Previous research on relationships between self-reported impulsivity and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because behavioral impulsivity was assessed using individual tasks. To alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity, the present study examined the correlations between a latent variable constructed from the performances of three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action and each dimension of self-reported impulsivity. University students in Japan (N = 176) responded to the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale assessing five dimensions of self-reported impulsivity that included the following: negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency. They also conducted laboratory tasks for assessing impulsive action: the go/no-go task, stop signal task, and Conners continuous performance test 3rd edition (CCPT). Results indicated weak correlations between each dimension of self-reported impulsivity and the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performances of three laboratory tasks (mean r = .10) and with the performances of individual laboratory tasks (mean r = .03). The latent variable of impulsive action and the commission error rate in the CCPT were significantly correlated with sensation seeking. However, this association disappeared after controlling for the influence of gender. These findings suggested that measures of self-reported and behavioral impulsivity might assess different constructs.
{"title":"Associations between self-reported impulsivity and a latent variable of impulsive action constructed from three laboratory tasks","authors":"Akira Hasegawa, Keita Somatori, Haruki Nishimura, Yosuke Hattori, Yoshihiko Kunisato","doi":"10.1177/2043808719861894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719861894","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research on relationships between self-reported impulsivity and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because behavioral impulsivity was assessed using individual tasks. To alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity, the present study examined the correlations between a latent variable constructed from the performances of three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action and each dimension of self-reported impulsivity. University students in Japan (N = 176) responded to the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale assessing five dimensions of self-reported impulsivity that included the following: negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and positive urgency. They also conducted laboratory tasks for assessing impulsive action: the go/no-go task, stop signal task, and Conners continuous performance test 3rd edition (CCPT). Results indicated weak correlations between each dimension of self-reported impulsivity and the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performances of three laboratory tasks (mean r = .10) and with the performances of individual laboratory tasks (mean r = .03). The latent variable of impulsive action and the commission error rate in the CCPT were significantly correlated with sensation seeking. However, this association disappeared after controlling for the influence of gender. These findings suggested that measures of self-reported and behavioral impulsivity might assess different constructs.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719861894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44192235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719860714
Camille Goetz, Tim Meynen, L. Mitcheson, N. Grey, B. Eastwood, J. Strang, J. Marsden
Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a debilitating psychopathology, with no recommended medication therapy or specific psychological intervention. Memory-focused cognitive therapy (MFCT) is a novel psychotherapy for CUD, theorized to modify and reconsolidate cocaine craving-related memories for cognitive and behavioral control. A pilot randomized controlled trial indicated that this therapy is associated with reduced craving and cocaine use. With an 80% confidence interval (CI) set for null hypothesis testing, we conducted an exploratory causal mediation analysis with confounder adjustment to determine whether increased cocaine abstinence following MFCT is mediated by reduced craving experience and increased emotion regulation. Participant data on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale did not meet screening evaluation as a potential mediator. Cocaine craving (assessed by the frequency version of the Craving Experiences Questionnaire) was associated with a total treatment effect of MFCT on cocaine abstinence at follow-up (1.499; 80% CI 1.114 to 1.970; p = .012). A significant natural indirect effect indicated that reductions in cocaine use were strongly mediated by reduced frequency of craving experience (1.753; 80% CI: 1.334 to 2.936; p < .0001). This study provides exploratory evidence in support of the theoretical action for MFCT and underscores the importance of craving as a therapeutic target.
{"title":"Does craving for cocaine mediate cocaine use? Analysis of a randomized controlled pilot trial of memory-focused cognitive therapy","authors":"Camille Goetz, Tim Meynen, L. Mitcheson, N. Grey, B. Eastwood, J. Strang, J. Marsden","doi":"10.1177/2043808719860714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719860714","url":null,"abstract":"Cocaine use disorder (CUD) is a debilitating psychopathology, with no recommended medication therapy or specific psychological intervention. Memory-focused cognitive therapy (MFCT) is a novel psychotherapy for CUD, theorized to modify and reconsolidate cocaine craving-related memories for cognitive and behavioral control. A pilot randomized controlled trial indicated that this therapy is associated with reduced craving and cocaine use. With an 80% confidence interval (CI) set for null hypothesis testing, we conducted an exploratory causal mediation analysis with confounder adjustment to determine whether increased cocaine abstinence following MFCT is mediated by reduced craving experience and increased emotion regulation. Participant data on the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale did not meet screening evaluation as a potential mediator. Cocaine craving (assessed by the frequency version of the Craving Experiences Questionnaire) was associated with a total treatment effect of MFCT on cocaine abstinence at follow-up (1.499; 80% CI 1.114 to 1.970; p = .012). A significant natural indirect effect indicated that reductions in cocaine use were strongly mediated by reduced frequency of craving experience (1.753; 80% CI: 1.334 to 2.936; p < .0001). This study provides exploratory evidence in support of the theoretical action for MFCT and underscores the importance of craving as a therapeutic target.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719860714","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43396983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719858559
Jaffar Abbas, M. Aqeel, A. Jaffar, M. Nurunnabi, S. Bano
The current study is the first substantial investigation to determine whether tinnitus perception mediates the relationship between physiological and psychological problems (PP). Simple random sampling, with a cross-sectional design, was used to collect data from 100 adult patients (males = 60; females = 40) diagnosed with chronic tinnitus. Subjects were approached through various public and private hospitals, at their respective Audiology and Ear, Nose, and Throat departments in Rawalpindi and Lahore, Pakistan. Participants underwent complete physiological and psychological tinnitus evaluations, such as tinnitus matching and audiometry, as well as assessments using standardized tinnitus instruments. The mediation analyses revealed an indirect relationship with hearing loss (HL) and PP (e.g., anxiety, stress, depression, mood swings) in tinnitus patients. These findings suggest that physiological problems such as tinnitus and HL might contribute to the development of psychological symptoms.
{"title":"Tinnitus perception mediates the relationship between physiological and psychological problems among patients","authors":"Jaffar Abbas, M. Aqeel, A. Jaffar, M. Nurunnabi, S. Bano","doi":"10.1177/2043808719858559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719858559","url":null,"abstract":"The current study is the first substantial investigation to determine whether tinnitus perception mediates the relationship between physiological and psychological problems (PP). Simple random sampling, with a cross-sectional design, was used to collect data from 100 adult patients (males = 60; females = 40) diagnosed with chronic tinnitus. Subjects were approached through various public and private hospitals, at their respective Audiology and Ear, Nose, and Throat departments in Rawalpindi and Lahore, Pakistan. Participants underwent complete physiological and psychological tinnitus evaluations, such as tinnitus matching and audiometry, as well as assessments using standardized tinnitus instruments. The mediation analyses revealed an indirect relationship with hearing loss (HL) and PP (e.g., anxiety, stress, depression, mood swings) in tinnitus patients. These findings suggest that physiological problems such as tinnitus and HL might contribute to the development of psychological symptoms.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719858559","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48544939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719865693
Philip D. Harvey, M. Strassnig, Juliet Silberstein
Schizophrenia is associated with wide-ranging disability across multiple functional domains. There are several determinants of disability that have been identified to date, including cognitive and social cognitive impairments, impairments in everyday functional skills and social skills, difficulties in self-assessment of abilities, and negative symptoms. These impairments are related to different elements of disability, and disability and its predictors are not a single global dimension. Further, although psychotic symptoms have limited cross-sectional correlations with everyday functioning, emerging evidence suggests that long-term clinical stability, often induced through treatment with long-acting antipsychotic medications, is also associated with improvements in everyday functioning. This review addresses the characteristics and origins of disability, with treatment implications noted in each disability domains.
{"title":"Prediction of disability in schizophrenia: Symptoms, cognition, and self-assessment","authors":"Philip D. Harvey, M. Strassnig, Juliet Silberstein","doi":"10.1177/2043808719865693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719865693","url":null,"abstract":"Schizophrenia is associated with wide-ranging disability across multiple functional domains. There are several determinants of disability that have been identified to date, including cognitive and social cognitive impairments, impairments in everyday functional skills and social skills, difficulties in self-assessment of abilities, and negative symptoms. These impairments are related to different elements of disability, and disability and its predictors are not a single global dimension. Further, although psychotic symptoms have limited cross-sectional correlations with everyday functioning, emerging evidence suggests that long-term clinical stability, often induced through treatment with long-acting antipsychotic medications, is also associated with improvements in everyday functioning. This review addresses the characteristics and origins of disability, with treatment implications noted in each disability domains.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719865693","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41440457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719868119
C. Nittel, Fabian Lamster, W. Rief, T. Kircher, Daniel Soll, Stephanie Mehl
Although instable negative emotions and problems in emotion regulation (ER) are common in patients with psychosis and are discussed as potential factors involved in the formation and maintenance of paranoia, it is unclear whether they increase the risk of developing paranoia in nonclinical controls. The present study aims to investigate whether the instability of negative emotions leads to paranoia in healthy participants. It should be further analyzed if the application of maladaptive ER strategies enhances subclinical paranoid ideation and if the use of adaptive ER strategies reduces subclinical paranoid ideation. Method: Nonclinical controls (n = 83) repeatedly reported the presence and instability of negative emotions, paranoia, and the use of maladaptive (expressive suppression, rumination) and adaptive (reappraisal, acceptance) ER strategies in their daily life on six consecutive days using electronic mobile assessment. Results: Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that nonclinical controls reporting a pronounced instability of negative emotions showed more pronounced paranoia at a subsequent time point. Moreover, participants who used expressive suppression at a certain time experienced more severe paranoia at the subsequent time point. Conclusion: If these findings are confirmed in high-risk samples, ER processes could be considered as an additional factor in theoretical models of paranoia formation.
{"title":"Emotional instability and expressive suppression are related to paranoia in daily life: An electronic mobile assessment study in nonclinical individuals","authors":"C. Nittel, Fabian Lamster, W. Rief, T. Kircher, Daniel Soll, Stephanie Mehl","doi":"10.1177/2043808719868119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719868119","url":null,"abstract":"Although instable negative emotions and problems in emotion regulation (ER) are common in patients with psychosis and are discussed as potential factors involved in the formation and maintenance of paranoia, it is unclear whether they increase the risk of developing paranoia in nonclinical controls. The present study aims to investigate whether the instability of negative emotions leads to paranoia in healthy participants. It should be further analyzed if the application of maladaptive ER strategies enhances subclinical paranoid ideation and if the use of adaptive ER strategies reduces subclinical paranoid ideation. Method: Nonclinical controls (n = 83) repeatedly reported the presence and instability of negative emotions, paranoia, and the use of maladaptive (expressive suppression, rumination) and adaptive (reappraisal, acceptance) ER strategies in their daily life on six consecutive days using electronic mobile assessment. Results: Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed that nonclinical controls reporting a pronounced instability of negative emotions showed more pronounced paranoia at a subsequent time point. Moreover, participants who used expressive suppression at a certain time experienced more severe paranoia at the subsequent time point. Conclusion: If these findings are confirmed in high-risk samples, ER processes could be considered as an additional factor in theoretical models of paranoia formation.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719868119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42012936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719860717
Jessica L. Burris, K. Buss, Vanessa Lobue, Koraly Pérez-Edgar, A. Field
Several researchers have proposed a causal relation between biased attention to threat and the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in both children and adults. However, despite the widely documented correlation between attention bias to threat and anxiety, developmental research in this domain is limited. In this review, we highlight the importance of taking a developmental approach to studying attention biases to threat and anxiety. First, we discuss how recent developmental work on attention to threat fits into existing theoretical frameworks for the development of anxiety and how attention biases might interact with other risk factors across development. Then we review the developmental literature on attention bias to threat and anxiety and describe how classic methodologies can be modified to study attention biases in even the youngest infants. Finally, we discuss limitations and future directions in this domain, emphasizing the need for future longitudinal research beginning in early infancy that tracks concurrent developments in both biased attention and anxiety. Altogether, we hope that by highlighting the importance of development in the study of attention bias to threat and anxiety, we can provide a road map for how researchers might implement developmental approaches to studying a potential core mechanism in anxiety.
{"title":"Biased attention to threat and anxiety: On taking a developmental approach","authors":"Jessica L. Burris, K. Buss, Vanessa Lobue, Koraly Pérez-Edgar, A. Field","doi":"10.1177/2043808719860717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719860717","url":null,"abstract":"Several researchers have proposed a causal relation between biased attention to threat and the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders in both children and adults. However, despite the widely documented correlation between attention bias to threat and anxiety, developmental research in this domain is limited. In this review, we highlight the importance of taking a developmental approach to studying attention biases to threat and anxiety. First, we discuss how recent developmental work on attention to threat fits into existing theoretical frameworks for the development of anxiety and how attention biases might interact with other risk factors across development. Then we review the developmental literature on attention bias to threat and anxiety and describe how classic methodologies can be modified to study attention biases in even the youngest infants. Finally, we discuss limitations and future directions in this domain, emphasizing the need for future longitudinal research beginning in early infancy that tracks concurrent developments in both biased attention and anxiety. Altogether, we hope that by highlighting the importance of development in the study of attention bias to threat and anxiety, we can provide a road map for how researchers might implement developmental approaches to studying a potential core mechanism in anxiety.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719860717","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42087540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719874966
Allison J. Ouimet, Ryan J. Ferguson
At its core, the goal of experimental psychopathology is to understand what processes or mechanisms cause, maintain, or otherwise contribute to mental health problems (e.g., Zvolensky, Forsyth, & Johnson, 2013). There are countless examples of how this type of research has led to important improvements in treatment for people with psychological disorders. Perhaps most famously, Beck’s (1963) findings that people with depression consistently exhibit systematic thinking errors (i.e., cognitive distortions) and conscious negative automatic thoughts revolutionized how we help people with emotional disorders (see Beck, 2019, for a history of cognitive therapy for depression). Indeed, by spending a bit of time perusing treatment recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), it becomes clear quickly that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is now—and has been for a while—a first-line evidence-based treatment for almost every psychological disorder. As such, it would be easy to conclude that “our work is done.” However, many people continue to suffer with mental health problems that either are not improved following CBT or relapse following treatment; many more are unable to access evidence-based care. Understanding what mechanisms still need to be targeted, for whom, under which conditions, and developing ways to increase access to these treatments is vital. Experimental psychopathology comprises a framework in which to make that happen. The goal of this Special Collection was thus to bring together experimental psychopathology research that continues to advance CBT for various psychological disorders. Authors were invited to submit manuscripts describing (1) original investigations of underlying mechanisms of psychopathology, (2) original investigations of new (or new variations of) CBT interventions, or (3) reviews/integrations of a body of published experimental psychopathology findings that have led to recent innovations or have the potential to lead to innovations in CBT. The result is an exciting special collection that runs the gamut of mental health problems, experimental psychopathology methods (experiments, case-study designs, and randomized controlled trials [RCTs]), includes both clinical and nonclinical participants, and features reviews of experimental psychopathology literature. Together, these articles suggest that we have learned much, and that we have much to learn about how to advance CBT and its accessibility for people with mental health problems. In their selective review, Gagné, Kelly-Turner, and Radomsky (2018) focused on the science–practice bridge (rather than the gap) to understand both how research has informed the treatment of obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD) and how clinical experience can inspire experimental research. They provided a broad overview of etiological models of OCD, with a particular focus on diverse cognitive models such as the cognitive appraisal model and the seeking pr
{"title":"Innovations and advances in cognitive behavioral therapy: Insights from experimental psychopathology","authors":"Allison J. Ouimet, Ryan J. Ferguson","doi":"10.1177/2043808719874966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719874966","url":null,"abstract":"At its core, the goal of experimental psychopathology is to understand what processes or mechanisms cause, maintain, or otherwise contribute to mental health problems (e.g., Zvolensky, Forsyth, & Johnson, 2013). There are countless examples of how this type of research has led to important improvements in treatment for people with psychological disorders. Perhaps most famously, Beck’s (1963) findings that people with depression consistently exhibit systematic thinking errors (i.e., cognitive distortions) and conscious negative automatic thoughts revolutionized how we help people with emotional disorders (see Beck, 2019, for a history of cognitive therapy for depression). Indeed, by spending a bit of time perusing treatment recommendations by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), it becomes clear quickly that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is now—and has been for a while—a first-line evidence-based treatment for almost every psychological disorder. As such, it would be easy to conclude that “our work is done.” However, many people continue to suffer with mental health problems that either are not improved following CBT or relapse following treatment; many more are unable to access evidence-based care. Understanding what mechanisms still need to be targeted, for whom, under which conditions, and developing ways to increase access to these treatments is vital. Experimental psychopathology comprises a framework in which to make that happen. The goal of this Special Collection was thus to bring together experimental psychopathology research that continues to advance CBT for various psychological disorders. Authors were invited to submit manuscripts describing (1) original investigations of underlying mechanisms of psychopathology, (2) original investigations of new (or new variations of) CBT interventions, or (3) reviews/integrations of a body of published experimental psychopathology findings that have led to recent innovations or have the potential to lead to innovations in CBT. The result is an exciting special collection that runs the gamut of mental health problems, experimental psychopathology methods (experiments, case-study designs, and randomized controlled trials [RCTs]), includes both clinical and nonclinical participants, and features reviews of experimental psychopathology literature. Together, these articles suggest that we have learned much, and that we have much to learn about how to advance CBT and its accessibility for people with mental health problems. In their selective review, Gagné, Kelly-Turner, and Radomsky (2018) focused on the science–practice bridge (rather than the gap) to understand both how research has informed the treatment of obsessive– compulsive disorder (OCD) and how clinical experience can inspire experimental research. They provided a broad overview of etiological models of OCD, with a particular focus on diverse cognitive models such as the cognitive appraisal model and the seeking pr","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719874966","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42211123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1177/2043808719870043
R. Ólafsson, A. E. Friðriksdóttir, Sigrún Þ. Sveinsdóttir, Á. Kristjánsson
Although attention biases are common in various anxiety disorders, there is no consensus yet regarding attentional bias in obsessive–compulsive disorder. We assessed attention bias toward images involving contamination and disgust using an emotional attentional blink paradigm in a sample of university students high (HCF) or low (LCF) in contamination fear. Neutral, general-threat-, contamination-, and disgust-related images (T1) were presented followed by a discrimination task (T2) 200, 500, or 800 ms later within a rapid serial visual presentation stream of 20 images. The HCF group was overall less accurate on the attentional blink task. Response accuracy differed by image type and lag in the two groups at the trend level and revealed a large drop in performance 200 ms following presentation of disgusting images in the HCF group. No such differences were observed at later lags in the task. There were increases in negative affect following the task for the HCF but not the LCF group, which were correlated with contamination fear scores. The results suggest that a disgust-related attention bias may be present at early stages of information processing in people with contamination fear.
{"title":"Evidence for an attention bias toward disgust in contamination fear","authors":"R. Ólafsson, A. E. Friðriksdóttir, Sigrún Þ. Sveinsdóttir, Á. Kristjánsson","doi":"10.1177/2043808719870043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2043808719870043","url":null,"abstract":"Although attention biases are common in various anxiety disorders, there is no consensus yet regarding attentional bias in obsessive–compulsive disorder. We assessed attention bias toward images involving contamination and disgust using an emotional attentional blink paradigm in a sample of university students high (HCF) or low (LCF) in contamination fear. Neutral, general-threat-, contamination-, and disgust-related images (T1) were presented followed by a discrimination task (T2) 200, 500, or 800 ms later within a rapid serial visual presentation stream of 20 images. The HCF group was overall less accurate on the attentional blink task. Response accuracy differed by image type and lag in the two groups at the trend level and revealed a large drop in performance 200 ms following presentation of disgusting images in the HCF group. No such differences were observed at later lags in the task. There were increases in negative affect following the task for the HCF but not the LCF group, which were correlated with contamination fear scores. The results suggest that a disgust-related attention bias may be present at early stages of information processing in people with contamination fear.","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/2043808719870043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49289182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exaggerated startle is a core hyperarousal symptom of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Observational studies on the characteristics of this response are strikingly lacking. Previous research has demonstrated that detailed video analysis of facial and bodily responses to startling stimuli enables the differentiation of an initial, primarily reflexive response and a secondary, primary emotional response. We exposed PTSD patients (n = 34) and trauma-exposed but healthy participants (TE group, n = 26) to startling electric stimuli while acquiring observational behavioral, psychophysiological, and experiential measures. Videographic results indicate that PTSD patients' initial bodily startle response was stronger than in the TE group, and their secondary facial expression was more negatively valenced, largely due to elevated anger expression. Videographic assessment of primary and secondary startle responses provides a new window into reflexive and emotional functioning of PTSD and may therefore complement existing startle measures. PTSD treatments should address bodily startle, negative symptom appraisals, and anger more specifically.
{"title":"Video-Based Analysis of Bodily Startle and Subsequent Emotional Facial Expression in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.","authors":"Jens Blechert, Tanja Michael, Frank H Wilhelm","doi":"10.5127/jep.030712","DOIUrl":"10.5127/jep.030712","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exaggerated startle is a core hyperarousal symptom of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Observational studies on the characteristics of this response are strikingly lacking. Previous research has demonstrated that detailed video analysis of facial and bodily responses to startling stimuli enables the differentiation of an initial, primarily reflexive response and a secondary, primary emotional response. We exposed PTSD patients (<i>n</i> = 34) and trauma-exposed but healthy participants (TE group, <i>n</i> = 26) to startling electric stimuli while acquiring observational behavioral, psychophysiological, and experiential measures. Videographic results indicate that PTSD patients' initial bodily startle response was stronger than in the TE group, and their secondary facial expression was more negatively valenced, largely due to elevated anger expression. Videographic assessment of primary and secondary startle responses provides a new window into reflexive and emotional functioning of PTSD and may therefore complement existing startle measures. PTSD treatments should address bodily startle, negative symptom appraisals, and anger more specifically.</p>","PeriodicalId":48663,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology","volume":"4 4","pages":"435-447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5127/jep.030712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37036388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noortje Vriends, Olivia C Bolt, Yasemin Meral, Andrea H Meyer, Susan Bögels, Frank H Wilhelm
Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder propose self-focused attention as a key maintenance factor of the disorder. However, whether this holds true for different cultural contexts has not been investigated. The present experiment investigated the influence of self-construal (interdependent versus independent) on self-focused attention in high and low socially anxious individuals. Eighty-seven participants, divided into high versus low socially anxious and interdependent versus independent self-construal, performed a self-focused attention probe detection paradigm. A reaction time metric relating to attention deployment on the self versus the other served as an index of self-focused attention. In individuals with an interdependent self-construal those who are highly socially anxious showed decreased self-focused attention compared to those who are low socially anxious. In individuals with an independent self-construal the effect of social anxiety was less strong and in the opposite direction (but congruent with cognitive models). These results indicate that self-focused attention in social anxiety depends on self-construal. These findings implicate different therapies for people with social anxiety disorder, depending on their self-construal.
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