Pub Date : 2022-10-31eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000166
Sourav Banerjee, Zoltan Jurek, Malik Muhammad Abdullah, Robin Santra
The interaction of a high intensity x-ray pulse with matter causes ionization of the constituent atoms through various atomic processes, and the system eventually goes through a complex structural dynamics. Understanding this whole process is important from the perspective of structure determination of molecules using single particle imaging. XMDYN, which is a classical molecular dynamics-Monte Carlo based hybrid approach, has been successful in simulating the dynamical evolution of various systems under intense irradiation over the past years. The present study aims for extending the XMDYN toolkit to treat chemical bonds using the reactive force field. In order to study its impact, a highly intense x-ray pulse was made to interact with the simplest amino acid, glycine. Different model variants were used to highlight the consequences of charge rearrangement and chemical bonds on the time evolution. The charge-rearrangement-enhanced x-ray ionization of molecules effect is also discussed to address the capability of a classical MD based approach, i.e., XMDYN, to capture such a molecular phenomenon.
{"title":"Chemical effects on the dynamics of organic molecules irradiated with high intensity x rays.","authors":"Sourav Banerjee, Zoltan Jurek, Malik Muhammad Abdullah, Robin Santra","doi":"10.1063/4.0000166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interaction of a high intensity x-ray pulse with matter causes ionization of the constituent atoms through various atomic processes, and the system eventually goes through a complex structural dynamics. Understanding this whole process is important from the perspective of structure determination of molecules using single particle imaging. XMDYN, which is a classical molecular dynamics-Monte Carlo based hybrid approach, has been successful in simulating the dynamical evolution of various systems under intense irradiation over the past years. The present study aims for extending the XMDYN toolkit to treat chemical bonds using the reactive force field. In order to study its impact, a highly intense x-ray pulse was made to interact with the simplest amino acid, glycine. Different model variants were used to highlight the consequences of charge rearrangement and chemical bonds on the time evolution. The charge-rearrangement-enhanced x-ray ionization of molecules effect is also discussed to address the capability of a classical MD based approach, i.e., XMDYN, to capture such a molecular phenomenon.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9625838/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40465527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000161
Sathya R Chitturi, Nicolas G Burdet, Youssef Nashed, Daniel Ratner, Aashwin Mishra, T J Lane, Matthew Seaberg, Vincent Esposito, Chun Hong Yoon, Mike Dunne, Joshua J Turner
X-ray free electron laser experiments have brought unique capabilities and opened new directions in research, such as creating new states of matter or directly measuring atomic motion. One such area is the ability to use finely spaced sets of coherent x-ray pulses to be compared after scattering from a dynamic system at different times. This enables the study of fluctuations in many-body quantum systems at the level of the ultrafast pulse durations, but this method has been limited to a select number of examples and required complex and advanced analytical tools. By applying a new methodology to this problem, we have made qualitative advances in three separate areas that will likely also find application to new fields. As compared to the "droplet-type" models, which typically are used to estimate the photon distributions on pixelated detectors to obtain the coherent x-ray speckle patterns, our algorithm achieves an order of magnitude speedup on CPU hardware and two orders of magnitude improvement on GPU hardware. We also find that it retains accuracy in low-contrast conditions, which is the typical regime for many experiments in structural dynamics. Finally, it can predict photon distributions in high average-intensity applications, a regime which up until now has not been accessible. Our artificial intelligence-assisted algorithm will enable a wider adoption of x-ray coherence spectroscopies, by both automating previously challenging analyses and enabling new experiments that were not otherwise feasible without the developments described in this work.
X 射线自由电子激光实验带来了独特的能力,开辟了新的研究方向,如创造新的物质状态或直接测量原子运动。其中一个领域是能够利用间隔较小的相干 X 射线脉冲组,在不同时间从动态系统散射后进行比较。这样就能在超快脉冲持续时间的水平上研究多体量子系统的波动,但这种方法仅限于一些特定的例子,而且需要复杂和先进的分析工具。通过将一种新方法应用于这一问题,我们在三个不同领域取得了质的进步,这些进步很可能也会应用于新的领域。与通常用于估计像素化探测器上的光子分布以获得相干 X 射线斑点模式的 "液滴型 "模型相比,我们的算法在 CPU 硬件上实现了一个数量级的提速,在 GPU 硬件上实现了两个数量级的改进。我们还发现,该算法在低对比度条件下仍能保持精度,而低对比度正是结构动力学许多实验的典型机制。最后,它还能预测高平均强度应用中的光子分布,而这是迄今为止无法实现的。我们的人工智能辅助算法将使 X 射线相干光谱学得到更广泛的应用,既能使以前具有挑战性的分析自动化,又能实现新的实验,而如果没有这项工作中描述的发展,这些实验是不可行的。
{"title":"A machine learning photon detection algorithm for coherent x-ray ultrafast fluctuation analysis.","authors":"Sathya R Chitturi, Nicolas G Burdet, Youssef Nashed, Daniel Ratner, Aashwin Mishra, T J Lane, Matthew Seaberg, Vincent Esposito, Chun Hong Yoon, Mike Dunne, Joshua J Turner","doi":"10.1063/4.0000161","DOIUrl":"10.1063/4.0000161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>X-ray free electron laser experiments have brought unique capabilities and opened new directions in research, such as creating new states of matter or directly measuring atomic motion. One such area is the ability to use finely spaced sets of coherent x-ray pulses to be compared after scattering from a dynamic system at different times. This enables the study of fluctuations in many-body quantum systems at the level of the ultrafast pulse durations, but this method has been limited to a select number of examples and required complex and advanced analytical tools. By applying a new methodology to this problem, we have made qualitative advances in three separate areas that will likely also find application to new fields. As compared to the \"droplet-type\" models, which typically are used to estimate the photon distributions on pixelated detectors to obtain the coherent x-ray speckle patterns, our algorithm achieves an order of magnitude speedup on CPU hardware and two orders of magnitude improvement on GPU hardware. We also find that it retains accuracy in low-contrast conditions, which is the typical regime for many experiments in structural dynamics. Finally, it can predict photon distributions in high average-intensity applications, a regime which up until now has not been accessible. Our artificial intelligence-assisted algorithm will enable a wider adoption of x-ray coherence spectroscopies, by both automating previously challenging analyses and enabling new experiments that were not otherwise feasible without the developments described in this work.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9583189/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40664775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000163
Kyle J Wilkin, Yanwei Xiong, Haoran Zhao, Sri Bhavya Muvva, Sajib Kumar Saha, Martin Centurion
Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) from aligned molecules in the gas phase has successfully retrieved structures of both linear and symmetric top molecules. Alignment of asymmetric tops has been recorded with UED but no structural information was retrieved. We present here the extraction of two-dimensional structural information from simple transformations of experimental diffraction patterns of aligned molecules as a proof-of-principle for the recovery of the full structure. We align 4-fluorobenzotrifluoride with a linearly polarized laser and show that we can distinguish between atomic pairs with equal distances that are parallel and perpendicular to the aligned axis. We additionally show with numerical simulations that by cooling the molecules to a rotational temperature of 1 K, more distances and angles can be resolved through direct transformations.
气相中排列分子的超快电子衍射(UED)成功地检索到了线性和对称顶分子的结构。超快电子衍射也记录了不对称顶分子的排列,但没有检索到任何结构信息。我们在此介绍从对齐分子的实验衍射图样的简单变换中提取二维结构信息,作为恢复完整结构的原理证明。我们用线性偏振激光对 4-氟三氟甲苯进行配准,结果表明我们可以区分平行于配准轴和垂直于配准轴的等距离原子对。此外,我们还通过数值模拟表明,将分子冷却到 1 K 的旋转温度,可以通过直接变换分辨出更多的距离和角度。
{"title":"Ultrafast electron diffraction from transiently aligned asymmetric top molecules: Rotational dynamics and structure retrieval.","authors":"Kyle J Wilkin, Yanwei Xiong, Haoran Zhao, Sri Bhavya Muvva, Sajib Kumar Saha, Martin Centurion","doi":"10.1063/4.0000163","DOIUrl":"10.1063/4.0000163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) from aligned molecules in the gas phase has successfully retrieved structures of both linear and symmetric top molecules. Alignment of asymmetric tops has been recorded with UED but no structural information was retrieved. We present here the extraction of two-dimensional structural information from simple transformations of experimental diffraction patterns of aligned molecules as a proof-of-principle for the recovery of the full structure. We align 4-fluorobenzotrifluoride with a linearly polarized laser and show that we can distinguish between atomic pairs with equal distances that are parallel and perpendicular to the aligned axis. We additionally show with numerical simulations that by cooling the molecules to a rotational temperature of 1 K, more distances and angles can be resolved through direct transformations.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9578756/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40660384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-16eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000159
Zhipeng Huang, Meghanad Kayanattil, Stuart A Hayes, R J Dwayne Miller
Here, we report on a new approach based on laser driven molecular beams that provides simultaneously nanoscale liquid droplets and gas-phase sample delivery for femtosecond electron diffraction studies. The method relies on Picosecond InfraRed Laser (PIRL) excitation of vibrational modes to strongly drive phase transitions under energy confinement by a mechanism referred to as Desorption by Impulsive Vibrational Excitation (DIVE). This approach is demonstrated using glycerol as the medium with selective excitation of the OH stretch region for energy deposition. The resulting plume was imaged with both an ultrafast electron gun and a pulsed bright-field optical microscope to characterize the sample source simultaneously under the same conditions with time synchronization equivalent to sub-micrometer spatial resolution in imaging the plume dynamics. The ablation front gives the expected isolated gas phase, whereas the trailing edge of the plume is found to consist of nanoscale liquid droplets to thin films depending on the excitation conditions. Thus, it is possible by adjusting the timing to go continuously from probing gas phase to solution phase dynamics in a single experiment with 100% hit rates and very low sample consumption (<100 nl per diffraction image). This approach will be particularly interesting for biomolecules that are susceptible to denaturation in turbulent flow, whereas PIRL-DIVE has been shown to inject molecules as large as proteins into the gas phase fully intact. This method opens the door as a general approach to atomically resolving solution phase chemistry as well as conformational dynamics of large molecular systems and allow separation of the solvent coordinate on the dynamics of interest.
{"title":"Picosecond infrared laser driven sample delivery for simultaneous liquid-phase and gas-phase electron diffraction studies.","authors":"Zhipeng Huang, Meghanad Kayanattil, Stuart A Hayes, R J Dwayne Miller","doi":"10.1063/4.0000159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Here, we report on a new approach based on laser driven molecular beams that provides simultaneously nanoscale liquid droplets and gas-phase sample delivery for femtosecond electron diffraction studies. The method relies on Picosecond InfraRed Laser (PIRL) excitation of vibrational modes to strongly drive phase transitions under energy confinement by a mechanism referred to as Desorption by Impulsive Vibrational Excitation (DIVE). This approach is demonstrated using glycerol as the medium with selective excitation of the OH stretch region for energy deposition. The resulting plume was imaged with both an ultrafast electron gun and a pulsed bright-field optical microscope to characterize the sample source simultaneously under the same conditions with time synchronization equivalent to sub-micrometer spatial resolution in imaging the plume dynamics. The ablation front gives the expected isolated gas phase, whereas the trailing edge of the plume is found to consist of nanoscale liquid droplets to thin films depending on the excitation conditions. Thus, it is possible by adjusting the timing to go continuously from probing gas phase to solution phase dynamics in a single experiment with 100% hit rates and very low sample consumption (<100 nl per diffraction image). This approach will be particularly interesting for biomolecules that are susceptible to denaturation in turbulent flow, whereas PIRL-DIVE has been shown to inject molecules as large as proteins into the gas phase fully intact. This method opens the door as a general approach to atomically resolving solution phase chemistry as well as conformational dynamics of large molecular systems and allow separation of the solvent coordinate on the dynamics of interest.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9482465/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40370767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-08eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000158
Yuqing Li, Zehua Han, Changli Ma, Liang Hong, Yanwei Ding, Ye Chen, Junpeng Zhao, Dong Liu, Guangai Sun, Taisen Zuo, He Cheng, Charles C Han
The statics and dynamics of supercooled water in the hydration layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were studied by a combination of quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two samples, that is, hydrogenated PEG/deuterated water (h-PEG/D2O) and fully deuterated PEG/hydrogenated water (d-PEG/H2O) with the same molar ratio of ethylene glycol (EG) monomer to water, 1:1, are compared. The QENS data of h-PEG/D2O show the dynamics of PEG, and that of d-PEG/H2O reveals the motion of water. The temperature-dependent elastic scattering intensity of both samples has shown transitions at supercooled temperature, and these transition temperatures depend on the energy resolution of the instruments. Therefore, neither one is a phase transition, but undergoes dynamic process. The dynamic of water can be described as an Arrhenius to super-Arrhenius transition, and it reveals the hydrogen bonding network relaxation of hydration water around PEG at supercooled temperature. Since the PEG-water hydrogen bond structural relaxation time from MD is in good agreement with the average relaxation time from QENS (d-PEG/H2O), MD may further reveal the atomic pictures of the supercooled hydration water. It shows that hydration water molecules form a series of pools around the hydrophilic oxygen atom of PEG. At supercooled temperature, they have a more bond ordered structure than bulk water, proceed a trapping sites diffusion on the PEG surface, and facilitate the structural relaxation of PEG backbone.
{"title":"Structure and dynamics of supercooled water in the hydration layer of poly(ethylene glycol).","authors":"Yuqing Li, Zehua Han, Changli Ma, Liang Hong, Yanwei Ding, Ye Chen, Junpeng Zhao, Dong Liu, Guangai Sun, Taisen Zuo, He Cheng, Charles C Han","doi":"10.1063/4.0000158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The statics and dynamics of supercooled water in the hydration layer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) were studied by a combination of quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Two samples, that is, hydrogenated PEG/deuterated water (h-PEG/D<sub>2</sub>O) and fully deuterated PEG/hydrogenated water (d-PEG/H<sub>2</sub>O) with the same molar ratio of ethylene glycol (EG) monomer to water, 1:1, are compared. The QENS data of h-PEG/D<sub>2</sub>O show the dynamics of PEG, and that of d-PEG/H<sub>2</sub>O reveals the motion of water. The temperature-dependent elastic scattering intensity of both samples has shown transitions at supercooled temperature, and these transition temperatures depend on the energy resolution of the instruments. Therefore, neither one is a phase transition, but undergoes dynamic process. The dynamic of water can be described as an Arrhenius to super-Arrhenius transition, and it reveals the hydrogen bonding network relaxation of hydration water around PEG at supercooled temperature. Since the PEG-water hydrogen bond structural relaxation time from MD is in good agreement with the average relaxation time from QENS (d-PEG/H<sub>2</sub>O), MD may further reveal the atomic pictures of the supercooled hydration water. It shows that hydration water molecules form a series of pools around the hydrophilic oxygen atom of PEG. At supercooled temperature, they have a more bond ordered structure than bulk water, proceed a trapping sites diffusion on the PEG surface, and facilitate the structural relaxation of PEG backbone.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9462885/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33459684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-02eCollection Date: 2022-09-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000164
Georgy V Tsoraev, Elena A Protasova, Elizaveta A Klimanova, Yury L Ryzhykau, Alexander I Kuklin, Yury S Semenov, Baosheng Ge, Wenjun Li, Song Qin, Thomas Friedrich, Nikolai N Sluchanko, Eugene G Maksimov
The structural organization of natural pigment-protein complexes provides a specific environment for the chromophore groups. Yet, proteins are inherently dynamic and conformationally mobile. In this work, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of chromophores of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Arthrospira platensis. Part of the population of trimeric C-PC is subject to spontaneous disturbances of protein-protein interactions resulting in increased conformational mobility of the chromophores. Upon fluorescence excitation in the visible range, the spectral signatures of these poorly populated states are masked by bulk chromophore states, but the former could be clearly discriminated when the fluorescence is excited by near-infrared quanta. Such selective excitation of conformationally mobile C-PC chromophores is due to the structure of their S1 level, which is characterized by a significantly broadened spectral line. We demonstrate that the anti-Stokes C-PC fluorescence is the result of single-photon absorption. By combining spectral and structural methods, we characterize four distinct states of C-PC chromophores emitting at 620, 650, 665, and 720 nm and assigned the fast component in the anti-Stokes fluorescence decay kinetics in the range of 690-750 nm to the chromophores with increased conformational mobility. Our data suggest that the spectral and temporal characteristics of the anti-Stokes fluorescence can be used to study protein dynamics and develop methods to visualize local environment parameters such as temperature.
{"title":"Anti-Stokes fluorescence excitation reveals conformational mobility of the C-phycocyanin chromophores.","authors":"Georgy V Tsoraev, Elena A Protasova, Elizaveta A Klimanova, Yury L Ryzhykau, Alexander I Kuklin, Yury S Semenov, Baosheng Ge, Wenjun Li, Song Qin, Thomas Friedrich, Nikolai N Sluchanko, Eugene G Maksimov","doi":"10.1063/4.0000164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The structural organization of natural pigment-protein complexes provides a specific environment for the chromophore groups. Yet, proteins are inherently dynamic and conformationally mobile. In this work, we demonstrate the heterogeneity of chromophores of C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from <i>Arthrospira platensis</i>. Part of the population of trimeric C-PC is subject to spontaneous disturbances of protein-protein interactions resulting in increased conformational mobility of the chromophores. Upon fluorescence excitation in the visible range, the spectral signatures of these poorly populated states are masked by bulk chromophore states, but the former could be clearly discriminated when the fluorescence is excited by near-infrared quanta. Such selective excitation of conformationally mobile C-PC chromophores is due to the structure of their S<sub>1</sub> level, which is characterized by a significantly broadened spectral line. We demonstrate that the anti-Stokes C-PC fluorescence is the result of single-photon absorption. By combining spectral and structural methods, we characterize four distinct states of C-PC chromophores emitting at 620, 650, 665, and 720 nm and assigned the fast component in the anti-Stokes fluorescence decay kinetics in the range of 690-750 nm to the chromophores with increased conformational mobility. Our data suggest that the spectral and temporal characteristics of the anti-Stokes fluorescence can be used to study protein dynamics and develop methods to visualize local environment parameters such as temperature.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9440762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40353241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-16eCollection Date: 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000162
Hannes Böckmann, Jan Gerrit Horstmann, Abdus Samad Razzaq, Stefan Wippermann, Claus Ropers
Exploiting vibrational excitation for the dynamic control of material properties is an attractive goal with wide-ranging technological potential. Most metal-to-insulator transitions are mediated by few structural modes and are, thus, ideal candidates for selective driving toward a desired electronic phase. Such targeted navigation within a generally multi-dimensional potential energy landscape requires microscopic insight into the non-equilibrium pathway. However, the exact role of coherent inertial motion across the transition state has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate mode-selective control over the metal-to-insulator phase transition of atomic indium wires on the Si(111) surface, monitored by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction. We use tailored pulse sequences to individually enhance or suppress key phonon modes and thereby steer the collective atomic motion within the potential energy surface underlying the structural transformation. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the ballistic character of the structural transition along the deformation vectors of the Peierls amplitude modes. Our work illustrates that coherent excitation of collective modes via exciton-phonon interactions evades entropic barriers and enables the dynamic control of materials functionality.
{"title":"Mode-selective ballistic pathway to a metastable electronic phase.","authors":"Hannes Böckmann, Jan Gerrit Horstmann, Abdus Samad Razzaq, Stefan Wippermann, Claus Ropers","doi":"10.1063/4.0000162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exploiting vibrational excitation for the dynamic control of material properties is an attractive goal with wide-ranging technological potential. Most metal-to-insulator transitions are mediated by few structural modes and are, thus, ideal candidates for selective driving toward a desired electronic phase. Such targeted navigation within a generally multi-dimensional potential energy landscape requires microscopic insight into the non-equilibrium pathway. However, the exact role of coherent inertial motion across the transition state has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate mode-selective control over the metal-to-insulator phase transition of atomic indium wires on the Si(111) surface, monitored by ultrafast low-energy electron diffraction. We use tailored pulse sequences to individually enhance or suppress key phonon modes and thereby steer the collective atomic motion within the potential energy surface underlying the structural transformation. <i>Ab initio</i> molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate the ballistic character of the structural transition along the deformation vectors of the Peierls amplitude modes. Our work illustrates that coherent excitation of collective modes via exciton-phonon interactions evades entropic barriers and enables the dynamic control of materials functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9385219/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40714637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28eCollection Date: 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000154
Deepankar Sri Gyan, Danny Mannix, Dina Carbone, James L Sumpter, Stephan Geprägs, Maxim Dietlein, Rudolf Gross, Andrius Jurgilaitis, Van-Thai Pham, Hélène Coudert-Alteirac, Jörgen Larsson, Daniel Haskel, Jörg Strempfer, Paul G Evans
Time-resolved x-ray diffraction has been used to measure the low-temperature thermal transport properties of a Pt/Gd3Fe5O12//Gd3Ga5O12 metal/oxide heterostructure relevant to applications in spin caloritronics. A pulsed femtosecond optical signal produces a rapid temperature rise in the Pt layer, followed by heat transport into the Gd3Fe5O12 (GdIG) thin film and the Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate. The time dependence of x-ray diffraction from the GdIG layer was tracked using an accelerator-based femtosecond x-ray source. The ultrafast diffraction measurements probed the intensity of the GdIG (1 -1 2) x-ray reflection in a grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction geometry. The comparison of the variation of the diffracted x-ray intensity with a model including heat transport and the temperature dependence of the GdIG lattice parameter allows the thermal conductance of the Pt/GdIG and GdIG//GGG interfaces to be determined. Complementary synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of the low-temperature thermal expansion properties of the GdIG layer provide a precise calibration of the temperature dependence of the GdIG lattice parameter. The interfacial thermal conductance of the Pt/GdIG and GdIG//GGG interfaces determined from the time-resolved diffraction study is of the same order of magnitude as previous reports for metal/oxide and epitaxial dielectric interfaces. The thermal parameters of the Pt/GdIG//GGG heterostructure will aid in the design and implementation of thermal transport devices and nanostructures.
{"title":"Low-temperature nanoscale heat transport in a gadolinium iron garnet heterostructure probed by ultrafast x-ray diffraction.","authors":"Deepankar Sri Gyan, Danny Mannix, Dina Carbone, James L Sumpter, Stephan Geprägs, Maxim Dietlein, Rudolf Gross, Andrius Jurgilaitis, Van-Thai Pham, Hélène Coudert-Alteirac, Jörgen Larsson, Daniel Haskel, Jörg Strempfer, Paul G Evans","doi":"10.1063/4.0000154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000154","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time-resolved x-ray diffraction has been used to measure the low-temperature thermal transport properties of a Pt/Gd<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub>//Gd<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> metal/oxide heterostructure relevant to applications in spin caloritronics. A pulsed femtosecond optical signal produces a rapid temperature rise in the Pt layer, followed by heat transport into the Gd<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (GdIG) thin film and the Gd<sub>3</sub>Ga<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (GGG) substrate. The time dependence of x-ray diffraction from the GdIG layer was tracked using an accelerator-based femtosecond x-ray source. The ultrafast diffraction measurements probed the intensity of the GdIG (1 -1 2) x-ray reflection in a grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction geometry. The comparison of the variation of the diffracted x-ray intensity with a model including heat transport and the temperature dependence of the GdIG lattice parameter allows the thermal conductance of the Pt/GdIG and GdIG//GGG interfaces to be determined. Complementary synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies of the low-temperature thermal expansion properties of the GdIG layer provide a precise calibration of the temperature dependence of the GdIG lattice parameter. The interfacial thermal conductance of the Pt/GdIG and GdIG//GGG interfaces determined from the time-resolved diffraction study is of the same order of magnitude as previous reports for metal/oxide and epitaxial dielectric interfaces. The thermal parameters of the Pt/GdIG//GGG heterostructure will aid in the design and implementation of thermal transport devices and nanostructures.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9337877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40681111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-28eCollection Date: 2022-07-01DOI: 10.1063/4.0000151
Hanns Christian Schewe, Eva Muchová, Michal Belina, Tillmann Buttersack, Dominik Stemer, Robert Seidel, Stephan Thürmer, Petr Slavíček, Bernd Winter
We report the first nitrogen 1s Auger-Meitner electron spectrum from a liquid ammonia microjet at a temperature of ∼223 K (-50 °C) and compare it with the simultaneously measured spectrum for gas-phase ammonia. The spectra from both phases are interpreted with the assistance of high-level electronic structure and ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. In addition to the regular Auger-Meitner-electron features, we observe electron emission at kinetic energies of 374-388 eV, above the leading Auger-Meitner peak (3a12). Based on the electronic structure calculations, we assign this peak to a shake-up satellite in the gas phase, i.e., Auger-Meitner emission from an intermediate state with additional valence excitation present. The high-energy contribution is significantly enhanced in the liquid phase. We consider various mechanisms contributing to this feature. First, in analogy with other hydrogen-bonded liquids (noticeably water), the high-energy signal may be a signature for an ultrafast proton transfer taking place before the electronic decay (proton transfer mediated charge separation). The ab initio dynamical calculations show, however, that such a process is much slower than electronic decay and is, thus, very unlikely. Next, we consider a non-local version of the Auger-Meitner decay, the Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. The electronic structure calculations support an important contribution of this purely electronic mechanism. Finally, we discuss a non-local enhancement of the shake-up processes.
我们首次报告了液氨微射流在 ∼223 K (-50 °C)温度下产生的氮1s奥杰-迈特纳电子能谱,并将其与同时测量到的气相氨能谱进行了比较。在高水平电子结构和 ab initio 分子动力学计算的帮助下,对这两相的光谱进行了解释。除了常规的奥杰-迈特纳电子特征外,我们还观察到动能为 374-388 eV 的电子发射,高于奥杰-迈特纳的主峰(3a1 2)。根据电子结构计算,我们将该峰值归因于气相中的震荡卫星,即存在额外价激发的中间态的奥杰-迈特纳发射。在液相中,高能贡献明显增强。我们考虑了导致这一特征的各种机制。首先,与其他氢键液体(尤其是水)类似,高能信号可能是电子衰变前发生的超快质子转移的标志(质子转移介导的电荷分离)。然而,ab initio 动力学计算表明,这种过程比电子衰变慢得多,因此不太可能发生。接下来,我们考虑奥格-迈特纳衰变的非局部版本,即分子间库仑衰变。电子结构计算支持这种纯电子机制的重要贡献。最后,我们讨论震荡过程的非局部增强。
{"title":"Observation of intermolecular Coulombic decay and shake-up satellites in liquid ammonia.","authors":"Hanns Christian Schewe, Eva Muchová, Michal Belina, Tillmann Buttersack, Dominik Stemer, Robert Seidel, Stephan Thürmer, Petr Slavíček, Bernd Winter","doi":"10.1063/4.0000151","DOIUrl":"10.1063/4.0000151","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We report the first nitrogen 1s Auger-Meitner electron spectrum from a liquid ammonia microjet at a temperature of ∼223 K (-50 °C) and compare it with the simultaneously measured spectrum for gas-phase ammonia. The spectra from both phases are interpreted with the assistance of high-level electronic structure and <i>ab initio</i> molecular dynamics calculations. In addition to the regular Auger-Meitner-electron features, we observe electron emission at kinetic energies of 374-388 eV, above the leading Auger-Meitner peak (3a<sub>1</sub> <sup>2</sup>). Based on the electronic structure calculations, we assign this peak to a shake-up satellite in the gas phase, i.e., Auger-Meitner emission from an intermediate state with additional valence excitation present. The high-energy contribution is significantly enhanced in the liquid phase. We consider various mechanisms contributing to this feature. First, in analogy with other hydrogen-bonded liquids (noticeably water), the high-energy signal may be a signature for an ultrafast proton transfer taking place before the electronic decay (proton transfer mediated charge separation). The <i>ab initio</i> dynamical calculations show, however, that such a process is much slower than electronic decay and is, thus, very unlikely. Next, we consider a non-local version of the Auger-Meitner decay, the Intermolecular Coulombic Decay. The electronic structure calculations support an important contribution of this purely electronic mechanism. Finally, we discuss a non-local enhancement of the shake-up processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9380002/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40707658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cecilia M Casadei, Ahmad Hosseinizadeh, Gebhard F X Schertler, Abbas Ourmazd, Robin Santra
Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) provides access to protein dynamics on sub-picosecond timescales, and with atomic resolution. Due to the nature of the experiment, these datasets are often highly incomplete and the measured diffracted intensities are affected by partiality. To tackle these issues, one established procedure is that of splitting the data into time bins, and averaging the multiple measurements of equivalent reflections within each bin. This binning and averaging often involve a loss of information. Here, we propose an alternative approach, which we call low-pass spectral analysis (LPSA). In this method, the data are projected onto the subspace defined by a set of trigonometric functions, with frequencies up to a certain cutoff. This approach attenuates undesirable high-frequency features and facilitates retrieving the underlying dynamics. A time-lagged embedding step can be included prior to subspace projection to improve the stability of the results with respect to the parameters involved. Subsequent modal decomposition allows to produce a low-rank description of the system's evolution. Using a synthetic time-evolving model with incomplete and partial observations, we analyze the LPSA results in terms of quality of the retrieved signal, as a function of the parameters involved. We compare the performance of LPSA to that of a range of other sophisticated data analysis techniques. We show that LPSA allows to achieve excellent dynamics reconstruction at modest computational cost. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of dynamics retrieval by LPSA compared to time binning and merging, which is, to date, the most commonly used method to extract dynamical information from TR-SFX data.
{"title":"Dynamics retrieval from stochastically weighted incomplete data by low-pass spectral analysis.","authors":"Cecilia M Casadei, Ahmad Hosseinizadeh, Gebhard F X Schertler, Abbas Ourmazd, Robin Santra","doi":"10.1063/4.0000156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time-resolved serial femtosecond crystallography (TR-SFX) provides access to protein dynamics on sub-picosecond timescales, and with atomic resolution. Due to the nature of the experiment, these datasets are often highly incomplete and the measured diffracted intensities are affected by partiality. To tackle these issues, one established procedure is that of splitting the data into time bins, and averaging the multiple measurements of equivalent reflections within each bin. This binning and averaging often involve a loss of information. Here, we propose an alternative approach, which we call low-pass spectral analysis (LPSA). In this method, the data are projected onto the subspace defined by a set of trigonometric functions, with frequencies up to a certain cutoff. This approach attenuates undesirable high-frequency features and facilitates retrieving the underlying dynamics. A time-lagged embedding step can be included prior to subspace projection to improve the stability of the results with respect to the parameters involved. Subsequent modal decomposition allows to produce a low-rank description of the system's evolution. Using a synthetic time-evolving model with incomplete and partial observations, we analyze the LPSA results in terms of quality of the retrieved signal, as a function of the parameters involved. We compare the performance of LPSA to that of a range of other sophisticated data analysis techniques. We show that LPSA allows to achieve excellent dynamics reconstruction at modest computational cost. Finally, we demonstrate the superiority of dynamics retrieval by LPSA compared to time binning and merging, which is, to date, the most commonly used method to extract dynamical information from TR-SFX data.</p>","PeriodicalId":48683,"journal":{"name":"Structural Dynamics-Us","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9385225/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9532831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}