
{"title":"Established Invasive Tree Species Offer Opportunities for Forest Resilience to Climate Change","authors":"Bart Nyssen, Jan Den Ouden, Anja Bindewald, Pedro Brancalion, Klaus Kremer, Katharina Lapin, Lisa Raats, Elisabeth Schatzdorfer, John Stanturf, Kris Verheyen, Bart Muys","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00232-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00232-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of review</h3><p>A rapidly changing climate is weakening the resilience of forest ecosystems through vitality loss of major native tree species, which reduces the ability of forests to deliver ecosystem services. Established invasive tree species (EITS) may take over the vacant space potentially preventing the regeneration of the preferred native tree species. This paper aims to investigate how expansion of these invasive non-native tree species can be addressed in a context of climate-smart forest management, considering alternatives to costly and often ineffective EITS control measures.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent findings</h3><p>We found that forest ecologists increasingly recognize that climate-smart forest management, in particular tree species diversification and close-to-nature forest management, can strengthen the resilience of forests against negative impacts by EITS. In the resulting resilient forest ecosystems, a more closed canopy may deprive EITS of their invasive nature, and EITS may contribute to climate change adaptation.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review proposes new pathways for forest management transcending the apparent incompatibility between the dominance of EITS and the adaptation capacity of forests and forest management to climate change. Adaptive measures to increase the resilience of forests to climate change may prevent the dominance of EITS. Under such conditions, useful functional traits of these tree species may even contribute to maintenance or enhancement of biodiversity, provisioning of ecosystem services and adaptation to climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142431741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1007/s40725-024-00230-8
Jian J. Duan, Todd D. Johnson, Justin K. O’Dea, Toby R. Petrice, Robert A. Haack
Purpose of Review
The invasion of North America by the Asian beetle Agrilus planipennis has caused severe economic and ecological damage to ash (Fraxinus) tree populations. Agrilus planipennis has recently entered eastern Europe and is spreading there. Many other Agrilus species can potentially become invasive pests due to the cryptic nature of their immature stages that can be inconspicuously transported within infested plant material. We review the ecology, economic impacts, and management strategies of Agrilus worldwide and highlight research gaps.
Recent Findings
Much has been learned in recent decades about the basic biology and control tactics for a few Agrilus species, especially A. planipennis.
Summary
The genus Agrilus has over 3,341 described species, making it the largest genus in the Animal Kingdom. Most Agrilus are univoltine and have a narrow host range. Chemical, tactile, and visual cues of host plants are used by adult Agrilus to select suitable hosts for consumption by adults and larvae. Most Agrilus larvae develop within the cambial region, constructing galleries that effectively girdle the host plant. Mechanisms of host plant resistance are being explored. Diverse groups of natural enemies attack all life stages of Agrilus species, with some coevolved specialist parasitoids being introduced successfully to suppress A. planipennis in North America. Climate change, leading to warmer and drier conditions, will influence the distribution and population dynamics of many Agrilus species. Many research gaps still exist in the areas of biocontrol, host plant resistance, and sustainable management strategies for this important group of plant pests.
{"title":"The Ecology, Economics, and Management of Agrilus Beetles","authors":"Jian J. Duan, Todd D. Johnson, Justin K. O’Dea, Toby R. Petrice, Robert A. Haack","doi":"10.1007/s40725-024-00230-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-024-00230-8","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The invasion of North America by the Asian beetle <i>Agrilus planipennis</i> has caused severe economic and ecological damage to ash (<i>Fraxinus</i>) tree populations. <i>Agrilus planipennis</i> has recently entered eastern Europe and is spreading there. Many other <i>Agrilus</i> species can potentially become invasive pests due to the cryptic nature of their immature stages that can be inconspicuously transported within infested plant material. We review the ecology, economic impacts, and management strategies of <i>Agrilus</i> worldwide and highlight research gaps.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Much has been learned in recent decades about the basic biology and control tactics for a few <i>Agrilus</i> species, especially <i>A. planipennis</i>.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>The genus <i>Agrilus</i> has over 3,341 described species, making it the largest genus in the Animal Kingdom. Most <i>Agrilus</i> are univoltine and have a narrow host range. Chemical, tactile, and visual cues of host plants are used by adult <i>Agrilus</i> to select suitable hosts for consumption by adults and larvae. Most <i>Agrilus</i> larvae develop within the cambial region, constructing galleries that effectively girdle the host plant. Mechanisms of host plant resistance are being explored. Diverse groups of natural enemies attack all life stages of <i>Agrilus</i> species, with some coevolved specialist parasitoids being introduced successfully to suppress <i>A. planipennis</i> in North America. Climate change, leading to warmer and drier conditions, will influence the distribution and population dynamics of many <i>Agrilus</i> species. Many research gaps still exist in the areas of biocontrol, host plant resistance, and sustainable management strategies for this important group of plant pests.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142313705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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