Kevin Wolz, Christopher Holst, Frank Beyrich, Eileen Päschke, Matthias Mauder
Abstract. In this study, we compare the wind measurements of a virtual tower triple Doppler lidar setup to those of a sonic anemometer located at a height of 90 m above ground on an instrumented tower and with those of two single Doppler lidars to evaluate the effect of the horizontal homogeneity assumption used for single Doppler lidar applications on the measurement accuracy. The triple lidar setup was operated in a 90 m stare and a step–stare mode at six heights between 90 and 500 m above ground, while the single lidars were operated in a continuous scan velocity–azimuth display (VAD) mode where one of them had a zenith angle of 54.7° and the other one of 28.0°. The instruments were set up at the boundary-layer field site of the German Meteorological Service (DWD) in July and August of 2020 during the FESST@MOL (Field Experiment on sub-mesoscale spatiotemporal variability at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg) 2020 campaign. Overall, we found good agreement of the lidar methods for the whole study period for different averaging times and scan modes compared to the sonic anemometer. For the step–stare mode wind speed measurements, the comparability between the triple lidar and the sonic anemometer was 0.47 m s−1 at an averaging time of 30 min with a bias value of −0.34 m s−1. For wind speed measured by one single lidar setup for the same period with an averaging time of 30 min, we found a comparability of 0.32 m s−1 at an averaging time of 30 min and a bias value of −0.07 m s−1 as well as values of 0.47 and −0.34 m s−1 for the other one, respectively. We also compared the wind velocity measurements of the single and triple lidars at different heights and found decreasing agreement between them with increasing measurement height up to 495 m above ground for the single lidar systems. We found that the single Doppler lidar with the increased zenith angle produced poorer agreement with the triple Doppler lidar setup than the one with the lower zenith angle, especially at higher altitudes. At a height of 495 m above ground and with an averaging time of 30 min the comparability and bias for the larger zenith angle were 0.71 and −0.50 m s−1, respectively, compared to values of 0.57 and −0.28 m s−1 for the smaller zenith angle. Our results confirm that a single Doppler lidar provides reliable wind speed and direction data over heterogeneous but basically flat terrain in different scan configurations. For the virtual tower scanning strategies, we developed a new filtering approach based on a median absolute deviation (MAD) filter combined with a relatively relaxed filtering criterion for the signal-to-noise ratio output by the instrument.
{"title":"Comparing triple and single Doppler lidar wind measurements with sonic anemometer data based on a new filter strategy for virtual tower measurements","authors":"Kevin Wolz, Christopher Holst, Frank Beyrich, Eileen Päschke, Matthias Mauder","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-205-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-205-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this study, we compare the wind measurements of a virtual tower triple Doppler lidar setup to those of a sonic anemometer located at a height of 90 m above ground on an instrumented tower and with those of two single Doppler lidars to evaluate the effect of the horizontal homogeneity assumption used for single Doppler lidar applications on the measurement accuracy. The triple lidar setup was operated in a 90 m stare and a step–stare mode at six heights between 90 and 500 m above ground, while the single lidars were operated in a continuous scan velocity–azimuth display (VAD) mode where one of them had a zenith angle of 54.7° and the other one of 28.0°. The instruments were set up at the boundary-layer field site of the German Meteorological Service (DWD) in July and August of 2020 during the FESST@MOL (Field Experiment on sub-mesoscale spatiotemporal variability at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg) 2020 campaign. Overall, we found good agreement of the lidar methods for the whole study period for different averaging times and scan modes compared to the sonic anemometer. For the step–stare mode wind speed measurements, the comparability between the triple lidar and the sonic anemometer was 0.47 m s−1 at an averaging time of 30 min with a bias value of −0.34 m s−1. For wind speed measured by one single lidar setup for the same period with an averaging time of 30 min, we found a comparability of 0.32 m s−1 at an averaging time of 30 min and a bias value of −0.07 m s−1 as well as values of 0.47 and −0.34 m s−1 for the other one, respectively. We also compared the wind velocity measurements of the single and triple lidars at different heights and found decreasing agreement between them with increasing measurement height up to 495 m above ground for the single lidar systems. We found that the single Doppler lidar with the increased zenith angle produced poorer agreement with the triple Doppler lidar setup than the one with the lower zenith angle, especially at higher altitudes. At a height of 495 m above ground and with an averaging time of 30 min the comparability and bias for the larger zenith angle were 0.71 and −0.50 m s−1, respectively, compared to values of 0.57 and −0.28 m s−1 for the smaller zenith angle. Our results confirm that a single Doppler lidar provides reliable wind speed and direction data over heterogeneous but basically flat terrain in different scan configurations. For the virtual tower scanning strategies, we developed a new filtering approach based on a median absolute deviation (MAD) filter combined with a relatively relaxed filtering criterion for the signal-to-noise ratio output by the instrument.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141566702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. In this paper, we are concerned with data pertinent to transportation networks, which model situations in which objects move along a graph-like structure. We assume that these networks are equipped with sensors that monitor the network and the objects moving along it. These sensors produce time-series data resulting in sensor networks. Examples are river-, road- and electricity networks. Geographical information systems are used to gather, store and analyse data, and we focus on these tasks in the context of data emerging from transportation networks equipped with sensors. While tailored solutions exist for many contexts, they are limited for sensor-equipped networks at this moment. We view time-series data as temporal properties of the network and approach the problem from the viewpoint of property graphs. In this paper, we adapt and extend the theory of the existing property graph databases to model spatial networks, where nodes and edges can contain temporal properties that are time-series data originating from the sensors. We propose a language for querying these property graphs with time series, in which time-series and measurement patterns may be combined with graph patterns to describe, retrieve and analyse real-life situations. We demonstrate the model and language in practice by implementing both in Neo4j and explore questions hydrology researchers pose in the context of the Internet of Water, including salinity analysis in the Yser river basin.
{"title":"Managing Data of Sensor-Equipped Transportation Networks using Graph Databases","authors":"Erik Bollen, Rik Hendrix, Bart Kuijpers","doi":"10.5194/gi-2024-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2024-3","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> In this paper, we are concerned with data pertinent to <em>transportation networks,</em> which model situations in which objects move along a graph-like structure. We assume that these networks are equipped with <em>sensors</em> that monitor the network and the objects moving along it. These sensors produce <em>time-series data </em>resulting in sensor networks. Examples are river-, road- and electricity networks. Geographical information systems are used to gather, store and analyse data, and we focus on these tasks in the context of data emerging from transportation networks equipped with sensors. While tailored solutions exist for many contexts, they are limited for sensor-equipped networks at this moment. We view time-series data as temporal properties of the network and approach the problem from the viewpoint of property graphs. In this paper, we adapt and extend the theory of the existing property graph databases to model spatial networks, where nodes and edges can contain temporal properties that are time-series data originating from the sensors. We propose a language for querying these property graphs with time series, in which time-series and measurement patterns may be combined with graph patterns to describe, retrieve and analyse real-life situations. We demonstrate the model and language in practice by implementing both in Neo4j and explore questions hydrology researchers pose in the context of the Internet of Water, including salinity analysis in the Yser river basin.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qiong Zhang, Xin Chen, Zhonghang Ji, Fei Yan, Zhengkun Jin, Yunqing Liu
Abstract. Levelling errors are defined as the data difference among flight lines in airborne geophysical data. The differences in the signal levelling always appear as a striping pattern parallel to the flight lines on the imaged maps. The fixed structured pattern inspires us to structure a guided levelling error model using an anisotropic Gabor filter. We then embed the levelling error model into a total variational framework to flexibly calculate levelling errors. The guided levelling error model constrains the noise term of total variation rather than just using blind removal. Moreover, we can also apply the structured variational method to remove other noises in airborne geophysical data. This would just require replacing the noise prior models in the proposed method. We have applied this method to the airborne electromagnetic, magnetic, and apparent conductivity data collected by the Ontario Geological Survey to confirm its validity and robustness by comparing the results with the published data. The structured variational method can better level the airborne geophysical data based on the space properties of the levelling error.
{"title":"Airborne electromagnetic data levelling based on the structured variational method","authors":"Qiong Zhang, Xin Chen, Zhonghang Ji, Fei Yan, Zhengkun Jin, Yunqing Liu","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-193-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-193-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Levelling errors are defined as the data difference among flight lines in airborne geophysical data. The differences in the signal levelling always appear as a striping pattern parallel to the flight lines on the imaged maps. The fixed structured pattern inspires us to structure a guided levelling error model using an anisotropic Gabor filter. We then embed the levelling error model into a total variational framework to flexibly calculate levelling errors. The guided levelling error model constrains the noise term of total variation rather than just using blind removal. Moreover, we can also apply the structured variational method to remove other noises in airborne geophysical data. This would just require replacing the noise prior models in the proposed method. We have applied this method to the airborne electromagnetic, magnetic, and apparent conductivity data collected by the Ontario Geological Survey to confirm its validity and robustness by comparing the results with the published data. The structured variational method can better level the airborne geophysical data based on the space properties of the levelling error.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The study of isotopic ratios of atmospheric oxygen in fossilized air trapped in ice core bubbles provides information on variations in the hydrological cycle at low latitudes and productivity in the past. However, to refine these interpretations, it is necessary to better quantify fractionation of oxygen in the biological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. We set up a system of closed biological chambers in which we studied the evolution of elemental and isotopic composition of O2 due to biological processes. To easily replicate experiments, we developed a multiplexing system which we describe here. We compared measurements of elemental and isotopic composition of O2 using two different measurement techniques: optical spectrometry (Optical-Feedback Cavity- Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy, i.e. OF-CEAS technique), which enables higher temporal resolution and continuous data collection and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) with a flanged air recovery system, thus validating the data analysis conducted through the OF-CEAS technique. As a first application, we investigated isotopic discrimination during respiration and photosynthesis. We conducted a 5-day experiment using maize (Zea mays L.) as model species. The 18O discrimination value for maize during dark plant respiration was determined as - 17.8 ± 0.9 ‰ by IRMS and - 16.1 ± 1.1 ‰ by optical spectrometer. We also found a value attributed to the isotopic discrimination of terrestrial photosynthesis equal to + 3.2 ± 2.6 ‰ by IRMS and + 6.7 ± 3.8 ‰ by optical spectrometer. These findings were consistent with a previous study by Paul et al. (2023).
{"title":"A multiplexing system for quantifying oxygen fractionation factors in closed chambers","authors":"Clémence Paul, Clément Piel, Joana Sauze, Olivier Jossoud, Arnaud Dapoigny, Daniele Romanini, Frédérique Prié, Sébastien Devidal, Roxanne Jacob, Alexandru Milcu, Amaëlle Landais","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1755","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1755","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> The study of isotopic ratios of atmospheric oxygen in fossilized air trapped in ice core bubbles provides information on variations in the hydrological cycle at low latitudes and productivity in the past. However, to refine these interpretations, it is necessary to better quantify fractionation of oxygen in the biological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration. We set up a system of closed biological chambers in which we studied the evolution of elemental and isotopic composition of O<sub>2</sub> due to biological processes. To easily replicate experiments, we developed a multiplexing system which we describe here. We compared measurements of elemental and isotopic composition of O<sub>2</sub> using two different measurement techniques: optical spectrometry (Optical-Feedback Cavity- Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy, i.e. OF-CEAS technique), which enables higher temporal resolution and continuous data collection and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) with a flanged air recovery system, thus validating the data analysis conducted through the OF-CEAS technique. As a first application, we investigated isotopic discrimination during respiration and photosynthesis. We conducted a 5-day experiment using maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) as model species. The <sup>18</sup>O discrimination value for maize during dark plant respiration was determined as - 17.8 ± 0.9 ‰ by IRMS and - 16.1 ± 1.1 ‰ by optical spectrometer. We also found a value attributed to the isotopic discrimination of terrestrial photosynthesis equal to + 3.2 ± 2.6 ‰ by IRMS and + 6.7 ± 3.8 ‰ by optical spectrometer. These findings were consistent with a previous study by Paul et al. (2023).","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"158 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-14DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2024-1150
Marie Gerardin, Gaetan Milesi, Julien Mercadier, Michel Cathelineau, Danièle Bartier
Abstract. Isotopic dating is a valuable method to constrain the timing of lithospheric processes: geodynamic episodes, ore deposition and geothermal regimes. The K-Ar dating technique has the main advantage of being applied to ubiquitous K-bearing minerals that crystallize in various temperatures, from magmatic to low temperatures. Clays are of significant interest among all K-bearing minerals, as they crystallize during various hydro-thermo-dynamic processes. Nonetheless, the dating of illites by the K-Ar method is not straightforward. K-Ar dates on illite usually rely on a mixed isotopic signal referring to various illitic populations that might have experienced isotopic resetting or re-crystallization processes. Therefore, reliable K-Ar dates on illite depend on (1) the grain size separation of large amounts of clay fractions, (2) the study of the morphology, mineralogy and crystallography, (3) the determination of precise K-Ar dates on each clay size fraction and (4) the meaningful interpretation of ages using either end-member ages or the Illite-Age-Analysis (IAA) method. This paper describes the instrumentation and methods recently developed at the GeoRessources laboratory of the University of Lorraine to obtain valuable ages on illite mixtures.
{"title":"Development of an integrated analytical platform of clay minerals separation, characterization and 40K/40Ar dating","authors":"Marie Gerardin, Gaetan Milesi, Julien Mercadier, Michel Cathelineau, Danièle Bartier","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1150","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Isotopic dating is a valuable method to constrain the timing of lithospheric processes: geodynamic episodes, ore deposition and geothermal regimes. The K-Ar dating technique has the main advantage of being applied to ubiquitous K-bearing minerals that crystallize in various temperatures, from magmatic to low temperatures. Clays are of significant interest among all K-bearing minerals, as they crystallize during various hydro-thermo-dynamic processes. Nonetheless, the dating of illites by the K-Ar method is not straightforward. K-Ar dates on illite usually rely on a mixed isotopic signal referring to various illitic populations that might have experienced isotopic resetting or re-crystallization processes. Therefore, reliable K-Ar dates on illite depend on (1) the grain size separation of large amounts of clay fractions, (2) the study of the morphology, mineralogy and crystallography, (3) the determination of precise K-Ar dates on each clay size fraction and (4) the meaningful interpretation of ages using either end-member ages or the Illite-Age-Analysis (IAA) method. This paper describes the instrumentation and methods recently developed at the GeoRessources laboratory of the University of Lorraine to obtain valuable ages on illite mixtures.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christoph Amtmann, Andreas Pollinger, Michaela Ellmeier, Michele Dougherty, Patrick Brown, Roland Lammegger, Alexander Betzler, Martín Agú, Christian Hagen, Irmgard Jernej, Josef Wilfinger, Richard Baughen, Alex Strickland, Werner Magnes
Abstract. This paper discusses the accuracy of the scalar Coupled Dark State Magnetometer on board the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). The scalar magnetometer, referred to as MAGSCA, is part of the J-MAG instrument. MAGSCA is an optical omnidirectional scalar magnetometer based on coherent population trapping, a quantum interference effect, within the hyperfine manifold of the 87Rb D1 line. The measurement principle is only based on natural constants; therefore, it is in principle drift-free, and no calibration is required. However, the technical realisation can influence the measurement accuracy. The most dominating effects are heading characteristics, which are deviations of the magnetic field strength measurements from the ambient magnetic field strength. These deviations are a function of the angle between the sensor axis and the magnetic field vector and are an intrinsic physical property of the measurement principle of the magnetometer. The verification of the accuracy of the instrument is required to ensure its compliance with the performance requirement of 0.2 nT (1σ) with a data rate of 1 Hz. The verification is carried out with four dedicated sensor orientations in a Merritt coil system, which is located in the geomagnetic Conrad Observatory (COBS). The coil system is used to compensate the Earth's magnetic field and to apply appropriate test fields to the sensor. This paper presents a novel method to separate the heading characteristics of the instrument from residual (offset) fields within the coil system by fitting a mathematical model to the measured data and by the successful verification of the MAGSCA performance requirement.
{"title":"Accuracy of the scalar magnetometer aboard ESA's JUICE mission","authors":"Christoph Amtmann, Andreas Pollinger, Michaela Ellmeier, Michele Dougherty, Patrick Brown, Roland Lammegger, Alexander Betzler, Martín Agú, Christian Hagen, Irmgard Jernej, Josef Wilfinger, Richard Baughen, Alex Strickland, Werner Magnes","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-177-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-177-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper discusses the accuracy of the scalar Coupled Dark State Magnetometer on board the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). The scalar magnetometer, referred to as MAGSCA, is part of the J-MAG instrument. MAGSCA is an optical omnidirectional scalar magnetometer based on coherent population trapping, a quantum interference effect, within the hyperfine manifold of the 87Rb D1 line. The measurement principle is only based on natural constants; therefore, it is in principle drift-free, and no calibration is required. However, the technical realisation can influence the measurement accuracy. The most dominating effects are heading characteristics, which are deviations of the magnetic field strength measurements from the ambient magnetic field strength. These deviations are a function of the angle between the sensor axis and the magnetic field vector and are an intrinsic physical property of the measurement principle of the magnetometer. The verification of the accuracy of the instrument is required to ensure its compliance with the performance requirement of 0.2 nT (1σ) with a data rate of 1 Hz. The verification is carried out with four dedicated sensor orientations in a Merritt coil system, which is located in the geomagnetic Conrad Observatory (COBS). The coil system is used to compensate the Earth's magnetic field and to apply appropriate test fields to the sensor. This paper presents a novel method to separate the heading characteristics of the instrument from residual (offset) fields within the coil system by fitting a mathematical model to the measured data and by the successful verification of the MAGSCA performance requirement.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-10DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2024-1469
Matthias Zeeman, Andreas Christen, Sue Grimmond, Daniel Fenner, William Morrison, Gregor Feigel, Markus Sulzer, Nektarios Chrysoulakis
Abstract. Urban observation networks are becoming denser, more diverse, and more mobile, while being required to provide results in near-time. The Synergy Grant urbisphere funded by the European Research Council (ERC) has multiple simultaneous field campaigns in cities of different sizes collecting data, for improving weather and climate models and services, including assessing the impact of cities on the atmosphere (e.g., heat, moisture, pollutant and aerosol emissions) and people's exposure to extremes (e.g., heat waves, heavy precipitation, air pollution episodes). Here, a solution to this challenge for facilitating diverse data streams, from multiple sources, scales (e.g., indoors, regional-scale atmospheric boundary layer) and cities is presented. For model development and evaluation in heterogeneous urban environments, we need meshed networks of in situ observations with ground-based and airborne (remote-)sensing platforms. In this contribution we describe challenges, approaches and solutions for data management, data infrastructure, and data governance to handle the variety of data streams from primarily novel modular observation networks deployed in multiple cities, in combination with existing data collected by partners, ranging in scale from indoor sensor deployments to regional-scale boundary layer observations. A metadata system documents: (1) sensors/instruments, (2) location and configuration of deployed components, and (3) maintenance and events. This metadata system provides the backbone for converting instrument records to calibrated, location-aware, convention-aligned and quality-assured data products, according to FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. The data management infrastructure provides services (via, e.g., APIs, Apps, ICEs) for data inspection and subsequent calculations by campaign participants. Some near real-time distributions are made to international networks (e.g., AERONET, Phenocam) or local agencies (e.g., GovDATA) with appropriate attribution. The data documentation conventions, used to ensure structured data sets, in this case are used to improve the delivery of integrated urban services, such as to research and operational agencies, across many cities.
{"title":"Modular approach to near-time data management for multi-city atmospheric environmental observation campaigns","authors":"Matthias Zeeman, Andreas Christen, Sue Grimmond, Daniel Fenner, William Morrison, Gregor Feigel, Markus Sulzer, Nektarios Chrysoulakis","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1469","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Urban observation networks are becoming denser, more diverse, and more mobile, while being required to provide results in near-time. The Synergy Grant <em>urbisphere</em> funded by the European Research Council (ERC) has multiple simultaneous field campaigns in cities of different sizes collecting data, for improving weather and climate models and services, including assessing the impact of cities on the atmosphere (e.g., heat, moisture, pollutant and aerosol emissions) and people's exposure to extremes (e.g., heat waves, heavy precipitation, air pollution episodes). Here, a solution to this challenge for facilitating diverse data streams, from multiple sources, scales (e.g., indoors, regional-scale atmospheric boundary layer) and cities is presented. For model development and evaluation in heterogeneous urban environments, we need meshed networks of <em>in situ</em> observations with ground-based and airborne (remote-)sensing platforms. In this contribution we describe challenges, approaches and solutions for data management, data infrastructure, and data governance to handle the variety of data streams from primarily novel modular observation networks deployed in multiple cities, in combination with existing data collected by partners, ranging in scale from indoor sensor deployments to regional-scale boundary layer observations. A metadata system documents: (1) sensors/instruments, (2) location and configuration of deployed components, and (3) maintenance and events. This metadata system provides the backbone for converting instrument records to calibrated, location-aware, convention-aligned and quality-assured data products, according to FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. The data management infrastructure provides services (via, e.g., APIs, Apps, ICEs) for data inspection and subsequent calculations by campaign participants. Some near real-time distributions are made to international networks (e.g., AERONET, Phenocam) or local agencies (e.g., GovDATA) with appropriate attribution. The data documentation conventions, used to ensure structured data sets, in this case are used to improve the delivery of integrated urban services, such as to research and operational agencies, across many cities.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141504184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Three-axis magnetic flux gate sensors are widely used in Chinese geomagnetic observatories, but due to their directional errors, it is necessary to study error correction methods to improve measurement accuracy. Firstly, the mechanism of directional errors produced by three-axis magnetic flux gate sensors is analyzed, followed by the development of measurement tools for conducting directional error measurement experiments on the high-precision three-axis magnetic flux gate sensors of the Chinese FGM-01 series. Experimental results show that correcting the Z-axis and D-axis directional errors is essential. The observation data after error correction, whether in terms of the standard deviation of its all-day baseline values or the relative difference magnitude with the reference instrument, significantly decrease, demonstrating the clear correction effect and proving the effectiveness of this correction method.
摘要三轴磁通门传感器在我国地磁观测站中应用广泛，但由于其方向性误差较大，有必要研究误差修正方法以提高测量精度。首先分析了三轴磁通门传感器产生方向性误差的机理，然后开发了测量工具，对国产 FGM-01 系列高精度三轴磁通门传感器进行了方向性误差测量实验。实验结果表明，校正 Z 轴和 D 轴方向误差至关重要。误差修正后的观测数据，无论是其全天基线值的标准偏差，还是与参考仪器的相对差值幅度，都明显下降，显示了明显的修正效果，证明了这种修正方法的有效性。
{"title":"Analysis of Orientation Errors in Triaxial Fluxgate Sensors and Research on Their Calibration Methods","authors":"Xiujuan Hu, Shaopeng He, Qin Tian, Alimjan Mamatemin, Pengkun Guo, Guoping Chang","doi":"10.5194/gi-2024-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2024-5","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Three-axis magnetic flux gate sensors are widely used in Chinese geomagnetic observatories, but due to their directional errors, it is necessary to study error correction methods to improve measurement accuracy. Firstly, the mechanism of directional errors produced by three-axis magnetic flux gate sensors is analyzed, followed by the development of measurement tools for conducting directional error measurement experiments on the high-precision three-axis magnetic flux gate sensors of the Chinese FGM-01 series. Experimental results show that correcting the Z-axis and D-axis directional errors is essential. The observation data after error correction, whether in terms of the standard deviation of its all-day baseline values or the relative difference magnitude with the reference instrument, significantly decrease, demonstrating the clear correction effect and proving the effectiveness of this correction method.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Environmental observations are crucial for understanding the state of the environment. However, current observation networks are limited in their spatial and temporal resolution due to high costs. For many applications, data acquisition with a higher resolution would be desirable. Recently, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled low-cost sensor systems have offered a solution to this problem. While low-cost sensors may have lower quality than sensors in official measuring networks, they can still provide valuable data. This study describes the requirements for such a low-cost sensor system, presents two implementations, and evaluates the quality of the factory calibration for a widely used low-cost precipitation sensor. Here, 20 sensors have been tested for an 8-month period against three reference instruments at the meteorological site of the TU Dresden (Dresden University of Technology). Furthermore, the factory calibration of 66 rain gauges has been evaluated in the lab. Results show that the used sensor falls short for the desired out-of-the-box use case. Nevertheless, it could be shown that the accuracy could be improved by further calibration.
{"title":"Calibrating low-cost rain gauge sensors for their applications in Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructures to densify environmental monitoring networks","authors":"Robert Krüger, Pierre Karrasch, Anette Eltner","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-163-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-163-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Environmental observations are crucial for understanding the state of the environment. However, current observation networks are limited in their spatial and temporal resolution due to high costs. For many applications, data acquisition with a higher resolution would be desirable. Recently, Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled low-cost sensor systems have offered a solution to this problem. While low-cost sensors may have lower quality than sensors in official measuring networks, they can still provide valuable data. This study describes the requirements for such a low-cost sensor system, presents two implementations, and evaluates the quality of the factory calibration for a widely used low-cost precipitation sensor. Here, 20 sensors have been tested for an 8-month period against three reference instruments at the meteorological site of the TU Dresden (Dresden University of Technology). Furthermore, the factory calibration of 66 rain gauges has been evaluated in the lab. Results show that the used sensor falls short for the desired out-of-the-box use case. Nevertheless, it could be shown that the accuracy could be improved by further calibration.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141546549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Fluxgate magnetometers are commonly used to provide high-fidelity vector magnetic field measurements. The magnetic noise of the measurement is typically dominated by that intrinsic to a ferromagnetic core used to modulate (gate) the local field as part of the fluxgate sensing mechanism. A polycrystalline molybdenum–nickel–iron alloy (6.0–81.3 Mo permalloy) has been used in fluxgates since the 1970s for its low magnetic noise. Guided by previous investigations of high-permeability copper–nickel–iron alloys, we investigate alternative materials for fluxgate sensing by examining the magnetic properties and fluxgate performance of that permalloy regime in the range 28 %–45 % Cu by weight. Optimizing the alloy constituents within this regime enables us to create fluxgate cores with both lower noise and lower power consumption than equivalent cores based on the traditional molybdenum alloy. Racetrack geometry cores using six layers of ∼30 mm long foil washers consistently yield magnetic noise around 4–5 pT/Hz at 1 Hz and 6–7 pT/Hz at 0.1 Hz, meeting the 2012 1 s INTERMAGNET standard of less than 10 pT/Hz noise at 0.1 Hz.
{"title":"Copper permalloys for fluxgate magnetometer sensors","authors":"B. Barry Narod, David M. Miles","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-131-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-131-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Fluxgate magnetometers are commonly used to provide high-fidelity vector magnetic field measurements. The magnetic noise of the measurement is typically dominated by that intrinsic to a ferromagnetic core used to modulate (gate) the local field as part of the fluxgate sensing mechanism. A polycrystalline molybdenum–nickel–iron alloy (6.0–81.3 Mo permalloy) has been used in fluxgates since the 1970s for its low magnetic noise. Guided by previous investigations of high-permeability copper–nickel–iron alloys, we investigate alternative materials for fluxgate sensing by examining the magnetic properties and fluxgate performance of that permalloy regime in the range 28 %–45 % Cu by weight. Optimizing the alloy constituents within this regime enables us to create fluxgate cores with both lower noise and lower power consumption than equivalent cores based on the traditional molybdenum alloy. Racetrack geometry cores using six layers of ∼30 mm long foil washers consistently yield magnetic noise around 4–5 pT/Hz at 1 Hz and 6–7 pT/Hz at 0.1 Hz, meeting the 2012 1 s INTERMAGNET standard of less than 10 pT/Hz noise at 0.1 Hz.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141252821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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