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Gas equilibrium membrane inlet mass spectrometry (GE-MIMS) for water at high pressure 用于高压水的气体平衡膜入口质谱仪(GE-MIMS)
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.5194/gi-13-1-2024
Matthias S. Brennwald, Antonio P. Rinaldi, Jocelyn Gisiger, Alba Zappone, Rolf Kipfer
Abstract. Gas species are widely used as natural or artificial tracers to study fluid dynamics in environmental and geological systems. The recently developed gas equilibrium membrane inlet mass spectrometry (GE-MIMS) method is most useful for accurate and autonomous on-site quantification of dissolved gases in aquatic systems. GE-MIMS works by pumping water through a gas equilibrator module containing a gas headspace, which is separated from the water by a gas-permeable membrane. The partial pressures of the gas species in the headspace equilibrate with the gas concentrations in the water according to Henry's Law and are quantified with a mass spectrometer optimized for low gas consumption (miniRUEDI or similar). However, the fragile membrane structures of the commonly used equilibrator modules break down at water pressures ≳3 bar. These modules are therefore not suitable for use in deep geological systems or other environments with high water pressures. To this end, the SysMoG® MD membrane module (Solexperts AG, Switzerland; “SOMM”) was developed to withstand water pressures of up to 100 bar. Compared to the conventionally used GE-MIMS equilibrator modules, the mechanically robust construction of the SOMM module entails slow and potentially incomplete gas–water equilibration. We tested the gas equilibration efficiency of the SOMM and developed an adapted protocol that allows correct operation of the SOMM for GE-MIMS analysis at high water pressures. This adapted SOMM GE-MIMS technique exhibits a very low gas consumption from the SOMM to maintain the gas–water equilibrium according to Henry's Law and provides the same analytical accuracy and precision as the conventional GE-MIMS technique. The analytical potential of the adapted SOMM GE-MIMS technique was demonstrated in a high-pressure fluid migration experiment in an underground rock laboratory. The new technique overcomes the pressure limitations of conventional gas equilibrators and thereby opens new opportunities for efficient and autonomous on-site quantification of dissolved gases in high-pressure environments, such as in research and monitoring of underground storage of CO2 and waste deposits or in the exploration of natural resources.
摘要气体物种作为天然或人工示踪剂被广泛用于研究环境和地质系统中的流体动力学。最近开发的气体平衡膜进样质谱法(GE-MIMS)最适用于对水生系统中的溶解气体进行准确、自主的现场定量。GE-MIMS 的工作原理是将水抽过一个含有气体顶空的气体平衡器模块,该模块由气体渗透膜与水隔开。顶空气体中各种气体的分压根据亨利定律与水中的气体浓度达到平衡,并通过专为低气体消耗而优化的质谱仪(miniRUEDI 或类似仪器)进行量化。然而,常用平衡器模块的脆弱膜结构在水压≳3 巴时就会破裂。因此,这些模块不适合在深层地质系统或其他水压较高的环境中使用。为此,SysMoG® MD 膜组件(Solexperts AG,瑞士;"SOMM")被开发出来,可以承受高达 100 巴的水压。与传统的 GE-MIMS 平衡器模块相比,SOMM 模块机械结构坚固,但气体-水平衡速度慢,而且可能不完全。我们对 SOMM 的气体平衡效率进行了测试,并制定了一套经过调整的协议,使 SOMM 能够在高水压下正确运行,进行 GE-MIMS 分析。根据亨利定律,这种经过调整的 SOMM GE-MIMS 技术在维持气水平衡时,SOMM 的气体消耗量非常低,分析精度和准确度与传统的 GE-MIMS 技术相同。在地下岩石实验室进行的高压流体迁移实验中,证明了经调整的 SOMM GE-MIMS 技术的分析潜力。这项新技术克服了传统气体平衡器的压力限制,从而为在高压环境中高效、自主地现场量化溶解气体提供了新的机遇,例如在二氧化碳和废矿床地下储存的研究和监测或自然资源勘探中。
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引用次数: 0
Accuracy of the Scalar Magnetometer aboard ESA's JUICE Mission 欧空局 JUICE 飞行任务上的标量磁强计的精度
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2023-3073
Christoph Amtmann, Andreas Pollinger, Michaela Ellmeier, Michele Dougherty, Patrick Brown, Roland Lammegger, Alexander Betzler, Martín Agú, Christian Hagen, Irmgard Jernej, Josef Wilfinger, Richard Baughen, Alex Strickland, Werner Magnes
Abstract. The paper discusses the accuracy of the scalar Coupled Dark State Magnetometer on board the Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) mission of the European Space Agency. The scalar magnetometer, referred to as MAGSCA, is part of the J-MAG instrument. MAGSCA is an optical, omni-directional scalar magnetometer based on coherent population trapping, a quantum interference effect, within the hyperfine manifold of the 87Rb D1 line. The measurement principle is only based on natural constants and therefore, it is in principle drift free and no calibration is required. However, the technical realisation can influence the measurement accuracy. The most dominating effects are heading characteristics, which are deviations of the magnetic field strength measurements from the ambient magnetic field strength. The verification of the accuracy and precision of the instrument is required to ensure its compliance with the performance requirement of the mission: 0.2 nT (1-σ). The verification is carried out with four dedicated sensor orientations in a Merritt coil system, which is located in the geomagnetic Conrad observatory. The coil system is used to compensate the Earth’s magnetic field and to apply appropriate test fields to the sensor. This paper presents a novel method to separate the heading characteristics of the instrument from residual (offset) fields within the coil system by fitting a mathematical model to the measured data. It allows verifying that the MAGSCA sensor unit does not have a measurable remanent magnetisation as well as that the desired accuracy of 0.2 nT (1-σ) is achieved by the MAGSCA flight hardware for the JUICE Mission.
摘要本文讨论了欧洲空间局木星冰月探测器(JUICE)任务上的标量耦合暗态磁强计的精度。标量磁强计被称为 MAGSCA,是 J-MAG 仪器的一部分。MAGSCA 是一种光学全向标量磁强计,基于 87Rb D1 线超线性流形内的相干群体捕获(一种量子干涉效应)。测量原理仅基于自然常数,因此原则上不存在漂移,也无需校准。不过,技术实现会影响测量精度。最主要的影响是航向特性,即磁场强度测量值与环境磁场强度的偏差。需要对仪器的准确度和精确度进行验证,以确保其符合任务的性能要求:0.2 nT (1-σ)。验证是通过位于康拉德地磁观测站的梅里特线圈系统中的四个专用传感器方向进行的。线圈系统用于补偿地球磁场,并对传感器施加适当的测试场。本文提出了一种新方法,通过对测量数据进行数学模型拟合,将仪器的航向特性与线圈系统内的残余(偏移)磁场分离开来。它可以验证 MAGSCA 传感器单元没有可测量的剩磁,并验证 JUICE 任务的 MAGSCA 飞行硬件达到了 0.2 nT (1-σ) 的预期精度。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of geomagnetic observatory data and detection of geomagnetic jerks with the MOSFiT software package 利用 MOSFiT 软件包分析地磁观测站数据和探测地磁抖动
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-18 DOI: 10.5194/gi-12-271-2023
Marcos Vinicius da Silva, Katia J. Pinheiro, Achim Ohlert, Jürgen Matzka
Abstract. MOSFiT (Magnetic Observatories and Stations Filtering Tool) is a Python package to visualize and filter data from magnetic observatories and magnetometer stations. The purpose of MOSFiT is to automatically isolate and analyze the secular variation (SV) information measured by geomagnetic observatory data. External field contributions may be reduced by selecting data according to local time and geomagnetic indices and by subtracting the magnetospheric field predictions of the CHAOS-7 model. MOSFiT calculates the SV by annual differences of monthly means, and geomagnetic jerk occurrence time and amplitude are automatically calculated by fitting two straight-line segments in a user-defined time interval of the SV time series. Here, we present the new Python package, validate it against independent results from previous publications and show its application. In particular, we quantify the RMS misfit between SV derived from processing schemes and the SV predicted by CHAOS-7. Analyzing the International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) quasi-definitive data with MOSFiT allows for a timely investigation of SV, such as the detection of recent geomagnetic jerks. It can also be used for data selection for, e.g., external field studies or quality control of geomagnetic observatory data.
摘要MOSFiT(磁性观测站和磁强计站过滤工具)是一个 Python 软件包,用于可视化和过滤磁性观测站和磁强计站的数据。MOSFiT 的目的是自动分离和分析地磁观测站数据测得的时序变化(SV)信息。可以根据当地时间和地磁指数选择数据,并减去 CHAOS-7 模型的磁层场预测值,从而减少外部磁场的贡献。MOSFiT 通过月平均值的年差计算 SV,并通过在 SV 时间序列的用户定义时间间隔内拟合两条直线段自动计算地磁跃变发生时间和振幅。在此,我们介绍了新的 Python 软件包,根据以前发表的独立结果对其进行了验证,并展示了其应用。特别是,我们量化了由处理方案得出的 SV 与 CHAOS-7 预测的 SV 之间的均方根误差。利用 MOSFiT 分析国际实时磁观测网络(INTERMAGNET)的准定义数据可以及时调查 SV,例如检测最近的地磁突变。它还可用于外部实地研究或地磁观测站数据质量控制等方面的数据选择。
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引用次数: 0
3D-printed Ag–AgCl electrodes for laboratory measurements of self-potential 用于实验室自电势测量的 3D 打印银氯化银电极
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.5194/gi-12-259-2023
Thomas S. L. Rowan, Vilelmini A. Karantoni, Adrian P. Butler, Matthew D. Jackson
Abstract. This paper details the design, development, and evaluation of a 3D-printed rechargeable Ag–AgCl electrode to measure self-potential (SP) in laboratory experiments. The challenge was to make a small, cheap, robust, and stable electrode that could be used in a wide range of applications. The new electrodes are shown to offer comparable performance to custom-machined laboratory standards, and the inclusion of 3D printing (fused filament fabrication or FFF and stereolithography or SLA) makes them more versatile and significantly less expensive – of the order of ×40 to ×75 cost reduction – to construct than laboratory standards. The devices are demonstrated in both low-pressure experiments using bead packs and high-pressure experiments using natural rock samples. Designs are included for both male and female connections to laboratory equipment. We report design drawings, practical advice for electrode printing and assembly, and printable 3D design files to facilitate wide uptake.
摘要本文详细介绍了在实验室实验中用于测量自电势(SP)的三维打印可充电银氯化银电极的设计、开发和评估。所面临的挑战是如何制造出一个小巧、廉价、坚固和稳定的电极,并能在广泛的应用中使用。实验表明,新电极的性能与定制的实验室标准相当,而三维打印(熔融长丝制造或 FFF 和立体光刻或 SLA)的加入使其用途更加广泛,成本也大大降低,与实验室标准相比,成本降低了 ×40 到 ×75。这些装置在使用珠包进行的低压实验和使用天然岩石样本进行的高压实验中都进行了演示。设计包括与实验室设备的公接头和母接头。我们报告了设计图纸、电极打印和组装的实用建议以及可打印的三维设计文件,以便于广泛采用。
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引用次数: 0
The development of a reference corner cube inertial suspension device 一种参考角立方惯性悬架装置的研制
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.5194/gi-2023-16
Bing Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhu, Qiong Wu, Bing Xue, Lili Xing, Yanxiong Wu, Peng Su, Xiaolei Wang, Yuru Wang, Shuaibo Zhao
Abstract. The seismometer synchronous observation and zero crossing methods are applied to laser interferometer absolute gravimeter to suppress the vibration interference. However, during the synchronous observation of the seismometer and the gravimeter, the observation point of the seismometer does not coincide with the reference corner cube in space, resulting in spatial dislocation, which cannot accurately reflect the vibration state of the reference corner cube. So, it is necessary to hang the reference corner cube on the elastic element to directly measure its vibration acceleration measurement. In this paper, an open-loop reference corner cube inertial suspension device(RCCISD) hanging the reference corner cube was developed based on the principle of seismometer, which is used to measure the vibration acceleration of the reference corner cube of the laser interferometer absolute gravimeter. Experimental test results show that the power spectrum of gravitational acceleration calculated by an interference fringe observed jointly by the RCCISD is about 40 dB lower than that of the reference corner cube directly placed on the ground. RCCISD can restrain the vibration interference to a certain extent, not only can it measure the reference corner cube vibration more accurately than the seismograph synchronous observation method for the vibration compensation of gravity measurement, but also the volume is about 1 / 3 of the Super-Spring volume, which can greatly reduce the height of the gravimeter.
摘要。将地震仪同步观测和过零方法应用于激光干涉仪绝对重力仪,以抑制振动干扰。但在地震仪与重力仪同步观测时,地震仪的观测点在空间上与参考角立方不重合,造成空间错位,无法准确反映参考角立方的振动状态。因此,有必要将参考角立方悬挂在弹性元件上,直接测量其振动加速度。本文基于地震仪原理,研制了一种悬挂参考角立方的开环参考角立方惯性悬架装置(RCCISD),用于测量激光干涉仪绝对重力仪参考角立方的振动加速度。实验测试结果表明,由RCCISD联合观测的干涉条纹计算的重力加速度功率谱比直接放置在地面上的参考角立方的功率谱低约40 dB。RCCISD可以在一定程度上抑制振动干扰,不仅可以比地震仪同步观测方法更精确地测量参考角立方振动,用于重力测量的振动补偿,而且体积约为超级弹簧体积的1 / 3,可以大大降低重力仪的高度。
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引用次数: 0
Daedalus Ionospheric Profile Continuation (DIPCont): Monte Carlo studies assessing the quality of in situ measurement extrapolation 代达罗斯电离层剖面延续(DIPCont):蒙特卡罗研究评估现场测量外推的质量
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.5194/gi-12-239-2023
Joachim Vogt, Octav Marghitu, Adrian Blagau, Leonie Pick, Nele Stachlys, Stephan Buchert, Theodoros Sarris, Stelios Tourgaidis, Thanasis Balafoutis, Dimitrios Baloukidis, Panagiotis Pirnaris
Abstract. In situ satellite exploration of the lower thermosphere–ionosphere system (LTI) as anticipated in the recent Daedalus mission proposal to ESA will be essential to advance the understanding of the interface between the Earth's atmosphere and its space environment. To address physical processes also below perigee, in situ measurements are to be extrapolated using models of the LTI. Motivated by the need for assessing how cost-critical mission elements such as perigee and apogee distances as well as the number of spacecraft affect the accuracy of scientific inference in the LTI, the Daedalus Ionospheric Profile Continuation (DIPCont) project is concerned with the attainable quality of in situ measurement extrapolation for different mission parameters and configurations. This report introduces the methodological framework of the DIPCont approach. Once an LTI model is chosen, ensembles of model parameters are created by means of Monte Carlo simulations using synthetic measurements based on model predictions and relative uncertainties as specified in the Daedalus Report for Assessment. The parameter ensembles give rise to ensembles of model altitude profiles for LTI variables of interest. Extrapolation quality is quantified by statistics derived from the altitude profile ensembles. The vertical extent of meaningful profile continuation is captured by the concept of extrapolation horizons defined as the boundaries of regions where the deviations remain below a prescribed error threshold. To demonstrate the methodology, the initial version of the DIPCont package presented in this paper contains a simplified LTI model with a small number of parameters. As a major source of variability, the pronounced change in temperature across the LTI is captured by self-consistent non-isothermal neutral-density and electron density profiles, constructed from scale height profiles that increase linearly with altitude. The resulting extrapolation horizons are presented for dual-satellite measurements at different inter-spacecraft distances but also for the single-satellite case to compare the two basic mission scenarios under consideration. DIPCont models and procedures are implemented in a collection of Python modules and Jupyter notebooks supplementing this report.
摘要。最近代达罗斯号向欧空局提出的任务建议中所预期的对低层热层-电离层系统(LTI)的原位卫星探测对于促进对地球大气和空间环境之间界面的理解至关重要。为了解决近地点以下的物理过程,将使用LTI模型外推原位测量。由于需要评估诸如近地点和远地点距离以及航天器数量等成本关键任务要素如何影响LTI中科学推断的准确性,代达罗斯电离层剖面延续(DIPCont)项目关注不同任务参数和配置下可实现的原位测量外推质量。本报告介绍了DIPCont方法的方法框架。一旦选择了LTI模型,模型参数的集合将通过蒙特卡罗模拟创建,该模拟使用基于模型预测和代达罗斯评估报告中规定的相对不确定性的综合测量。参数的集合会引起对感兴趣的LTI变量的模型高度剖面的集合。外推质量是由高度剖面集合的统计量来量化的。有意义的剖面延拓的垂直范围由外推视界的概念捕获,外推视界定义为偏差保持在规定误差阈值以下的区域边界。为了演示该方法,本文中提出的DIPCont包的初始版本包含一个具有少量参数的简化LTI模型。作为变率的主要来源,温度在LTI上的显著变化被自一致的非等温中性密度和电子密度剖面捕捉到,这些分布是由尺度高度剖面构建的,尺度高度剖面随高度线性增加。本文给出了在不同航天器间距离上的双卫星测量结果的外推视界,也给出了单卫星情况下的外推视界,以比较所考虑的两种基本任务情景。DIPCont模型和过程在一组Python模块和Jupyter笔记本中实现,以补充本报告。
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引用次数: 0
A VLF/LF facility network for preseismic electromagnetic investigations 用于震前电磁调查的VLF/LF设施网络
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.5194/gi-12-231-2023
Patrick H. M. Galopeau, Ashanthi S. Maxworth, Mohammed Y. Boudjada, Hans U. Eichelberger, Mustapha Meftah, Pier F. Biagi, Konrad Schwingenschuh
Abstract. Earthquakes are one of the most frequently occurring natural disasters. Many indications have been collected on the presence of seismo-ionospheric perturbations preceding such tragic phenomena. Radio techniques are the essential tools leading the detection of seismo-electromagnetic emissions by monitoring at very low-frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) and low-frequency (LF, 30–300 kHz) sub-ionospheric paths between transmitters and receivers (Hayakawa, 2015). In this brief communication, we present the implementation of a VLF/LF network to search for earthquake electromagnetic precursors. The proposed system is comprised of a monopole antenna including a preamplifier, a GPS receiver and a recording device. This system will deliver a steady stream of real-time amplitude and phase measurements as well as a daily recording VLF/LF data set. The first implementation of the system was done in Graz, Austria. The second one will be in Guyancourt (France), with a third one in Réunion (France) and a fourth one in Moratuwa (Sri Lanka). In the near future, we are planning to expand our network for enhanced monitoring and increased coverage.
摘要。地震是最频繁发生的自然灾害之一。许多迹象表明,在这种悲剧性现象之前,地震-电离层扰动的存在。无线电技术是通过监测发射机和接收机之间的极低频(VLF, 3-30 kHz)和低频(LF, 30-300 kHz)亚电离层路径来探测地震电磁发射的重要工具(Hayakawa, 2015)。在这篇简短的通讯中,我们提出了一个VLF/LF网络来搜索地震电磁前兆的实现。所提出的系统由单极天线(包括前置放大器)、GPS接收器和记录装置组成。该系统将提供稳定的实时幅度和相位测量流,以及每日记录VLF/LF数据集。该系统的第一个实施是在奥地利的格拉茨完成的。第二个将在圭亚古尔(法国),第三个将在卢旺达(法国),第四个将在莫拉图瓦(斯里兰卡)。在不久的将来,我们计划扩大我们的网络,以加强监测和增加覆盖范围。
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引用次数: 0
A new tool for the estimation of Ground-Based InSAR acquisition characteristics before starting installation and monitoring survey 一种用于地基InSAR采集特性预估的新工具
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2023-2489
Charlotte Wolff, Marc-Henri Derron, Carlo Rivolta, Michel Jaboyedoff
Abstract. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) acquisition can be performed from satellites or from the ground by means of a so-called GB-InSAR (Ground-Based Interferometry SAR), but the signal emission and the output image geometry slightly differ between the two acquisition modes. Those differences are rarely mentioned in the literature. This paper proposes to compare satellite and GB-InSAR in terms of (1) acquisition characteristics and parameters to consider; (2) SAR image resolution; (3) geometric distortions that are foreshortening, layover and shadowing. If in the case of satellites SAR, the range and azimuth resolutions are known and constant along the orbit path, in the case of GB-InSAR their values are terrain-dependent. It is worth estimating the results of a GB-InSAR acquisition one can expect in terms of range and azimuth resolution, Line of Sight (LoS) distance and geometric distortions to select the best installation location when several are possible. We developed a tool which estimates those parameters from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), knowing the GB-InSAR and the Slope of Interest (SoI) coordinates. This tool, written in MATLAB, was tested on a simple synthetic point cloud representing a cliff with a progressive slope angle to highlight the influence of the SoI geometry on the acquisition characteristics and on two real cases; cliffs located in Switzerland, one in the Ticino canton and on in the Vaud canton.
摘要。合成孔径雷达(SAR)的采集可以从卫星上进行,也可以通过所谓的GB-InSAR(地基干涉SAR)从地面进行,但是两种采集模式之间的信号发射和输出图像几何形状略有不同。这些差异在文献中很少被提及。本文提出了卫星与GB-InSAR在以下方面的比较:(1)采集特性和需要考虑的参数;(2) SAR图像分辨率;(3)缩短、停留和阴影等几何畸变。如果在卫星SAR的情况下,距离和方位角分辨率是已知的,并且沿着轨道路径是恒定的,那么在GB-InSAR的情况下,它们的值与地形有关。在可能的情况下,从距离和方位角分辨率、视线(LoS)距离和几何畸变等方面估计GB-InSAR采集的结果是值得的,以便选择最佳安装位置。我们开发了一种工具,可以根据数字高程模型(DEM)估计这些参数,知道GB-InSAR和兴趣斜率(SoI)坐标。该工具是用MATLAB编写的,在一个简单的合成点云上进行了测试,该点云代表一个坡度渐变的悬崖,以突出SoI几何形状对采集特性的影响,并在两个实际案例中进行了测试;悬崖位于瑞士,一个在提契诺州,另一个在沃州。
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引用次数: 0
New proglacial meteorology and river stage observations from Inglefield Land and Pituffik, NW Greenland 格陵兰岛西北部Inglefield Land和Pituffik的新前冰期气象和河段观测
4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.5194/gi-12-215-2023
Sarah E. Esenther, Laurence C. Smith, Adam LeWinter, Lincoln H. Pitcher, Brandon T. Overstreet, Aaron Kehl, Cuyler Onclin, Seth Goldstein, Jonathan C. Ryan
Abstract. Meltwater runoff from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is an important contributor to global sea level rise, but substantial uncertainty exists in its measurement and prediction. Common approaches for estimating ice sheet runoff are in situ gauging of proglacial rivers draining the ice sheet and surface mass balance (SMB) modeling. To obtain hydrological and meteorological data sets suitable for both runoff stage characterization and, pending the establishment of stage–discharge curves, SMB model evaluation, we established an automated weather station (AWS) and a cluster of traditional and experimental river stage sensors on the Minturn River, the largest proglacial river draining Inglefield Land, NW Greenland. Secondary installations measuring river stage were installed in the Fox Canyon River and North River at Pituffik Space Base, NW Greenland. Proglacial runoff at these sites is dominated by supraglacial processes only, uniquely advantaging them for SMB studies. The three installations provide rare hydrological time series and an opportunity to evaluate experimental measurements of river stage from a harsh, little-studied polar region. The installed instruments include submerged vented and non-vented pressure transducers, a bubbler sensor, experimental bank-mounted laser rangefinders, and time-lapse cameras. The first 3 years of observations (2019 to 2021) from these stations indicate (a) a meltwater runoff season from late June to late August/early September that is roughly synchronous throughout the region; (b) the early onset (∼ 23 June to 8 July) of a strong diurnal runoff signal in 2019 and 2020, suggesting minimal meltwater storage in snow and/or firn; (c) 1 d lagged air temperature that displays the strongest correlation with river stage; (d) river stage that correlates more strongly with ablation zone albedo than with net radiation; and (e) the late-summer rain-on-ice events appear to trigger the region's sharpest and largest floods. The new gauging stations provide valuable in situ hydrological observations that are freely available through the PROMICE network (https://promice.org/weather-stations/, last access: 14 September 2023).
摘要格陵兰冰盖融水径流是全球海平面上升的重要因素,但其测量和预测存在很大的不确定性。估算冰盖径流量的常用方法是对原冰期河流的原位测量和地表质量平衡(SMB)模型。为了获得适合径流阶段表征的水文和气象数据集,并在阶段-流量曲线建立之前进行SMB模型评估,我们在Minturn河上建立了一个自动气象站(AWS)和一组传统和实验河流阶段传感器。Minturn河是格陵兰西北部英格菲尔德地区最大的前冰川河流。在格陵兰岛西北部垂体太空基地的福克斯峡谷河和北河安装了测量河段的二次装置。这些地点的前冰川径流仅由冰川上过程主导,这对SMB研究具有独特的优势。这三个装置提供了罕见的水文时间序列,并有机会评估来自恶劣的,很少研究的极地地区的河流阶段的实验测量。安装的仪器包括水下通风和非通风压力传感器、起泡器传感器、试验性安装在岸上的激光测距仪和延时相机。这些站点的前3年观测(2019年至2021年)表明:(a)从6月下旬到8月下旬/ 9月初的融水径流季节在整个地区大致同步;(b) 2019年和2020年较早(6月23日至7月8日)出现强烈的日径流信号,表明融水在雪和/或冰中储存最少;(c) 1 d滞后气温与河段相关性最强;(d)河段与消融带反照率的相关性强于净辐射;(5)夏末的冰雨事件似乎引发了该地区最猛烈、最严重的洪水。新的测量站提供了宝贵的现场水文观测资料,可通过PROMICE网络免费获得(https://promice.org/weather-stations/,最后一次访问:2023年9月14日)。
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引用次数: 0
Verification and calibration of a commercial anisotropic magnetoresistive magnetometer by multivariate non-linear regression 商用各向异性磁阻磁强计的多元非线性回归验证与标定
4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.5194/gi-12-201-2023
Nicholas Belsten, Mary Knapp, Rebecca Masterson, Cadence Payne, Kristen Ammons, Frank D. Lind, Kerri Cahoy
Abstract. Commercially available anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) magnetometers exhibit on the order of 1 nanotesla (nT) sensitivity in small size, weight, and power (SWaP) packages. However, AMR magnetometer accuracy is diminished by properties such as static offsets, gain uncertainty, off-axis coupling, and temperature effects. This work presents a measurement of the magnitude of these effects for a Honeywell HMC1053 magnetometer and evaluates a method for calibrating the observed effects by multivariate non-linear regression using a 24-parameter measurement equation. The presented calibration method has reduced the vector norm of the root mean square error from 4300 to 72 nT for the data acquired in this experiment. This calibration method has been developed for use on the AERO (Auroral Emissions Radio Observer) and VISTA (Vector Interferometry Space Technology using AERO) CubeSat missions, but the methods and results may be applicable to other resource-constrained magnetometers whose accuracies are limited by the offset, gain, off-axis, and thermal effects that are similar to the HMC1053 AMR magnetometer.
摘要市售的各向异性磁阻(AMR)磁强计在小尺寸、重量和功率(SWaP)封装下的灵敏度约为1纳特斯拉(nT)。然而,AMR磁强计的精度会受到静态偏移、增益不确定性、离轴耦合和温度效应等特性的影响。本文介绍了对霍尼韦尔HMC1053磁力计的这些影响程度的测量,并评估了一种使用24参数测量方程的多元非线性回归校准所观察到的影响的方法。所提出的校正方法使实验数据的均方根误差向量范数从4300 nT降至72 nT。该校准方法已开发用于AERO(极光发射无线电观测者)和VISTA(使用AERO的矢量干涉空间技术)立方体卫星任务,但该方法和结果可能适用于其他资源受限的磁力计,这些磁力计的精度受到类似HMC1053 AMR磁力计的偏移、增益、离轴和热效应的限制。
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Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems
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