Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/16
T. Kinge
Pathogen-free seeds are important for the establishment of young seedlings, prevention of health problems upon consumption by animals and livestock, and inadvertent movement of pathogens into and out of countries. However, testing for the presence of fungi, including pathogens from seeds is a time consuming and difficult process. In this study, we characterized the seed fungal microbiome (mycobiome) of six commercial sorghum cultivars from South Africa using a deep amplicon next generation sequencing approach based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal operon. Sorghum is the fifth most important crop in the world, and widely used by African farmers. We found that the fungi present in each of the seedlots were similar to those reported by cultural studies. By comparing phylotypes of certain key families and genera to phylotypes used in established phylogenies and reputed sequences from public databases, the diagnostic value of the NGS method was also investigated. We showed that a number of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) could be identified at the species level and established that certain known pathogens are not present in the tested seeds, for instance in the Aspergillus group. Other groups could not be identified, not even to genus level. While acknowledging the shortcomings of using partial ITS data, we demonstrated that deep amplicon sequencing is a valuable diagnostic tool for seed disease control and prevention in some cases.
{"title":"Endophytic seed mycobiome of six sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cultivars from commercial seedlots using an Illumina sequencing approach","authors":"T. Kinge","doi":"10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/16","url":null,"abstract":"Pathogen-free seeds are important for the establishment of young seedlings, prevention of health problems upon consumption by animals and livestock, and inadvertent movement of pathogens into and out of countries. However, testing for the presence of fungi, including pathogens from seeds is a time consuming and difficult process. In this study, we characterized the seed fungal microbiome (mycobiome) of six commercial sorghum cultivars from South Africa using a deep amplicon next generation sequencing approach based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal operon. Sorghum is the fifth most important crop in the world, and widely used by African farmers. We found that the fungi present in each of the seedlots were similar to those reported by cultural studies. By comparing phylotypes of certain key families and genera to phylotypes used in established phylogenies and reputed sequences from public databases, the diagnostic value of the NGS method was also investigated. We showed that a number of molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) could be identified at the species level and established that certain known pathogens are not present in the tested seeds, for instance in the Aspergillus group. Other groups could not be identified, not even to genus level. While acknowledging the shortcomings of using partial ITS data, we demonstrated that deep amplicon sequencing is a valuable diagnostic tool for seed disease control and prevention in some cases.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71232034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/11
M. Gonçalves
Neocamarosporium species are typically halotolerant, being commonly found in saline environments like saline water, hypersaline soils and especially in association with halophytes. Several isolates were obtained from saline water, dead leaves of the seaweed Zostera noltii and live tissues of the halophyte Halimione portulacoides. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequence data placed these isolates into three clades within the genus Neocamarosporium distinct from the currently known species. Isolates from each clade showed clear differences in conidial morphology. Three new species N. aestuarinum sp. nov., N. endophyticum sp. nov. and N. halimiones sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Our results show that the salt marsh plant H. portulacoides harbours a high diversity of Neocamarosporium species.
{"title":"Three new species of Neocamarosporium isolated from saline environments: N. aestuarinum sp. nov., N. endophyticum sp. nov. and N. halimiones sp. nov.","authors":"M. Gonçalves","doi":"10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/11","url":null,"abstract":"Neocamarosporium species are typically halotolerant, being commonly found in saline environments like saline water, hypersaline soils and especially in association with halophytes. Several isolates were obtained from saline water, dead leaves of the seaweed Zostera noltii and live tissues of the halophyte Halimione portulacoides. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequence data placed these isolates into three clades within the genus Neocamarosporium distinct from the currently known species. Isolates from each clade showed clear differences in conidial morphology. Three new species N. aestuarinum sp. nov., N. endophyticum sp. nov. and N. halimiones sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Our results show that the salt marsh plant H. portulacoides harbours a high diversity of Neocamarosporium species.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71231699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19
M. Rashmi
{"title":"A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity","authors":"M. Rashmi","doi":"10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71231876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/10/1/10
Asanka R. Bandara, S. Rapior, P. Mortimer, Pattana Kakumyan, K. Hyde, Jian-chu Xu
Auricularia is a key genus among edible macrofungi, sourced as either wild or cultivated mushrooms. Auricularia species are utilized as nutrient-rich foods and medicinal resources, with particular prominence in Traditional Asian Medicine. Cultivated Auricularia species can be grown under a wide range of conditions, allowing for production volumes worldwide. Although Auricularia species are used predominantly within the food industry, there is strong potential for their use in the production of therapeutic drugs, thus making it necessary to identify relevant bioactive compounds and further our understanding of its pharmacological properties. Carbohydrates are the major nutritional constituent of edible Auricularia species in addition to proteins, fat, fibre, ashes vitamins and minerals. This review discusses polysaccharides as one of the major active compounds found in edible Auricularia species in relation to their nutritional value, extraction methods, and pharmacological properties. Current methods of evaluating the pharmacological effects of compounds derived from Auricularia include in vitro assays, in vivo animal models, as well as several human clinical trials. Potential medical applications for these compounds include the production of novel therapeutic drugs for treating diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.
{"title":"A review of the polysaccharide, protein and selected nutrient content of Auricularia, and their potential pharmacological value","authors":"Asanka R. Bandara, S. Rapior, P. Mortimer, Pattana Kakumyan, K. Hyde, Jian-chu Xu","doi":"10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/10/1/10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/10/1/10","url":null,"abstract":"Auricularia is a key genus among edible macrofungi, sourced as either wild or cultivated mushrooms. Auricularia species are utilized as nutrient-rich foods and medicinal resources, with particular prominence in Traditional Asian Medicine. Cultivated Auricularia species can be grown under a wide range of conditions, allowing for production volumes worldwide. Although Auricularia species are used predominantly within the food industry, there is strong potential for their use in the production of therapeutic drugs, thus making it necessary to identify relevant bioactive compounds and further our understanding of its pharmacological properties. Carbohydrates are the major nutritional constituent of edible Auricularia species in addition to proteins, fat, fibre, ashes vitamins and minerals. This review discusses polysaccharides as one of the major active compounds found in edible Auricularia species in relation to their nutritional value, extraction methods, and pharmacological properties. Current methods of evaluating the pharmacological effects of compounds derived from Auricularia include in vitro assays, in vivo animal models, as well as several human clinical trials. Potential medical applications for these compounds include the production of novel therapeutic drugs for treating diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71231648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/2
J. Chen
It has been suggested that the genus Muscodor should be rejected, while many new species recently introduced are based on chemical profiles of volatile organic compounds and insufficient phylogenetic analyses. The ITS rRNA gene was used for identification of Muscodor species, but has limitations. A four-locus (ITS rRNA, 28S rRNA, RPB2 and TUB1 gene) combined phylogenetic tree has been reconstructed in the current study to confirm that the genus Muscodor is phylogenetically distinct from other closely related genera. A new Muscodor species named Muscodor yunnanensis is described based on phylogenetic analyses and culture characteristics.
{"title":"Confirming the phylogenetic position of the genus Muscodor and the description of a new Muscodor species","authors":"J. Chen","doi":"10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/2","url":null,"abstract":"It has been suggested that the genus Muscodor should be rejected, while many new species recently introduced are based on chemical profiles of volatile organic compounds and insufficient phylogenetic analyses. The ITS rRNA gene was used for identification of Muscodor species, but has limitations. A four-locus (ITS rRNA, 28S rRNA, RPB2 and TUB1 gene) combined phylogenetic tree has been reconstructed in the current study to confirm that the genus Muscodor is phylogenetically distinct from other closely related genera. A new Muscodor species named Muscodor yunnanensis is described based on phylogenetic analyses and culture characteristics.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71231894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-21DOI: 10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/3/2
Zong-Long Luo, K. Hyde, Jiankui Liu, D. Bhat, D. Bao, Wenlian Li, H. Su
This is the second in a series of papers on lignicolous freshwater fungi from China. In this paper, eight fresh collections of asexual morphs of Distoseptispora, isolated from submerged wood in northwestern Yunnan Province, China, are characterized based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1α sequence data. Four new Distoseptispora species (D. cangshanensis, D. obpyriformis, D. rostrata and D. submersa) are introduced, described and illustrated, with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Newly generated molecular data of Distoseptispora fluminicola is also provided. We also provide a unified method for studying lignicolous freshwater fungi to standardize the findings of future Asian studies. Key word – Asexual fungi – Methodology – Phylogeny – Sordariomycetes – Taxonomy Introduction Lignicolous freshwater fungi play an important role in nutrient and carbon cycling, biological diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater ecosystems (Palmer et al. 1997, Yuen et al. 1998, Bucher et al. 2004, Vijaykrishna et al. 2005, Hyde et al. 2016a). There have been some studies on lignicolous freshwater fungi in Yunnan Province, China (Cai et al. 2002, Luo et al. 2004, 2016, 2017, 2018, Liu et al. 2015, Su et al. 2015, 2016, Zhu et al. 2016) and in this paper, we deal with the genus Distoseptispora K.D. Hyde, McKenzie & Maharachch. which belongs to Distoseptisporaceae, Sordariomycetes. The family Distoseptisporaceae K.D. Hyde & McKenzie was introduced by Su et al. (2016) with a single genus Distoseptispora to accommodate two Sporidesmium-like species. Yang et al. (2018) emended the description of the genus Distoseptispora which is characterized by Mycosphere 9(3): 444–461 (2018) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019
这是一系列关于中国木质淡水真菌的论文中的第二篇。本文利用ITS、LSU、RPB2和TEF1α序列数据，结合形态学特征和系统发育分析，对云南省西北部沉水木中分离到的8个新的异孢子虫无性形态进行了鉴定。介绍、描述和说明了四个新的Distoseptispora种（仓山D.cangshanis、倒梨形D.obpyriformis、罗斯塔D.rostrata和潜水D.submasa），并对它们的分类学和系统发育进行了说明。还提供了最新生成的流体远外孢子虫的分子数据。我们还为研究木质淡水真菌提供了一种统一的方法，以规范未来亚洲研究的结果。关键词——无性真菌——方法论——系统发育——Sordariomycetes——分类学简介木质淡水真菌在淡水生态系统的营养和碳循环、生物多样性和生态系统功能中发挥着重要作用（Palmer et al.1997，Yuen et al.1998，Bucher et al.2004，Vijaykrishna et al.2005，Hyde et al.2016a）。中国云南省对木质素淡水真菌进行了一些研究（Cai et al.2002，Luo et al.2004201620172018，Liu et al.2015，Su et al.20152016，Zhu et al.2016），在本文中，我们对Distoseptispora K.D.Hyde，McKenzie&Maharachch属进行了研究。其隶属于Distoseptisporace，Sordariomycetes。Distoseptisporaceae K.D.Hyde&McKenzie家族由Su等人引入。（2016）用一个单独的Distoseptispora属来容纳两个类似孢子虫的物种。杨等人（2018）修改了以Mycosphere 9（3）为特征的Distoseptispora属的描述：444–461（2018）www.Mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019
{"title":"Lignicolous freshwater fungi from China II: Novel Distoseptispora (Distoseptisporaceae) species from northwestern Yunnan Province and a suggested unified method for studying lignicolous freshwater fungi","authors":"Zong-Long Luo, K. Hyde, Jiankui Liu, D. Bhat, D. Bao, Wenlian Li, H. Su","doi":"10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/3/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/3/2","url":null,"abstract":"This is the second in a series of papers on lignicolous freshwater fungi from China. In this paper, eight fresh collections of asexual morphs of Distoseptispora, isolated from submerged wood in northwestern Yunnan Province, China, are characterized based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TEF1α sequence data. Four new Distoseptispora species (D. cangshanensis, D. obpyriformis, D. rostrata and D. submersa) are introduced, described and illustrated, with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Newly generated molecular data of Distoseptispora fluminicola is also provided. We also provide a unified method for studying lignicolous freshwater fungi to standardize the findings of future Asian studies. Key word – Asexual fungi – Methodology – Phylogeny – Sordariomycetes – Taxonomy Introduction Lignicolous freshwater fungi play an important role in nutrient and carbon cycling, biological diversity and ecosystem functioning in freshwater ecosystems (Palmer et al. 1997, Yuen et al. 1998, Bucher et al. 2004, Vijaykrishna et al. 2005, Hyde et al. 2016a). There have been some studies on lignicolous freshwater fungi in Yunnan Province, China (Cai et al. 2002, Luo et al. 2004, 2016, 2017, 2018, Liu et al. 2015, Su et al. 2015, 2016, Zhu et al. 2016) and in this paper, we deal with the genus Distoseptispora K.D. Hyde, McKenzie & Maharachch. which belongs to Distoseptisporaceae, Sordariomycetes. The family Distoseptisporaceae K.D. Hyde & McKenzie was introduced by Su et al. (2016) with a single genus Distoseptispora to accommodate two Sporidesmium-like species. Yang et al. (2018) emended the description of the genus Distoseptispora which is characterized by Mycosphere 9(3): 444–461 (2018) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"9 1","pages":"444-461"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2018-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41559307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-01DOI: 10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/6
C. Alvarado, Pedro Rojas Camacho, C. Rodríguez
An updated analysis of myxomycete diversity in Costa Rica is provided herein as a product of an extensive data mining-based study intended to normalize the information on myxomycetes from that country. Within the context of the Mesoamerican Biodiversity Hotspot, the 242 species of myxomycetes are reported herein demonstrated the potential of this area for diversity-based studies. For the construction of the updated species list, a thorough analysis that included examination of vouchers and a literature review has been carried out, and some species previously included in other works have been rejected due to inconsistencies or misidentification. The present contribution is essential to address the Wallacean shortfall within Mesoamerica and important for providing updated data on microorganisms in the context of regional biodiversity monitoring.
{"title":"Myxomycete diversity in Costa Rica","authors":"C. Alvarado, Pedro Rojas Camacho, C. Rodríguez","doi":"10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/6","url":null,"abstract":"An updated analysis of myxomycete diversity in Costa Rica is provided herein as a product of an extensive data mining-based study intended to normalize the information on myxomycetes from that country. Within the context of the Mesoamerican Biodiversity Hotspot, the 242 species of myxomycetes are reported herein demonstrated the potential of this area for diversity-based studies. For the construction of the updated species list, a thorough analysis that included examination of vouchers and a literature review has been carried out, and some species previously included in other works have been rejected due to inconsistencies or misidentification. The present contribution is essential to address the Wallacean shortfall within Mesoamerica and important for providing updated data on microorganisms in the context of regional biodiversity monitoring.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"9 1","pages":"227-255"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2018-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46024071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-21DOI: 10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/5
Rajamani Thavamani, T. S. Murali
In this paper, we show that a Talaromyces stipitatus isolated as an endophyte from the root of the mangrove tree Avicennia marina, produces salt-tolerant chitinase and chitosanases. The endophyte is halotolerant and produces these chitin modifying enzymes even in the presence of a high concentration of NaCl in the growth medium. The chitosanases produced could act on chitosans of low, medium and high degrees of acetylation. The presence of NaCl influenced the production of isoforms of chitinase and chitosanase by the endophyte. The chitinase activity was not altered much by NaCl concentration.
{"title":"Salt-tolerant chitin and chitosan modifying enzymes from Talaromyces stipitatus, a mangrove endophyte","authors":"Rajamani Thavamani, T. S. Murali","doi":"10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/5","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we show that a Talaromyces stipitatus isolated as an endophyte from the root of the mangrove tree Avicennia marina, produces salt-tolerant chitinase and chitosanases. The endophyte is halotolerant and produces these chitin modifying enzymes even in the presence of a high concentration of NaCl in the growth medium. The chitosanases produced could act on chitosans of low, medium and high degrees of acetylation. The presence of NaCl influenced the production of isoforms of chitinase and chitosanase by the endophyte. The chitinase activity was not altered much by NaCl concentration.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"9 1","pages":"215-226"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2018-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45163449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-08DOI: 10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/2
P. Sun, P. H. Chen, Wei-Jiun Lin, Chung-Chi Lin, Jui-Yu Chou
Many plant–ant interactions are considered mutualisms. In Mallotus paniculatus (Euphorbiaceae) (also known as Turn-in-the-wind), the extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the base of the leaf laminas can produce sugar-rich secretions to attract ants as effective agents against herbivores or plant competitors. Growing evidence reveals that microorganisms are important “hidden players” in insect–plant interactions. Understanding which microorganisms act as such third-party species and how they operate is a major challenge in the study of mutualistic interactions. In this study, we showed that two dominant fungal species, the yeast Jaminaea angkorensis and the hyphal fungus Gibellulopsis nigrescens both from EFNs and the interiors of bodies of the ant Pheidole megacephala (Formicidae) on their own were sufficient for ant attraction. Our results also revealed that different fungal species on the host plant influenced ant behavior differently. These results can be applied in agriculture to increase ants or herbivore predators to protect plant hosts using fungal baits. Moreover, they indicate that fungal odors represent the critical signal to establish the plant–microbe–insect interactions. The traditional plant– defender concept must be updated to include the role of microorganisms.
{"title":"Variation in the ability of fungi in the extrafloral nectar of Mallotus paniculatus to attract ants as plant defenders","authors":"P. Sun, P. H. Chen, Wei-Jiun Lin, Chung-Chi Lin, Jui-Yu Chou","doi":"10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/9/2/2","url":null,"abstract":"Many plant–ant interactions are considered mutualisms. In Mallotus paniculatus (Euphorbiaceae) (also known as Turn-in-the-wind), the extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) on the base of the leaf laminas can produce sugar-rich secretions to attract ants as effective agents against herbivores or plant competitors. Growing evidence reveals that microorganisms are important “hidden players” in insect–plant interactions. Understanding which microorganisms act as such third-party species and how they operate is a major challenge in the study of mutualistic interactions. In this study, we showed that two dominant fungal species, the yeast Jaminaea angkorensis and the hyphal fungus Gibellulopsis nigrescens both from EFNs and the interiors of bodies of the ant Pheidole megacephala (Formicidae) on their own were sufficient for ant attraction. Our results also revealed that different fungal species on the host plant influenced ant behavior differently. These results can be applied in agriculture to increase ants or herbivore predators to protect plant hosts using fungal baits. Moreover, they indicate that fungal odors represent the critical signal to establish the plant–microbe–insect interactions. The traditional plant– defender concept must be updated to include the role of microorganisms.","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"9 1","pages":"178-188"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2018-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45178295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-18DOI: 10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/8/9/11
Y. Marin-Felix, C. Senwanna, R. Cheewangkoon, P. Crous
Yasmina Marin-Felix is grateful for the financial support received from the Vice-Chancellor’s postdoctoral fellowship programme from University of Pretoria, South Africa. The collection trip in Thailand was supported by the Thailand Research Fund (MRG5580163).
{"title":"New species and records of Bipolaris and Curvularia from Thailand","authors":"Y. Marin-Felix, C. Senwanna, R. Cheewangkoon, P. Crous","doi":"10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/8/9/11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5943/MYCOSPHERE/8/9/11","url":null,"abstract":"Yasmina Marin-Felix is grateful for the financial support received from the Vice-Chancellor’s postdoctoral fellowship programme from University of Pretoria, South Africa. The collection trip in Thailand was supported by the Thailand Research Fund (MRG5580163).","PeriodicalId":48718,"journal":{"name":"Mycosphere","volume":"8 1","pages":"1556-1574"},"PeriodicalIF":14.6,"publicationDate":"2017-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44917242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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