Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment最新文献_第4页

Revisiting the drought-food insecurity nexus: a social-ecological systems perspective 重新审视干旱-粮食不安全关系：社会-生态系统视角

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-07-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100874

Debashis Roy , Steven A. Gillespie , Md Sarwar Hossain

In the era of Anthropocene, drought frequency and severity are projected to increase globally, posing significant challenges in achieving food security (SDG 2). While remarkable progress has been made in drought and food insecurity research, relatively few studies have attempted to capture the inherent complexity of the drought-food insecurity nexus, particularly the interactions and feedback between ecological and social systems. An example of a feedback loop is that, as drought reduces crop production and heightens food insecurity, it can also lead to greater reliance on irrigation, which in turn depletes water resources, thereby exacerbating drought conditions. Moreover, the traditional approach of viewing drought as a natural phenomenon and food insecurity as a social phenomenon indicates flaws in assessing and monitoring the drought-food insecurity nexus. In this perspective, we propose a social-ecological systems (SES) approach that holistically integrates these dimensions, emphasizing the complex interactions and feedback that characterize the drought-food insecurity nexus. We also present a conceptual SES model developed in the context of the regional drought-food insecurity nexus in Bangladesh and discuss its implications in future research. We argue that cross-sectoral collaboration is needed for identifying leverage points and designing policy interventions to achieve food security targets. We also suggest that future research needs to consider all the complex relationships and trade-offs between social and ecological systems to inform sustainable policy development relating to achieving food security (SDG 2) by 2030 and long-after.

在人类世时代，预计全球干旱频率和严重程度将增加，对实现粮食安全构成重大挑战（可持续发展目标2）。虽然在干旱和粮食不安全研究方面取得了显著进展，但相对较少的研究试图捕捉干旱-粮食不安全关系的内在复杂性，特别是生态和社会系统之间的相互作用和反馈。反馈循环的一个例子是，由于干旱减少了作物产量并加剧了粮食不安全，它还可能导致对灌溉的更大依赖，这反过来又耗尽了水资源，从而加剧了干旱状况。此外，将干旱视为一种自然现象而将粮食不安全视为一种社会现象的传统方法表明，在评估和监测干旱-粮食不安全关系方面存在缺陷。从这个角度来看，我们提出了一种社会生态系统（SES）方法，该方法全面整合了这些维度，强调了干旱-粮食不安全关系特征的复杂相互作用和反馈。我们还提出了在孟加拉国区域干旱-粮食不安全关系背景下开发的概念性SES模型，并讨论了其在未来研究中的意义。我们认为，需要跨部门合作来确定杠杆点和设计政策干预措施，以实现粮食安全目标。我们还建议，未来的研究需要考虑社会和生态系统之间的所有复杂关系和权衡，以便为与到2030年及以后实现粮食安全（可持续发展目标2）相关的可持续政策制定提供信息。

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引用次数: 0

The agrifood-system wage gap and structural transformation: cross-country evidence 农业食品系统的工资差距和结构转型：跨国证据

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100851

Marwan Benali , Vanya Slavchevska , Natalia Piedrahita , Benjamin Davis , Nicholas Sitko , Carlo Azzarri , Gianluigi Nico , Dung Thi Le , Jessika Kluth

Evidence from high income countries shows that the gender pay gap in wage employment has decreased over time, though it has not closed. However, little evidence exists on how the gender wage gap varies as countries undergo processes of structural transformation that lead to rising wages and a shift in employment from primary agricultural production. Disaggregating agricultural, agrifood-system and non-agrifood-system wage employment, this study provides empirical estimates of the gender pay gap across countries at different stages of structural transformation. Based on a multi-country dataset and using the Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition approach, the study sheds light on the different factors driving the pay gap along the structural transformation process. Our analysis shows significant gender gaps in both agrifood systems and non-agrifood systems that do not always decrease with structural transformation. Both differences in female and male employee's observed characteristics and differences in returns continue to contribute to gender gaps, suggesting the need for gender-responsive policies to address the underlying factors that drive these gaps.

来自高收入国家的证据表明，工资就业中的性别工资差距随着时间的推移而缩小，尽管尚未完全消除。然而，很少有证据表明，随着各国经历导致工资上涨和就业从初级农业生产转移的结构转型进程，性别工资差距如何变化。本研究对农业、农业食品系统和非农业食品系统的工资就业进行了分类，对处于不同结构转型阶段的国家的性别工资差距进行了实证估计。该研究基于多个国家的数据集，并使用Kitagawa-Oaxaca-Blinder分解方法，揭示了在结构转型过程中导致薪酬差距的不同因素。我们的分析表明，在农业食品系统和非农业食品系统中存在显著的性别差距，这种差距并不总是随着结构转型而减少。男女雇员所观察到的特点差异和回报差异继续造成性别差距，这表明需要制定促进性别平等的政策，以解决造成这些差距的根本因素。

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引用次数: 0

Resilient and inclusive rural transformation: Exploring pathways for sustainable development 韧性和包容性农村转型：探索可持续发展之路

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100868

Benjamin Davis , Romina Cavatassi , Leslie Lipper , Ken E. Giller

引用次数: 0

Unintended consequences of a financial incentive scheme for fruit and vegetable purchasing in an unorganised retail setting in rural India 在印度农村无组织的零售环境中，水果和蔬菜购买财政激励计划的意外后果

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100869

Judith Lieber , Sanjay Kinra , Srivalli Addanki , Swarnaa Prabhakar , Santhi Bhogadi , Poppy A.C. Mallinson , Anura V. Kurpad , Helen L. Walls , Bharati Kulkarni , Shilpa Aggarwal , Richa Pande , Kiruthika Selvaraj , Arindam Debbarma , Sarang Deo , Nanda Kishore Kannuri

Consumption of fruits and vegetables in rural India is among the lowest in the world. We assessed how a financial incentive scheme influenced purchasing of fruits and vegetables in an unorganised retail setting in rural India and explored any unintended consequences. We used a mixed-methods approach, triangulating between in-depth interviews with community members, vendors, local leaders, and intervention implementors (N = 21) and fruit and vegetable purchasing surveys (N = 1109), vendor sales surveys (N = 36), and routine coupon use data. The intervention led households to use their own budgets to buy fruits and vegetables and receive the cashback. This was used to buy more fruits and vegetables (45 % and 77 % of intervention participants, respectively). Changes in purchasing behaviours unexpectedly increased farmer-to-consumer sales in the village markets. This increased the variety of fruit and vegetables purchased locally (baseline-adjusted mean difference of 2.2 items in intervention versus control villages (95 % CI: −0.7 to 5.1)) but may have negatively impacted the sales of existing vendors (baseline-adjusted mean difference of −150₹ in intervention versus control villages (95 % CI: −296 to −0.1). Financial incentive schemes have the potential to change the food environment in unorganised retail settings, which could have major consequences for diets.

印度农村的水果和蔬菜消费量是世界上最低的。我们评估了财政激励计划如何影响印度农村无组织零售环境中水果和蔬菜的购买，并探讨了任何意想不到的后果。我们采用了混合方法，对社区成员、供应商、当地领导和干预措施实施者的深度访谈（N = 21）、水果和蔬菜采购调查（N = 1109）、供应商销售调查（N = 36）和常规优惠券使用数据进行三角测量。这一干预措施促使家庭使用自己的预算购买水果和蔬菜，并获得现金返还。这些钱被用来购买更多的水果和蔬菜（分别占干预参与者的45%和77%）。购买行为的变化意外地增加了农村市场上农民对消费者的销售。这增加了当地购买的水果和蔬菜的种类（干预村与对照村的基线调整后的平均差异为2.2种（95% CI: - 0.7至5.1）），但可能对现有供应商的销售产生负面影响(干预村与对照村的基线调整后的平均差异为- 150卢比（95% CI: - 296至- 0.1）。财政激励计划有可能改变无组织零售环境中的食品环境，这可能对饮食产生重大影响。

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引用次数: 0

Meta-analysis of the impacts of digital information interventions on agricultural development 数字信息干预对农业发展影响的meta分析

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100866

Robert H. Beach, Caleb Milliken, Kirsten Franzen, Daniel Lapidus

Digital means of delivering advisory and other information services to small-scale agricultural producers are widely expected to expand the reach of extension and other information provision services while reducing costs. However, there is currently little evidence systematically quantifying these benefits. In this paper, we synthesize quantitative information on the impacts of digital information interventions, which may integrate human support, on adoption of modern farm inputs (fertilizer and improved seeds), yield, and income, covering interventions implemented between 2005 and 2019. Our starting point for the meta-analysis was the Agriculture in the Digital Age Evidence Gap Map dataset, which provided a consistent set of studies of digital interventions, though one limitation is that it excludes more recent studies published after 2021. After applying our criteria for relevance, rigor, and availability of necessary data, we used estimates from 20 studies in our analyses where fifteen were from Sub-Saharan Africa, four from India, and one from Cambodia. Mean impacts of digital information interventions on adoption of fertilizer (+23 %; 95 % CI +6 % to +40 %), yield (+6 %; +2 % to +9 %), and income (+6 %; +2 % to +9 %) are positive while effects on adoption of improved seeds were not statistically significant. Although our analysis indicates that digital farmer services have provided benefits on average, there is considerable variability in estimates across individual studies. However, there are not enough comparable quantitative observations from the literature included within our study population to reliably further disaggregate estimated impacts (e.g., by intervention, level of human assistance, geography, modality of information delivery, farmer type). Expansion of the available evidence base to facilitate quantification of these heterogeneous impacts is needed to better inform program design to maximize effectiveness.

人们普遍预期，向小规模农业生产者提供咨询和其他信息服务的数字手段将扩大推广和其他信息提供服务的范围，同时降低成本。然而，目前很少有证据系统地量化这些好处。本文综合了2005年至2019年间实施的数字信息干预措施对现代农业投入品（肥料和改良种子）采用、产量和收入影响的定量信息，这些干预措施可能整合了人力支持。我们的荟萃分析的起点是数字时代的农业证据差距图数据集，该数据集提供了一组一致的数字干预研究，尽管一个限制是它排除了2021年以后发表的最新研究。在应用我们的相关性、严谨性和必要数据的可用性标准后，我们在分析中使用了来自20项研究的估计，其中15项来自撒哈拉以南非洲，4项来自印度，1项来自柬埔寨。数字信息干预对肥料采用的平均影响(+ 23%；95% CI + 6% ~ + 40%)，产量(+ 6%；+ 2%至+ 9%)，收入(+ 6%；+ 2% ~ + 9%)为正，而对改良种子采用率的影响无统计学意义。尽管我们的分析表明，数字农民服务平均而言提供了好处，但在各个研究的估计中存在相当大的差异。然而，在我们的研究人群中，没有足够的可比较的文献定量观察来可靠地进一步分解估计的影响（例如，通过干预，人类援助水平，地理位置，信息传递方式，农民类型）。需要扩大现有的证据基础，以促进这些异质影响的量化，从而更好地为项目设计提供信息，以最大限度地提高效率。

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引用次数: 0

Food system games for sustainability transformation – A review 食物系统游戏的可持续发展转型-回顾

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100864

Demi J.A. Hordijk , Federico Andreotti , Hannah H.E. van Zanten

Interactive serious games can help facilitate sustainable food system transformation that many stakeholders deem necessary, due to their potential of capturing system complexity, stimulating dialogue, and exploring strategies in different scenarios. However, to what extent such games capture multiple food system components has yet to be established. We therefore conducted a systematic review of the literature on multiple food system component coverage in games and to assess their potential use in guiding sustainable food system transformation. We found 19 games that covered at least two food system components, of which eight addressed sustainable food system outcomes. Two of these games had the potential of covering rather all food system components and allowing reflection on economic, societal and environmental outcomes. Other games did not cover all components but did make either strong connections between the ones that were included or linked outcomes to multiple sustainability dimensions. For use in food system transformation, most games showed potential in transforming mindsets of a niche group of food system actors. However, only two could be played with a diverse group of stakeholders, of which one could additionally be applied in the political landscape. Future research should focus on further capturing system complexity within games to support imagining and evaluating effects of various strategies. By playing these games with different stakeholders, they could then have the potential to address the plurality of perspectives, cross disciplines and co-create strategies needed for food system transformation.

互动严肃游戏可以帮助促进许多利益相关者认为必要的可持续粮食系统转型，因为它们有可能捕捉系统复杂性，激发对话，并在不同情况下探索策略。然而，这些游戏在多大程度上捕获了多种食物系统组件还有待确定。因此，我们对游戏中多种食物系统组件覆盖的文献进行了系统回顾，并评估了它们在指导可持续食物系统转型方面的潜在用途。我们发现有19款游戏至少涵盖了食物系统的两个组成部分，其中8款涉及可持续食物系统的结果。其中两款游戏具有覆盖所有食物系统组件的潜力，并允许对经济、社会和环境结果进行反思。其他游戏虽然没有涵盖所有元素，但却在元素之间建立了强大的联系，或者将结果与多个可持续性维度联系起来。在食物系统转变方面，大多数游戏都显示出改变食物系统参与者小众群体心态的潜力。然而，只有两种方法可以与不同的利益相关者群体一起使用，其中一种方法还可以应用于政治领域。未来的研究应该集中在进一步捕捉游戏中的系统复杂性，以支持想象和评估各种策略的效果。通过与不同的利益相关者进行这些游戏，他们就有可能解决粮食系统转型所需的多种观点、跨学科和共同创造战略。

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引用次数: 0

Demographic shifts and agricultural production efficiency in the context of urban-rural transformation: Complex networks and geographic differences 城乡转型背景下的人口转移与农业生产效率：复杂网络与地域差异

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100867

Qianli Zhou , Shaoyao Zhang , Wei Deng , Yu Wang , Hao Zhang

Demographic shifts (DS) within urban-rural transformations have extensively impacted the socio-ecological systems of developing countries, particularly affecting agricultural production efficiency (AP). Concerns over food security and agricultural decline have sparked widespread criticism of these transformations. However, the complex networks between DS and AP remain poorly understood. This study establishes association networks between DS and AP within urban-rural contexts, capturing geographic differences and interactions in Southwest China. AP is calculated using super-efficiency DEA and Bayesian network models estimate the complex associations between DS and AP. The results indicate that rapid aging and large-scale urban-rural migration are the primary DS trends in Southwest China. AP initially declined and then rose, with minor changes in scale efficiency. Bayesian networks confirmed the complex networks between DS and AP, showing that urban-rural migration and population aging are highly correlated with changes in scale and technical efficiency. From 2010 to 2020, urban-rural migration significantly enhanced the positive coupling between DS and AP, suggesting that DS has promoted AP development on a integral scale. However, the DS-AP association networks exhibit geographic differences across various topographical regions. In mountainous areas, population aging, and rural exodus have inhibited AP development, warranting extensive attention. This study's framework aims to achieve sustainable socio-ecological development through the benign coupling of DS-AP systems, supporting urban-rural governance and the sustainable development goals by refining the feedback and interaction processes of coupled social-ecological systems.

城乡转型中的人口变化对发展中国家的社会生态系统产生了广泛的影响，特别是对农业生产效率的影响。对粮食安全和农业衰退的担忧引发了对这些转变的广泛批评。然而，DS和AP之间的复杂网络仍然知之甚少。本研究在城乡背景下建立了DS和AP之间的关联网络，捕捉了西南地区的地理差异和相互作用。结果表明，快速老龄化和大规模城乡人口迁移是西南地区人口发展的主要趋势。AP先下降后上升，规模效率变化不大。贝叶斯网络证实了城乡迁移和人口老龄化之间的复杂网络关系，表明城乡迁移和人口老龄化与规模和技术效率的变化高度相关。2010 - 2020年，城乡迁移显著增强了农村发展与农村发展的正耦合关系，说明农村发展在整体上促进了农村发展。然而，DS-AP关联网络在不同的地形区域表现出地理差异。在山区，人口老龄化和农村人口外流抑制了AP的发展，值得广泛关注。本研究的框架旨在通过DS-AP系统的良性耦合实现可持续的社会生态发展，通过细化耦合的社会生态系统的反馈和互动过程，支持城乡治理和可持续发展目标。

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引用次数: 0

Capital constraints or biased norms? Tracing the root of gendered agricultural productivity in rural China 资本约束还是有偏见的规范？中国农村农业生产力性别化的根源探析

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100865

Lan Wu, Yingnan Zhang

Notwithstanding the voluminous localized evidence of great gender divergence in agricultural productivity, the intricacies and interactions in underlying mechanisms—from comparative advantage at capitals and capabilities to biased social norms and institutions—lack a systematic quantification. This study applies a gender-inclusive livelihood framework, integrating feminist economics and simultaneous equation systems, to unveil the root causes and the role of gender norms in perpetuating agricultural inequality. Drawn on 12795 rural households in China from 2015 to 2019, our findings dismantle a resource-contingent decision-making process, interacted with local institutions, in constituting 7–13 % gender-productivity gaps. Earlier-born cohorts suffer concentrated yield gaps reaching 23 %. While limited access to fundamental resources and economic opportunities for rural women explains 62–82 % of the path-based mechanism, pervasive inequalities in human capital and access to crop marketing channels emerge as predominant contributors, stressing long-standing gaps in knowledge and motivation. Local gender-biased norms further exacerbate gender-productivity gaps by undermining returns to women's endowments, and an intra-household old-age caring penalty disproportionately restricts their market participation. We conclude with lessons for optimizing gender-transformative intervention frameworks.

尽管有大量的地方性证据表明农业生产率存在巨大的性别差异，但潜在机制的复杂性和相互作用——从资本和能力的比较优势到有偏见的社会规范和制度——缺乏系统的量化。本研究采用性别包容的生计框架，结合女权主义经济学和联立方程系统，揭示了性别规范在农业不平等持续存在中的根本原因和作用。基于2015年至2019年中国12795户农村家庭的数据，我们的研究结果消除了与当地机构互动的资源决定决策过程，造成了7-13 %的性别生产力差距。较早出生的人群遭受集中的产量差距，达到23% %。虽然农村妇女获得基本资源和经济机会的机会有限解释了62% - 82% %的路径机制，但人力资本和作物销售渠道获取方面普遍存在的不平等是主要原因，强调了长期存在的知识和动机差距。当地的性别偏见规范削弱了妇女捐赠的回报，进一步加剧了性别生产率差距，而家庭内部的养老惩罚不成比例地限制了她们的市场参与。我们总结了优化性别变革干预框架的经验教训。

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引用次数: 0

Urbanization shapes West African diets throughout the rural-urban continuum 城市化在整个农村-城市连续体中塑造了西非的饮食

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100858

Lara Cockx , Bolou Bi David Boti

Our understanding of how urbanization interacts with food consumption has been hindered by the lack of a unified definition of what constitutes an “urban” area. The use of a binary designation also fails to capture the complexity and diversity of settlement types and results in a focus on the “rural-urban divide”. This study combines nationally representative survey data on household food consumption from eight West African countries with geospatial data capturing the urbanization gradient following the global definition of the Degree or Urbanization. This allows us to analyse consumption of different food groups, diet quality, and macronutrient intakes throughout the rural-urban continuum. We find robust evidence of an increasing rural-urban gradient in total food consumption, as well as a gradual shift away from traditional staple foods, towards increased consumption of foods that require less or no preparation. Residing in more urbanized areas is associated with greater diet diversity and increased consumption of vegetables and animal-source foods. Yet, rising intakes of unhealthy foods and fats in particular along the rural-urban continuum contribute to a deterioration of diet quality. While the estimated effects are strongest in cities, these diet transitions also take place in peri-urban areas and rural areas. This confirms the importance of moving beyond a simple rural-urban dichotomy in research and policy related to food consumption. The demonstrated importance of foods eaten away from home across the entire rural-urban continuum further underscores the need for more research to better understand this sector and explore how it can contribute to both employment and food security.

由于缺乏对“城市”区域的统一定义，我们对城市化如何与食品消费相互作用的理解受到了阻碍。使用二元命名也未能捕捉住区类型的复杂性和多样性，并导致对“城乡差距”的关注。本研究结合了八个西非国家具有全国代表性的家庭食品消费调查数据，以及根据城市化程度的全球定义获取城市化梯度的地理空间数据。这使我们能够分析城乡连续体中不同食物组的消费、饮食质量和宏量营养素摄入量。我们发现了强有力的证据，表明食品消费总量的城乡梯度越来越大，人们逐渐从传统的主食转向消费更少或不需要加工的食品。居住在城市化程度较高的地区，饮食更多样化，蔬菜和动物源性食品的消费量增加。然而，不健康食品和脂肪摄入量的增加，特别是在农村-城市连续体中，导致饮食质量恶化。虽然估计的影响在城市中最为强烈，但这些饮食转变也发生在城郊地区和农村地区。这证实了在与粮食消费有关的研究和政策中超越简单的城乡二分法的重要性。在整个农村-城市连续统一体中，离家吃饭的重要性已得到证明，这进一步强调了需要进行更多的研究，以更好地了解这一部门，并探索它如何促进就业和粮食安全。

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引用次数: 0

High frequency phone surveys for tracking food prices: Evidence from the KasuwaGo project 跟踪粮食价格的高频电话调查：来自KasuwaGo项目的证据

IF 9.8 1区经济学 Q1 FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Global Food Security-Agriculture Policy Economics and Environment

Pub Date : 2025-05-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2025.100863

Michael Olabisi , Uswat Adeyemi , Mywish K. Maredia , Toyin Ajibade , Hakeem Ajeigbe

Achieving global food security calls for real time monitoring of food prices and quality-checks on the data. Such price data can serve as early warning for natural disasters, climate shocks or policy changes. The removal of fuel and foreign exchange subsidies in Nigeria in 2023 as a case in point, created price shocks that disrupted the food system. This policy change resulted in higher transportation costs for farmers and food distributors, creating an affordability crisis for many consumers. We introduce a mobile-phone-assisted weekly price survey of key grain markets, spanning more than 100 markets and 27 states in Nigeria. We use 127,397 spatially distributed price data points from this survey to show the pattern of price increases for staple food products in Nigeria. The study demonstrates that phone calls to markets with reasonable quality-checks can provide comparable outcomes to traditional methods of monitoring market prices.

实现全球粮食安全需要对粮食价格进行实时监测，并对数据进行质量检查。这些价格数据可以作为自然灾害、气候冲击或政策变化的早期预警。例如，尼日利亚在2023年取消了燃料和外汇补贴，造成了价格冲击，扰乱了粮食体系。这一政策变化导致农民和食品经销商的运输成本上升，给许多消费者造成了负担能力危机。我们推出了一项手机辅助的主要粮食市场每周价格调查，涵盖尼日利亚27个州的100多个市场。我们使用本次调查中127,397个空间分布的价格数据点来显示尼日利亚主要食品价格上涨的模式。研究表明，对市场进行合理的质量检查，可以提供与传统监测市场价格方法相当的结果。

引用次数: 0