Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00196-z
Pierre Blanchet, Cédric Perez, Matheus Roberto Cabral
Purpose of Review
The main goal of this study was to review the latest developments in the use of wood-based building materials and systems over the last 5 years. The methodology was carried out by using the systematic review procedure. This study considered only peer-reviewed articles written in English published over the last 5 years (2018 to 2022) on materials used in structural systems and building envelopes.
Recent Findings
The energy demand for cooling and heating represents from 40 to 60% of a building’s energy consumption depending on the energy mix. Every increase in energy efficiency increases the pressure on the energy embedded in the materials. In this context, bio-based and especially wood-based materials are gaining popularity. Their use is significant in structural and envelope systems, making them a powerful tool for working on both efficiency and embedded energy. Furthermore, the building construction industry is among the most significant in the economy of industrialized countries.
Summary
Forests are a carbon asset for our societies. Since buildings have been identified as a global warming mitigation tool, an increase in the use of wood and bio-based products should be considered. To support a better scientific understanding of building carbon sequestration under climate changes, a thorough understanding of structural and envelope systems is needed. Various materials are used in these complex systems, and a variety of assembly options are available. In structural systems, research has tended to be incremental over the last 5 years, with a focus on prefabrication and hybrid structures. As new designs and materials are introduced in the future, building physics principles will become increasingly important to ensure the quality of building envelopes. This review presents the latest research related to wood structural and envelope systems to support their use in the construction industry.
{"title":"Wood Building Construction: Trends and Opportunities in Structural and Envelope Systems","authors":"Pierre Blanchet, Cédric Perez, Matheus Roberto Cabral","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00196-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00196-z","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The main goal of this study was to review the latest developments in the use of wood-based building materials and systems over the last 5 years. The methodology was carried out by using the systematic review procedure. This study considered only peer-reviewed articles written in English published over the last 5 years (2018 to 2022) on materials used in structural systems and building envelopes.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The energy demand for cooling and heating represents from 40 to 60% of a building’s energy consumption depending on the energy mix. Every increase in energy efficiency increases the pressure on the energy embedded in the materials. In this context, bio-based and especially wood-based materials are gaining popularity. Their use is significant in structural and envelope systems, making them a powerful tool for working on both efficiency and embedded energy. Furthermore, the building construction industry is among the most significant in the economy of industrialized countries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Forests are a carbon asset for our societies. Since buildings have been identified as a global warming mitigation tool, an increase in the use of wood and bio-based products should be considered. To support a better scientific understanding of building carbon sequestration under climate changes, a thorough understanding of structural and envelope systems is needed. Various materials are used in these complex systems, and a variety of assembly options are available. In structural systems, research has tended to be incremental over the last 5 years, with a focus on prefabrication and hybrid structures. As new designs and materials are introduced in the future, building physics principles will become increasingly important to ensure the quality of building envelopes. This review presents the latest research related to wood structural and envelope systems to support their use in the construction industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":" 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138491884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00206-0
Jaz Stoddart, Juan Suarez, William Mason, Ruben Valbuena
Purpose of Review
Continuous cover forestry (CCF) is a sustainable management approach for forestry in which forest stands are manipulated to create irregular stand structures with varied species composition. This approach differs greatly from the traditional approaches of plantation-based forestry, in which uniform monocultures are maintained, and thus, traditional methods of assessment, such as productivity (yield class) calculations, are less applicable. This creates a need to identify new methods to succeed the old and be of use in operational forestry and research. By applying remote sensing techniques to CCF, it may be possible to identify novel solutions to the challenges introduced through the adoption of CCF.
Recent Findings
There has been a limited amount of work published on the applications of remote sensing to CCF in the last decade. Research can primarily be characterised as explorations of different methods to quantify the target state of CCF and monitor indices of stand structural complexity during transformation to CCF, using terrestrial and aerial data collection techniques.
Summary
We identify a range of challenges associated with CCF and outline the outstanding gaps within the current body of research in need of further investigation, including a need for the development of new inventory methods using remote sensing techniques. We identify methods, such as individual tree models, that could be applied to CCF from other complex, heterogenous forest systems and propose the wider adoption of remote sensing including information for interested parties to get started.
{"title":"Continuous Cover Forestry and Remote Sensing: A Review of Knowledge Gaps, Challenges, and Potential Directions","authors":"Jaz Stoddart, Juan Suarez, William Mason, Ruben Valbuena","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00206-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00206-0","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Continuous cover forestry (CCF) is a sustainable management approach for forestry in which forest stands are manipulated to create irregular stand structures with varied species composition. This approach differs greatly from the traditional approaches of plantation-based forestry, in which uniform monocultures are maintained, and thus, traditional methods of assessment, such as productivity (yield class) calculations, are less applicable. This creates a need to identify new methods to succeed the old and be of use in operational forestry and research. By applying remote sensing techniques to CCF, it may be possible to identify novel solutions to the challenges introduced through the adoption of CCF.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>There has been a limited amount of work published on the applications of remote sensing to CCF in the last decade. Research can primarily be characterised as explorations of different methods to quantify the target state of CCF and monitor indices of stand structural complexity during transformation to CCF, using terrestrial and aerial data collection techniques.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We identify a range of challenges associated with CCF and outline the outstanding gaps within the current body of research in need of further investigation, including a need for the development of new inventory methods using remote sensing techniques. We identify methods, such as individual tree models, that could be applied to CCF from other complex, heterogenous forest systems and propose the wider adoption of remote sensing including information for interested parties to get started.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"138 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138085766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00205-1
Austin Himes, Jürgen Bauhus, Shankar Adhikari, Saroj Kanta Barik, Hugh Brown, Andreas Brunner, Philip J. Burton, Lluís Coll, Anthony W. D’Amato, Jurij Diaci, Yonten Dorji, Ernest G. Foli, David J. Ganz, Jefferson S. Hall, Rodney Keenan, Yuanchang Lu, Christian Messier, Ian Munanura, Daniel Piotto, Thomas Seifert, Douglas Sheil, Ekaterina Shorohova, Kibruyesfa Sisay, Daniel Soto, Hiroshi Tanaka, Peter Umunay, Alejandro Velázquez-Martínez, Klaus J. Puettmann
Purpose of Review
Forests support most global terrestrial biodiversity and contribute to the livelihood of billions of people, but these and other benefits are in jeopardy due to global change. This leads to questions, such as how to address the challenges of global change in forest management, given the lack of knowledge and deep uncertainty about future developments. In addition, many of the impediments to implement adaptation strategies are unknown.
Recent Findings
Here, we present an overview of results from a global survey of 754 forestry professionals (370 researchers and educators, 227 practicing foresters, 37 policymakers, 64 administrators, and 56 with other or unspecified roles) from 61 countries across 6 continents who were interested in global change issues. These professionals were asked about their opinion regarding three different adaptation strategies: resist, adapt, and transform. Most respondents agreed that the majority of global change factors will negatively influence the ability of forests to provide desired ecosystem services. Similarly, they agreed about major challenges when implementing adaptation strategies and specifically whether our current knowledge base is sufficient. These concerns were not limited to ecological aspects, but respondents also highlighted the need for a better appreciation of social/political and economic barriers, especially regarding transformation strategies. In addition, the response patterns, including differences due to economic status, highlight the importance of developing and evaluating adaptation strategies in a local social–ecological context.
Summary
Our study demonstrates a widespread perception on the part of forestry professionals around the world, especially among researchers and practitioners, that many global change factors will affect sustainable forest management negatively, resulting in the need for active silvicultural adaption. The results also suggest potential barriers to different adaptation strategies, particularly a relative lack of information and social acceptance for transform strategies. Further, this study highlights the importance of social and political factors and the need to understand the general public’s values regarding adaptation strategies as well as how the influence of public opinion is perceived by forest managers.
{"title":"Forestry in the Face of Global Change: Results of a Global Survey of Professionals","authors":"Austin Himes, Jürgen Bauhus, Shankar Adhikari, Saroj Kanta Barik, Hugh Brown, Andreas Brunner, Philip J. Burton, Lluís Coll, Anthony W. D’Amato, Jurij Diaci, Yonten Dorji, Ernest G. Foli, David J. Ganz, Jefferson S. Hall, Rodney Keenan, Yuanchang Lu, Christian Messier, Ian Munanura, Daniel Piotto, Thomas Seifert, Douglas Sheil, Ekaterina Shorohova, Kibruyesfa Sisay, Daniel Soto, Hiroshi Tanaka, Peter Umunay, Alejandro Velázquez-Martínez, Klaus J. Puettmann","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00205-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00205-1","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Forests support most global terrestrial biodiversity and contribute to the livelihood of billions of people, but these and other benefits are in jeopardy due to global change. This leads to questions, such as how to address the challenges of global change in forest management, given the lack of knowledge and deep uncertainty about future developments. In addition, many of the impediments to implement adaptation strategies are unknown.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Here, we present an overview of results from a global survey of 754 forestry professionals (370 researchers and educators, 227 practicing foresters, 37 policymakers, 64 administrators, and 56 with other or unspecified roles) from 61 countries across 6 continents who were interested in global change issues. These professionals were asked about their opinion regarding three different adaptation strategies: <i>resist</i>, <i>adapt</i>, and <i>transform</i>. Most respondents agreed that the majority of global change factors will negatively influence the ability of forests to provide desired ecosystem services. Similarly, they agreed about major challenges when implementing adaptation strategies and specifically whether our current knowledge base is sufficient. These concerns were not limited to ecological aspects, but respondents also highlighted the need for a better appreciation of social/political and economic barriers, especially regarding transformation strategies. In addition, the response patterns, including differences due to economic status, highlight the importance of developing and evaluating adaptation strategies in a local social–ecological context.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Our study demonstrates a widespread perception on the part of forestry professionals around the world, especially among researchers and practitioners, that many global change factors will affect sustainable forest management negatively, resulting in the need for active silvicultural adaption. The results also suggest potential barriers to different adaptation strategies, particularly a relative lack of information and social acceptance for <i>transform</i> strategies. Further, this study highlights the importance of social and political factors and the need to understand the general public’s values regarding adaptation strategies as well as how the influence of public opinion is perceived by forest managers.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"56 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91398625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00204-2
Barbara Mariotti, Juan A. Oliet, Enrique Andivia, Marianthi Tsakaldimi, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Vladan Ivetić, Antonio Montagnoli, Ivona Kerkez Janković, Nebi Bilir, Henrik Bohlenius, Branislav Cvjetković, Kārlis Dūmiņš, Juha Heiskanen, Georgi Hinkov, Inger Sundheim Fløistad, Claudia Cocozza
Purpose of Review
The demand for forest tree seedlings is increasing globally, and Sphagnum peat moss is widely used as a component of growing media for container plant production. However, peat extraction is environmentally unsustainable. The forest nursery sector needs to switch to more sustainable alternatives to peat. This review aims to identify potential substitutes for peat by reviewing the worldwide literature on alternative materials for growing media in forest nurseries.
Recent Findings
Most studies on alternative growing media focused on single plant species growing under local conditions, thereby limiting generalizations about the effectiveness of alternative materials for plant production. To our knowledge, no systematic reviews of scientific literature on the effectiveness of new, alternative-to-peat materials for enhancing plant growth and the associated growing media characteristics for the forest nursery sector are currently available.
Summary
Most of the analyzed case studies focused on angiosperms (73.1%), with the majority of studies coming from tropical seasonal forests/savannas (36.5%), followed by woodlands/shrublands (31.6%), and temperate forests (15.0%) biomes. Compost was the most studied material (19.5%), followed by bark, other organic materials, and manure (9.8, 9.7, and 8.0%, respectively). Green and municipal wastes were the principal sources of compost (> 60%), while agriculture and green wastes were the first sources of other materials (> 90%). Tested materials were dependent on the geographic region. Thus, manure was the most tested material in Africa and South America, tree bark in North America, and compost in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Alternative materials effectively provided optimal physicochemical characteristics of growing media and enhanced seedling nursery growth when compared with peat-based growing media in more than 60% of the case studies. This review helps to identify research gaps and, most importantly, provides the basis for the future application of alternative growing media materials in forest nursery management worldwide.
{"title":"A Global Review on Innovative, Sustainable, and Effective Materials Composing Growing Media for Forest Seedling Production","authors":"Barbara Mariotti, Juan A. Oliet, Enrique Andivia, Marianthi Tsakaldimi, Pedro Villar-Salvador, Vladan Ivetić, Antonio Montagnoli, Ivona Kerkez Janković, Nebi Bilir, Henrik Bohlenius, Branislav Cvjetković, Kārlis Dūmiņš, Juha Heiskanen, Georgi Hinkov, Inger Sundheim Fløistad, Claudia Cocozza","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00204-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00204-2","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The demand for forest tree seedlings is increasing globally, and <i>Sphagnum</i> peat moss is widely used as a component of growing media for container plant production. However, peat extraction is environmentally unsustainable. The forest nursery sector needs to switch to more sustainable alternatives to peat. This review aims to identify potential substitutes for peat by reviewing the worldwide literature on alternative materials for growing media in forest nurseries.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Most studies on alternative growing media focused on single plant species growing under local conditions, thereby limiting generalizations about the effectiveness of alternative materials for plant production. To our knowledge, no systematic reviews of scientific literature on the effectiveness of new, alternative-to-peat materials for enhancing plant growth and the associated growing media characteristics for the forest nursery sector are currently available.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Most of the analyzed case studies focused on angiosperms (73.1%), with the majority of studies coming from tropical seasonal forests/savannas (36.5%), followed by woodlands/shrublands (31.6%), and temperate forests (15.0%) biomes. Compost was the most studied material (19.5%), followed by bark, other organic materials, and manure (9.8, 9.7, and 8.0%, respectively). Green and municipal wastes were the principal sources of compost (> 60%), while agriculture and green wastes were the first sources of other materials (> 90%). Tested materials were dependent on the geographic region. Thus, manure was the most tested material in Africa and South America, tree bark in North America, and compost in Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Alternative materials effectively provided optimal physicochemical characteristics of growing media and enhanced seedling nursery growth when compared with peat-based growing media in more than 60% of the case studies. This review helps to identify research gaps and, most importantly, provides the basis for the future application of alternative growing media materials in forest nursery management worldwide.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"88 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-23DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00202-4
Mazen Nakad, Sanna Sevanto, Jean-Christophe Domec, Gabriel Katul
Purpose of Review
Harsher abiotic conditions are projected for many woodland areas, especially in already arid and semi-arid climates such as the Southwestern USA. Stomatal regulation of their aperture is one of the ways plants cope with drought. Interestingly, the dominant species in the Southwest USA, like in many other ecosystems, have different stomatal behaviors to regulate water loss ranging from isohydric (e.g., piñon pine) to anisohydric (e.g., juniper) conditions suggesting a possible niche separation or different but comparable strategies of coping with stress. The relatively isohydric piñon pine is usually presumed to be more sensitive to drought or less desiccation tolerant compared to the anisohydric juniper although both species close their stomata under drought to avoid hydraulic failure, and the mortality of one species (mostly piñon) over the other in the recent droughts can be attributed to insect outbreaks rather than drought sensitivity alone. Furthermore, no clear evidence exists demonstrating that iso- or anisohydric strategy increases water use efficiency over the other consistently. How these different stomatal regulatory tactics enable woody species to withstand harsh abiotic conditions remains a subject of inquiry to be covered in this review.
Recent Findings
This contribution reviews and explores the use of simplified stomatal optimization theories to assess how photosynthesis and transpiration respond to warming (H), drought (D), and combined warming and drought (H+D) for isohydric and anisohydric woody plants experiencing the same abiotic stressors. It sheds light on how simplified stomatal optimization theories can separate between photosynthetic and hydraulic acclimation due to abiotic stressors and how the interactive effects of H+D versus H or D alone can be incorporated into future climate models.
Summary
The work here demonstrates how field data can be bridged to simplified optimality principles so as to explore the effect of future changes in temperature and in soil water content on the acclimation of tree species with distinct water use strategies. The results show that the deviations between measurements and predictions from the simplified optimality principle can explain different species’ acclimation behaviors.
{"title":"Linking the Water and Carbon Economies of Plants in a Drying and Warming Climate","authors":"Mazen Nakad, Sanna Sevanto, Jean-Christophe Domec, Gabriel Katul","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00202-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00202-4","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Purpose of Review</b>\u0000</h3><p>Harsher abiotic conditions are projected for many woodland areas, especially in already arid and semi-arid climates such as the Southwestern USA. Stomatal regulation of their aperture is one of the ways plants cope with drought. Interestingly, the dominant species in the Southwest USA, like in many other ecosystems, have different stomatal behaviors to regulate water loss ranging from isohydric (e.g., piñon pine) to anisohydric (e.g., juniper) conditions suggesting a possible niche separation or different but comparable strategies of coping with stress. The relatively isohydric piñon pine is usually presumed to be more sensitive to drought or less desiccation tolerant compared to the anisohydric juniper although both species close their stomata under drought to avoid hydraulic failure, and the mortality of one species (mostly piñon) over the other in the recent droughts can be attributed to insect outbreaks rather than drought sensitivity alone. Furthermore, no clear evidence exists demonstrating that iso- or anisohydric strategy increases water use efficiency over the other consistently. How these different stomatal regulatory tactics enable woody species to withstand harsh abiotic conditions remains a subject of inquiry to be covered in this review.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Recent Findings</b>\u0000</h3><p>This contribution reviews and explores the use of simplified stomatal optimization theories to assess how photosynthesis and transpiration respond to warming (H), drought (D), and combined warming and drought (H+D) for isohydric and anisohydric woody plants experiencing the same abiotic stressors. It sheds light on how simplified stomatal optimization theories can separate between photosynthetic and hydraulic acclimation due to abiotic stressors and how the interactive effects of H+D versus H or D alone can be incorporated into future climate models.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">\u0000<b>Summary</b>\u0000</h3><p>The work here demonstrates how field data can be bridged to simplified optimality principles so as to explore the effect of future changes in temperature and in soil water content on the acclimation of tree species with distinct water use strategies. The results show that the deviations between measurements and predictions from the simplified optimality principle can explain different species’ acclimation behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"88 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71435376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-04DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00201-5
Melissa H. Mageroy, Nina E. Nagy, Arne Steffenrem, Paal Krokene, Ari M. Hietala
Purpose of Review
Forestry in northern temperate and boreal regions relies heavily on conifers. Rapid climate change and associated increases in adverse growing conditions predispose conifers to pathogens and pests. The much longer generation time and presumably, therefore, lower adaptive capacity of conifers relative to their native or non-native biotic stressors may have devastating consequences. We provide an updated overview of conifer defences underlying pathogen and pest resistance and discuss how defence traits can be used in tree breeding and forest management to improve resistance.
Recent Findings
Breeding of more resilient and stress-resistant trees will benefit from new genomic tools, such as genotyping arrays with increased genomic coverage, which will aid in genomic and relationship-based selection strategies. However, to successfully increase the resilience of conifer forests, improved genetic materials from breeding programs must be combined with more flexible and site-specific adaptive forest management.
Summary
Successful breeding programs to improve conifer resistance to pathogens and pests provide hope as well as valuable lessons: with a coordinated and sustained effort, increased resistance can be achieved. However, mechanisms underlying resistance against one stressor, even if involving many genes, may not provide any protection against other sympatric stressors. To maintain the adaptive capacity of conifer forests, it is important to keep high genetic diversity in the tree breeding programs. Choosing forest management options that include diversification of tree-species and forest structure and are coupled with the use of genetically improved plants and assisted migration is a proactive measure to increase forest resistance and resilience to foreseen and unanticipated biotic stressors in a changing climate.
{"title":"Conifer Defences against Pathogens and Pests — Mechanisms, Breeding, and Management","authors":"Melissa H. Mageroy, Nina E. Nagy, Arne Steffenrem, Paal Krokene, Ari M. Hietala","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00201-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00201-5","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Forestry in northern temperate and boreal regions relies heavily on conifers. Rapid climate change and associated increases in adverse growing conditions predispose conifers to pathogens and pests. The much longer generation time and presumably, therefore, lower adaptive capacity of conifers relative to their native or non-native biotic stressors may have devastating consequences. We provide an updated overview of conifer defences underlying pathogen and pest resistance and discuss how defence traits can be used in tree breeding and forest management to improve resistance.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Breeding of more resilient and stress-resistant trees will benefit from new genomic tools, such as genotyping arrays with increased genomic coverage, which will aid in genomic and relationship-based selection strategies. However, to successfully increase the resilience of conifer forests, improved genetic materials from breeding programs must be combined with more flexible and site-specific adaptive forest management.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Successful breeding programs to improve conifer resistance to pathogens and pests provide hope as well as valuable lessons: with a coordinated and sustained effort, increased resistance can be achieved. However, mechanisms underlying resistance against one stressor, even if involving many genes, may not provide any protection against other sympatric stressors. To maintain the adaptive capacity of conifer forests, it is important to keep high genetic diversity in the tree breeding programs. Choosing forest management options that include diversification of tree-species and forest structure and are coupled with the use of genetically improved plants and assisted migration is a proactive measure to increase forest resistance and resilience to foreseen and unanticipated biotic stressors in a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"14 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49696840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-29DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00203-3
Satoru Tsuchikawa, Tetsuya Inagaki, Te Ma
Purpose of Review
Forest and wood products are often characterized by a uniformity of quality attributes, which necessitates the development of rapid and non-destructive quality evaluation methods to ensure their optimal quality. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) represents a highly suitable approach for the characterization of organic compounds, and is generally combined with sophisticated multivariate analysis methods. This review article presents a range of scientific and technical reports showcasing the successful use of NIRS for evaluating forest and wood products, mainly published within the past 5 years.
Recent Findings
Continuous advancements in spectral imaging techniques and the integration of big-data analytics have greatly enhanced the capabilities of NIR instrumentation, enabling its widespread application across diverse fields. Although NIR spectral imaging methods do have some limitations when it comes to online grading, they can still be used to test small quantities of samples at a batch level. Moreover, the ever-increasing use of handheld devices has made NIRS easily accessible.
Summary
We aim to provide a summary of new research in basic spectroscopic research, integrating the improvements of spectral imaging methods and big-data analytics. Furthermore, low-cost and portable devices have been produced, enabling remote analysis and further expanding the scope of NIRS applications. Looking forward, we anticipate that continued advancements in this field will enable even wider applications of NIRS for online or at-line quality monitoring in diverse fields.
{"title":"Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Forest and Wood Products","authors":"Satoru Tsuchikawa, Tetsuya Inagaki, Te Ma","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00203-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00203-3","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Forest and wood products are often characterized by a uniformity of quality attributes, which necessitates the development of rapid and non-destructive quality evaluation methods to ensure their optimal quality. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) represents a highly suitable approach for the characterization of organic compounds, and is generally combined with sophisticated multivariate analysis methods. This review article presents a range of scientific and technical reports showcasing the successful use of NIRS for evaluating forest and wood products, mainly published within the past 5 years.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Continuous advancements in spectral imaging techniques and the integration of big-data analytics have greatly enhanced the capabilities of NIR instrumentation, enabling its widespread application across diverse fields. Although NIR spectral imaging methods do have some limitations when it comes to online grading, they can still be used to test small quantities of samples at a batch level. Moreover, the ever-increasing use of handheld devices has made NIRS easily accessible.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>We aim to provide a summary of new research in basic spectroscopic research, integrating the improvements of spectral imaging methods and big-data analytics. Furthermore, low-cost and portable devices have been produced, enabling remote analysis and further expanding the scope of NIRS applications. Looking forward, we anticipate that continued advancements in this field will enable even wider applications of NIRS for online or at-line quality monitoring in diverse fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"11 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49696860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00200-6
Mina Keshvardoostchokami, Flavia Lega Braghiroli, Carmen Mihaela Neculita, Ahmed Koubaa
Purpose of Review
Wood-based adsorbents are increasingly used for environmental applications. They demonstrate considerable advantages, including renewable feedstock, relatively simple preparation processes, and advantageous structural and surface properties. In short, they provide environmentally friendly, effective, and economical sources for contaminant removal. This review summarizes recent advances in the preparation and use of selected modified wood-based residues (biochar, ash, and cellulose) as adsorbents for environmental applications (water, air, and soil remediation).
Recent Findings
Although chemical modifications have produced better results for wood-based adsorbents, the inherent corrosion problems and safety issues have made physical modifications more feasible on an industrial scale. For environmental remediation, inorganic contaminants can be removed by raw and modified wood-based adsorbents, mainly via electrostatic interaction, surface complexation, pore filling, and ion exchange. Organic contaminants are removed via van der Waals forces between unsaturated polycyclic molecules, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. Specific surface area and porosity are critical parameters for effective contaminant adsorption, mostly from water and air. A comparison of wood-based residues used for wastewater treatment ranked the efficiency as ash > cellulose > biochar versus cellulose > biochar > ash for air remediation. Adding modified wood residues to soil enhances the fertility and biological characteristics in addition to remediation. Moreover, spent wood-based adsorbents can be used in construction materials, soil fertilizers, and catalysts.
Summary
This review summarizes classical and new physical and chemical methods for modifying wood adsorbents and the impacts on physiochemical characteristics such as porosity, pore volume, surface area, and surface functional groups. Also addressed are the adsorption capacity and efficiency of raw and modified wood adsorbents for removing contaminants from synthetic effluents, mine water, air, and soil. Valorization methods for spent modified wood-based adsorbents are then outlined. Suggestions and prospects are given for future studies on environmental decontamination by wood residues.
{"title":"Advances in Modified Wood-Based Adsorbents for Contaminant Removal: Valorization Methods, Modification Mechanisms, and Environmental Applications","authors":"Mina Keshvardoostchokami, Flavia Lega Braghiroli, Carmen Mihaela Neculita, Ahmed Koubaa","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00200-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00200-6","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>Wood-based adsorbents are increasingly used for environmental applications. They demonstrate considerable advantages, including renewable feedstock, relatively simple preparation processes, and advantageous structural and surface properties. In short, they provide environmentally friendly, effective, and economical sources for contaminant removal. This review summarizes recent advances in the preparation and use of selected modified wood-based residues (biochar, ash, and cellulose) as adsorbents for environmental applications (water, air, and soil remediation).</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>Although chemical modifications have produced better results for wood-based adsorbents, the inherent corrosion problems and safety issues have made physical modifications more feasible on an industrial scale. For environmental remediation, inorganic contaminants can be removed by raw and modified wood-based adsorbents, mainly via electrostatic interaction, surface complexation, pore filling, and ion exchange. Organic contaminants are removed via van der Waals forces between unsaturated polycyclic molecules, pore filling, and hydrogen bonding. Specific surface area and porosity are critical parameters for effective contaminant adsorption, mostly from water and air. A comparison of wood-based residues used for wastewater treatment ranked the efficiency as ash > cellulose > biochar versus cellulose > biochar > ash for air remediation. Adding modified wood residues to soil enhances the fertility and biological characteristics in addition to remediation. Moreover, spent wood-based adsorbents can be used in construction materials, soil fertilizers, and catalysts.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>This review summarizes classical and new physical and chemical methods for modifying wood adsorbents and the impacts on physiochemical characteristics such as porosity, pore volume, surface area, and surface functional groups. Also addressed are the adsorption capacity and efficiency of raw and modified wood adsorbents for removing contaminants from synthetic effluents, mine water, air, and soil. Valorization methods for spent modified wood-based adsorbents are then outlined. Suggestions and prospects are given for future studies on environmental decontamination by wood residues.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49697202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00199-w
Antonio Gazol, Alex Fajardo, J. Julio Camarero
Purpose of Review
The capacity of woody plants to cope with climate change depends on their adjustments to changing environmental conditions by phenotypic plasticity or by genotypic changes (i.e., local adaptation). To determine whether intraspecific trait variation (ITV) translates into resistance or tolerance to drought and eventually how it relates to performance when facing drought, we reviewed the recent literature on the intraspecific variation in woody plant functional traits along aridity gradients.
Recent Findings
At the intraspecific level, functional traits vary along aridity gradients, but this variation depends on the considered trait and species. While ITV is ubiquitous and of relevant magnitude, its relationship with tree performance in the case of growth or survival is unclear and very idiosyncratic.
Summary
ITV varies along aridity gradients and, for several traits, is of comparable magnitude as interspecific trait variation. However, the relationship between ITV and tree performance is not consistent among species. This makes the use of ITV challenging when quantifying its contribution to drought tolerance.
{"title":"Contributions of Intraspecific Variation to Drought Tolerance in Trees","authors":"Antonio Gazol, Alex Fajardo, J. Julio Camarero","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00199-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00199-w","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The capacity of woody plants to cope with climate change depends on their adjustments to changing environmental conditions by phenotypic plasticity or by genotypic changes (i.e., local adaptation). To determine whether intraspecific trait variation (ITV) translates into resistance or tolerance to drought and eventually how it relates to performance when facing drought, we reviewed the recent literature on the intraspecific variation in woody plant functional traits along aridity gradients.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>At the intraspecific level, functional traits vary along aridity gradients, but this variation depends on the considered trait and species. While ITV is ubiquitous and of relevant magnitude, its relationship with tree performance in the case of growth or survival is unclear and very idiosyncratic.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>ITV varies along aridity gradients and, for several traits, is of comparable magnitude as interspecific trait variation. However, the relationship between ITV and tree performance is not consistent among species. This makes the use of ITV challenging when quantifying its contribution to drought tolerance.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49697209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.1007/s40725-023-00198-x
Julian Grünberg, Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan, Meghdad Jourgholami, Eric R. Labelle, Nopparat Kaakkurivaara, Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert, Martin Kühmaier
Purpose of Review
The comprehensive assessment of timber and fuelwood harvesting operations through the consideration of the three pillars of sustainability: Economic, social, and environmental has not received much attention. The use of criteria can significantly improve impact assessment. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to compile and analyze the most commonly used criteria and indicators for each dimension of sustainability in logging operations over the last 6 years. This review provides an overview of these criteria for different harvesting machines, geographical areas, slope classes, time periods, types of research, and silvicultural treatments.
Recent Findings
The environmental pillar was the most studied (46%), followed by the economic pillar (38%). Productivity was the most investigated criterion (15%). On the one hand, productivity is linked to the environmental and social pillars, as it is related to the level of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and the employment rate. However, productivity is mainly used as a criterion of financial interest, as it is most often studied in combination with costs. In addition to productivity, the other most frequently examined criteria were costs (10%), soil nutrients (9.5%), and soil compaction (9%). The social dimension was the least studied pillar (16%). This may be due to a lack of knowledge of social sustainability issues in this area.
Summary
Sustainability is achieved when all three dimensions are balanced. The results of this review show an imbalance, with economic and environmental aspects being weighted more heavily than social aspects. Balancing all three dimensions typically requires an assessment of trade-offs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the criteria that have been studied to date and can be used as a checklist and guideline for future sustainability assessments of harvesting operations.
{"title":"Criteria for Assessing the Sustainability of Logging Operations—A Systematic Review","authors":"Julian Grünberg, Mohammad Reza Ghaffariyan, Meghdad Jourgholami, Eric R. Labelle, Nopparat Kaakkurivaara, Renato Cesar Gonçalves Robert, Martin Kühmaier","doi":"10.1007/s40725-023-00198-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-023-00198-x","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Purpose of Review</h3><p>The comprehensive assessment of timber and fuelwood harvesting operations through the consideration of the three pillars of sustainability: Economic, social, and environmental has not received much attention. The use of criteria can significantly improve impact assessment. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to compile and analyze the most commonly used criteria and indicators for each dimension of sustainability in logging operations over the last 6 years. This review provides an overview of these criteria for different harvesting machines, geographical areas, slope classes, time periods, types of research, and silvicultural treatments.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Recent Findings</h3><p>The environmental pillar was the most studied (46%), followed by the economic pillar (38%). Productivity was the most investigated criterion (15%). On the one hand, productivity is linked to the environmental and social pillars, as it is related to the level of greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and the employment rate. However, productivity is mainly used as a criterion of financial interest, as it is most often studied in combination with costs. In addition to productivity, the other most frequently examined criteria were costs (10%), soil nutrients (9.5%), and soil compaction (9%). The social dimension was the least studied pillar (16%). This may be due to a lack of knowledge of social sustainability issues in this area.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Summary</h3><p>Sustainability is achieved when all three dimensions are balanced. The results of this review show an imbalance, with economic and environmental aspects being weighted more heavily than social aspects. Balancing all three dimensions typically requires an assessment of trade-offs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the criteria that have been studied to date and can be used as a checklist and guideline for future sustainability assessments of harvesting operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48653,"journal":{"name":"Current Forestry Reports","volume":"4 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.5,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49697210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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