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The genus Gibellula (Cordycipitaceae) comprises spider-pathogenic fungi. Three new species, G. pseudopigmentosa, G. pseudosolita, and G. sinensis, were discovered on spiders in the leaf litter of forests in Yunnan and Jilin provinces, China, and in Vientiane Prefecture and Oudomxay Province, Laos. Morphological and multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (based on nrSSU, ITS, nrLSU, tef-1α, rpb1, and rpb2) support their recognition as distinct taxa. Gibellula pseudopigmentosa is distinguished from its sister species, G. pigmentosinum, by smaller perithecia and shorter ascospores. Gibellula pseudosolita differs from its close relatives by producing multiple synnemata per host and possessing smaller conidia. Gibellula sinensis is characterized by shorter conidiophores and smaller conidial heads compared with morphologically similar species. This study presents the first formal record of Gibellula from Laos, significantly expanding the known distribution of the genus in Southeast Asia and contributing to our understanding of its diversity.

Based on an integrated taxonomic approach combining multi-locus phylogenetic analysis and morphological characterization, we formally describe and illustrate two new entomopathogenic fungal species from China, Pleurocordyceps longiphialis and Samsoniella aggestitenuipes. Phylogenetic analyses of a six-locus dataset (ITS, nr SSU, nr LSU, tef1-α, rpb1, and rpb2) strongly support the distinct phylogenetic positions of the two new species within their respective genera. Morphologically, P. longiphialis, isolated from a Scarabaeoidea larva, possesses notably elongated α-phialides (9.5-101 µm) and dimorphic conidia. In addition, S. aggestitenuipes, obtained from a lepidopteran pupa, displays synnemata with powdery conidial masses and phialides measuring 6-28 µm. This study also reviews the host ranges and geographic distributions of Pleurocordyceps and Samsoniella. Pleurocordyceps species are known to infect insects in Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Lepidoptera, and also parasitize fungi such as Elaphomyces, Ophiocordyceps, Paraisaria, and Perennicordyceps. Samsoniella species have been reported from Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Arachnida. Geographically, Pleurocordyceps occurs in Asia (China, Japan, and Thailand) and South America (Ecuador), while Samsoniella is distributed across East Asia (China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam), Europe (UK and Ireland), and South America (Argentina).

Two new poroid species of Hymenochaetales, Coltricia subpusilla and Sidera pini, are described from Anhui Province and Jiangxi Province based on morphological characters and multimarker phylogenetic analyses using a combined ITS, nLSU, and partial tef1 dataset. Phylogenetic results revealed that C. subpusilla is closely related to C. pusilla and that S. pini is related to S. borealis. Coltricia subpusilla was found on the bark of dead Pinus and is recognized by its annual, laterally stipitate, small, flabelliform to subcircular pilei, angular pores (2-3 per mm), and smooth to verrucose basidiospores. Sidera pini was found on fallen trunks of Pinus massoniana and is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with angular pores (8-12 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of the two new species are provided.

The genus Niesslia is common on decaying plant and fungal substrates, as well as in soil. During a survey of culturable mycobiota in urban soils, six Niesslia isolates were obtained in Shanxi Province, China. Based on combined multigene phylogenetic analyses (ITS, LSU, TEF1, TUB and ACT) and morphological characteristics, two novel species, Niesslia curvispora and N. shanxiensis, are proposed. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and phylogenetic analyses of the new taxa are presented.

During a survey of saprobic fungi associated with the medicinal plant Phellodendron amurense in Guizhou Province, China, three taxa were isolated and examined. Based on morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses, two novel species, Dictyosporium phellodendri (Dictyosporiaceae, Pleosporales) and Helicosporium phellodendri (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales), are proposed. In addition, Neohelicomyces guizhouensis (Tubeufiaceae, Tubeufiales) is reported as a new host record. Detailed morphological descriptions, illustrations and molecular evidence are provided to support the establishment of these taxa.

The Hymenochaetales is an order in which most species are wood-inhabiting fungi, which has high phylogenetic complexity and morphological diversity, and comprises mostly polypores, corticioid, and hydnoid fungi, with some agaricoid and clavarioid fungi. During an investigation of wood-inhabiting fungi in Fujian Province, China, four corticioid fungal specimens assigned to Hymenochaetales were collected. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence, a new genus Spongoides, and a new species, Peniophorella subalbohymenia, were proposed. The new genus was established to accommodate a single species Spongoides fissurata, characterized by its resupinate, effused, spongy basidiomata with two types cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores growing on living Chamaecyparis formosensis. The new species, Peniophorella subalbohymenia, is characterized by its membranaceous, white basidiomata with a smooth hymenial surface, the presence of three variable cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores. Illustrated descriptions of both novel taxa are provided. This study advances the understanding of Hymenochaetales diversity in China and supplements the taxonomic framework for wood-inhabiting fungi.

Phylogenetic studies in lichenized fungi need reliable primers, as off-target amplification of environmental fungi or the lichen photobiont presents a challenge. In this study, new mycobiont-specific primers were developed and evaluated for four genetic markers (nrITS, RPB2, MCM7, and mtSSU) within the diverse genus Cladonia. A dataset of 110 specimens was used to assess amplification success, sequence quality, and taxonomic resolution. All markers showed high PCR success rates, with nrITS, MCM7, and mtSSU primer pairs exceeding 90%. nrITS displayed the highest sequence variability and nucleotide diversity, whereas mtSSU was the most conserved. Pairwise genetic distance analyses revealed that nrITS provided the strongest species-level resolution, RPB2 offered intermediate divergence, MCM7 was informative at the clade level but limited for closely related subclades, and mtSSU was best suited for deeper phylogenetic splits. This study shows the value of targeted primer design, and the new primers proved to be robust tools for future molecular identification and evolutionary research in Cladonia.

Two novel species of Penicillium, comprising P. chanthaburiense sp. nov. and P. buranakarlianum sp. nov., were isolated from mangrove sediment collected at the King Rama IX International Mangrove Botanical Garden in Chanthaburi Province, Thailand. Morphological characterization combined with multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (TUB), calmodulin (CaM), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) genes placed P. chanthaburiense sp. nov. as a new member of section Exilicaulis, series Erubescentia, while P. buranakarlianum sp. nov. was assigned to section Lanata-Divaricata, series Janthinella. In addition, this study reports the first record of P. danzhouense from mangrove sediment in Thailand. Diagnostic morphological and molecular features distinguishing these taxa from their closest phylogenetic relatives are presented. These findings enrich the taxonomic framework of Penicillium and contribute to the understanding of fungal biodiversity in mangrove ecosystems. Furthermore, P. chanthaburiense sp. nov. exhibited antibacterial activity against several clinically relevant Gram-positive pathogens, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), highlighting the potential of mangrove-derived Penicillium species in antimicrobial research.

Species of Cytospora have been commonly reported as plant pathogens with wide host ranges and geographic distributions. In this study, ten strains of this genus were isolated from branches collected in Hebei Province, China. They were identified based on a multi-locus phylogeny of ITS, act, rpb2, tef1-α, and tub2 genes, along with morphological characters. As a result, they were identified as six species, including five known species (C. ampla, C. pseudochrysosperma, C. sophoricola, C. sorbariae, and C. yinchuanensis) and one new species (C. hebeiensis). Among the known species, C. ampla, C. sorbariae, and C. yinchuanensis were newly discovered on Malus spectabilis; C. pseudochrysosperma was newly discovered on Salix matsudana; and C. sophoricola was newly discovered on Caragana microphylla. The results enrich the diversity of Cytospora species associated with tree canker and dieback diseases in Hebei Province, China.

Papiliotrema species are commonly found in different habitats and many of them are reported as epiphytic yeasts associated with plants. In this study, several yeast strains were isolated from the surface of plants collected in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Hainan. Phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS and LSU sequence data placed them in Papiliotrema. Two new species, Papiliotrema millettiae sp. nov. (holotype CICC 33641) and P. mussaendae sp. nov. (holotype CICC 33595), are proposed on the basis of phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characterisation. Detailed descriptions of both species are provided, allowing clear differentiation from other known species in the genus Papiliotrema. In addition, P. fudaokuniae is considered a synonym of P. fusca, based on our phylogenetic analyses. This study contributes to a better understanding of species diversity within the genus Papiliotrema and provides a framework for future taxonomic research in the group.