Abstract. Electromagnetic exploration, characterized by its low cost, wide applicability, and high operational efficiency, finds extensive applications in fields such as oil and gas exploration, mineral prospecting, and engineering geology. Traditional controlled-source electromagnetic detection methods are typically confined to operating frequencies below 250 kHz, resulting in insufficient detection accuracy for applications such as shallow and intermediate-depth exploration, thereby constraining their performance in high-resolution imaging. To address these challenges, we propose a controlled-source ultra-audio frequency electromagnetic receive system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). We investigate cascaded digital filtering and sampling techniques to extend the receiver's sampling rate range, thereby elevating the operating frequency of controlled-source electromagnetic acquisition from the conventional maximum of 250 kHz to 1 MHz. The receiver achieves a sampling rate of up to 2.5 MHz, comprising three magnetic field measurement channels and two electric field measurement channels. The instrument is compact, lightweight, capable of real-time data storage locally, and real-time data transmission to an upper computer. Additionally, IoT technology is introduced, leading to the design of a cloud-based real-time remote control and data acquisition scheme. Experimental results demonstrate the stability of the instrument, meeting the requirements of field exploration.
{"title":"Development of Internet-of-Things-Based Controlled-Source Ultra-Audio Frequency Electromagnetic Receiver","authors":"Zucan Lin, Qisheng Zhang, Keyu Zhou, Xiyuan Zhang, Xinchang Wang, Hui Zhang, Feng Liu","doi":"10.5194/gi-2024-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-2024-2","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Electromagnetic exploration, characterized by its low cost, wide applicability, and high operational efficiency, finds extensive applications in fields such as oil and gas exploration, mineral prospecting, and engineering geology. Traditional controlled-source electromagnetic detection methods are typically confined to operating frequencies below 250 kHz, resulting in insufficient detection accuracy for applications such as shallow and intermediate-depth exploration, thereby constraining their performance in high-resolution imaging. To address these challenges, we propose a controlled-source ultra-audio frequency electromagnetic receive system based on the Internet of Things (IoT). We investigate cascaded digital filtering and sampling techniques to extend the receiver's sampling rate range, thereby elevating the operating frequency of controlled-source electromagnetic acquisition from the conventional maximum of 250 kHz to 1 MHz. The receiver achieves a sampling rate of up to 2.5 MHz, comprising three magnetic field measurement channels and two electric field measurement channels. The instrument is compact, lightweight, capable of real-time data storage locally, and real-time data transmission to an upper computer. Additionally, IoT technology is introduced, leading to the design of a cloud-based real-time remote control and data acquisition scheme. Experimental results demonstrate the stability of the instrument, meeting the requirements of field exploration.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141151436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andy Baker, Margaret Shanafield, Wendy Timms, Martin Sogaard Andersen, Stacey Priestley, Marilu Melo Zurita
Abstract. Understanding when and why groundwater recharge occurs is of fundamental importance for the sustainable use of this essential freshwater resource for humans and ecosystems. However, accurately capturing this component of the water balance is widely acknowledged to be a major challenge. Direct physical measurements identifying when groundwater recharge is occurring are possible by utilizing a sensor network of hydrological loggers deployed in underground spaces located in the vadose zone. Through measurements of water percolating into these spaces from above, we can record the potential groundwater recharge process in action. By using automated sensors, it is possible to precisely determine when recharge occurs (which event, month, or season and for which climate condition). Combined with daily rainfall data, it is possible to quantify the “rainfall recharge threshold”, the amount of rainfall needed to generate groundwater recharge, and its temporal and spatial variability. Australia's National Groundwater Recharge Observing System (NGROS) provides the first dedicated sensor network for observing groundwater recharge at an event scale across a wide range of geologies, environments, and climate types representing a wide range of Australian hydroclimates. Utilizing tunnels, mines, caves, and other subsurface spaces located in the vadose zone, the sensors effectively record “deep drainage”, water that can move beyond the shallow subsurface and root zone to generate groundwater recharge. The NGROS has the temporal resolution to capture individual recharge events, with multiple sensors deployed at each site to constrain the heterogeneity of recharge between different flow paths, and to quantify (including uncertainty bounds) rainfall recharge thresholds. Established in 2022, the network is described here together with examples of data being generated.
{"title":"An underground drip water monitoring network to characterize rainfall recharge of groundwater at different geologies, environments, and climates across Australia","authors":"Andy Baker, Margaret Shanafield, Wendy Timms, Martin Sogaard Andersen, Stacey Priestley, Marilu Melo Zurita","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-117-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-117-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Understanding when and why groundwater recharge occurs is of fundamental importance for the sustainable use of this essential freshwater resource for humans and ecosystems. However, accurately capturing this component of the water balance is widely acknowledged to be a major challenge. Direct physical measurements identifying when groundwater recharge is occurring are possible by utilizing a sensor network of hydrological loggers deployed in underground spaces located in the vadose zone. Through measurements of water percolating into these spaces from above, we can record the potential groundwater recharge process in action. By using automated sensors, it is possible to precisely determine when recharge occurs (which event, month, or season and for which climate condition). Combined with daily rainfall data, it is possible to quantify the “rainfall recharge threshold”, the amount of rainfall needed to generate groundwater recharge, and its temporal and spatial variability. Australia's National Groundwater Recharge Observing System (NGROS) provides the first dedicated sensor network for observing groundwater recharge at an event scale across a wide range of geologies, environments, and climate types representing a wide range of Australian hydroclimates. Utilizing tunnels, mines, caves, and other subsurface spaces located in the vadose zone, the sensors effectively record “deep drainage”, water that can move beyond the shallow subsurface and root zone to generate groundwater recharge. The NGROS has the temporal resolution to capture individual recharge events, with multiple sensors deployed at each site to constrain the heterogeneity of recharge between different flow paths, and to quantify (including uncertainty bounds) rainfall recharge thresholds. Established in 2022, the network is described here together with examples of data being generated.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"241 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140828517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Observation and estimation of the stress state in the deep crust is a crucial challenge in in situ stress measurement work. The hydraulic fracturing method is an important borehole-based technique for absolute in situ stress measurement. The small-diameter hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurement system described in this article consists mainly of underground measurement components (serial small-diameter packers and dual-circuit connecting installation rods) and surface control components (hydraulic fluid control system, data acquisition system, and high-pressure oil pump with controllable flow). It enables series measurement of small-sized boreholes for in situ stress and provides a maximum measurement range of 30–45 MPa. The subsequent calculation of in situ stress data adopts a uniform design method to discuss the influence of various external factors on rock fracturing values. The small-diameter hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurement system has the advantages of simple and lightweight structure, short testing time, high success rate, and low requirements for rock integrity and pressurization equipment. It has formed a series of small-diameter in situ stress measurement equipment which has been innovatively promoted to the field of underground tunnel safety assessment in coal mines and metal mining areas. It has an important practical value and economic significance in accurately determining the in situ stress state of deep development areas.
{"title":"Research and application of small-diameter hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurement system","authors":"Yimin Liu, Mian Zhang, Yixuan Li, Huan Chen","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-107-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-107-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Observation and estimation of the stress state in the deep crust is a crucial challenge in in situ stress measurement work. The hydraulic fracturing method is an important borehole-based technique for absolute in situ stress measurement. The small-diameter hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurement system described in this article consists mainly of underground measurement components (serial small-diameter packers and dual-circuit connecting installation rods) and surface control components (hydraulic fluid control system, data acquisition system, and high-pressure oil pump with controllable flow). It enables series measurement of small-sized boreholes for in situ stress and provides a maximum measurement range of 30–45 MPa. The subsequent calculation of in situ stress data adopts a uniform design method to discuss the influence of various external factors on rock fracturing values. The small-diameter hydraulic fracturing in situ stress measurement system has the advantages of simple and lightweight structure, short testing time, high success rate, and low requirements for rock integrity and pressurization equipment. It has formed a series of small-diameter in situ stress measurement equipment which has been innovatively promoted to the field of underground tunnel safety assessment in coal mines and metal mining areas. It has an important practical value and economic significance in accurately determining the in situ stress state of deep development areas.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140828504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yang Li, Zhong Li, Qifeng Guo, Yimin Liu, Daji Zhang
Abstract. The multidimensional and multi-sliding surface measurement of deep-seated displacement on landslides poses a significant technical challenge in landslide monitoring and early warning. The fixed-borehole inclinometer serves as an important measurement method based on drilling for this purpose. In this study, a novel flexible measurement array for deep-seated landslide displacement and its installation and measurement processes were developed, enabling higher accuracy in full-hole multidimensional deformation measurement. The measurement array consists of individual measurement probes as basic units, connected in series through coaxial cables and high-pressure rubber hoses, forming a flexible measurement array. Each probe is equipped with acceleration and magnetic field sensors, allowing for the measurement of borehole inclination and azimuth angles and providing a more comprehensive understanding of the deformation of deep-seated landslides. This flexible measurement array resolves the limitations of traditional fixed inclinometers, such as limited probe quantity or inaccurate installation positions that fail to reflect the deformation trend of the landslide body. Moreover, it eliminates the need for auxiliary installation accessories like pulleys and inclinometer pipes, simplifying the mechanical structure and installation process, which represents an advancement in methodology and an improvement in measurement techniques. This array provides a more comprehensive and improved monitoring tool for disaster prevention and mitigation, thereby enhancing the level of geological hazard monitoring and early warning technology.
{"title":"Research and application of a flexible measuring array for deep displacement of landslides","authors":"Yang Li, Zhong Li, Qifeng Guo, Yimin Liu, Daji Zhang","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-97-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-97-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The multidimensional and multi-sliding surface measurement of deep-seated displacement on landslides poses a significant technical challenge in landslide monitoring and early warning. The fixed-borehole inclinometer serves as an important measurement method based on drilling for this purpose. In this study, a novel flexible measurement array for deep-seated landslide displacement and its installation and measurement processes were developed, enabling higher accuracy in full-hole multidimensional deformation measurement. The measurement array consists of individual measurement probes as basic units, connected in series through coaxial cables and high-pressure rubber hoses, forming a flexible measurement array. Each probe is equipped with acceleration and magnetic field sensors, allowing for the measurement of borehole inclination and azimuth angles and providing a more comprehensive understanding of the deformation of deep-seated landslides. This flexible measurement array resolves the limitations of traditional fixed inclinometers, such as limited probe quantity or inaccurate installation positions that fail to reflect the deformation trend of the landslide body. Moreover, it eliminates the need for auxiliary installation accessories like pulleys and inclinometer pipes, simplifying the mechanical structure and installation process, which represents an advancement in methodology and an improvement in measurement techniques. This array provides a more comprehensive and improved monitoring tool for disaster prevention and mitigation, thereby enhancing the level of geological hazard monitoring and early warning technology.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140809866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Natural gas hydrate (GH) is a significant potential energy source due to its large reserves, wide distribution, high energy density, and low pollution. However, the gas production rate of past gas hydrate production tests is much lower than the requirement of commercial gas production. Reservoir stimulation technologies like hydraulic fractures provide one potential approach to enhance gas production from GH. The reservoir reformation behavior of the hydrate-bearing sediments (HBSs), particularly sediments with a high clay content, is a complex process during a hydraulic fracturing operation which has been poorly understood and thus hardly predictable. This paper presents an experimental facility that was developed to analyze the hydraulic fracture mechanism in synthesized HBSs. This facility can be used to form GH in sediments, conduct visual observation of hydraulic fracturing experiments, and measure the permeability of HBSs under high-pressure (up to 30 MPa) and low-temperature conditions (from 253.15 to 323.15 K). It is mainly composed of a pressure control and injection unit, a low temperature and cooling unit, a cavitation unit, a visual sapphire reactor, and a data acquisition and measurement unit. The hydraulic fracture module consists of a gas cylinder, fracturing pump, hopper, proppant warehouse, and valves. The sapphire reservoir chamber is applied to observe and measure the fracture of HBSs during hydraulic fracturing. The permeability test module is composed of a constant-flux pump and pressure sensors, which can evaluate the permeability performance before and after the hydraulic fracture in HBSs. The fundamental principles of this apparatus are discussed. Some tests were performed to verify hydraulic fracture tests, and permeability tests could be practically applied in the HBS exploitation.
{"title":"A hydrate reservoir renovation device and its application in nitrogen bubble fracturing","authors":"Jingsheng Lu, Yuanxin Yao, Dongliang Li, Jinhai Yang, Deqing Liang, Yiqun Zhang, Decai Lin, Kunlin Ma","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-75-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-75-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Natural gas hydrate (GH) is a significant potential energy source due to its large reserves, wide distribution, high energy density, and low pollution. However, the gas production rate of past gas hydrate production tests is much lower than the requirement of commercial gas production. Reservoir stimulation technologies like hydraulic fractures provide one potential approach to enhance gas production from GH. The reservoir reformation behavior of the hydrate-bearing sediments (HBSs), particularly sediments with a high clay content, is a complex process during a hydraulic fracturing operation which has been poorly understood and thus hardly predictable. This paper presents an experimental facility that was developed to analyze the hydraulic fracture mechanism in synthesized HBSs. This facility can be used to form GH in sediments, conduct visual observation of hydraulic fracturing experiments, and measure the permeability of HBSs under high-pressure (up to 30 MPa) and low-temperature conditions (from 253.15 to 323.15 K). It is mainly composed of a pressure control and injection unit, a low temperature and cooling unit, a cavitation unit, a visual sapphire reactor, and a data acquisition and measurement unit. The hydraulic fracture module consists of a gas cylinder, fracturing pump, hopper, proppant warehouse, and valves. The sapphire reservoir chamber is applied to observe and measure the fracture of HBSs during hydraulic fracturing. The permeability test module is composed of a constant-flux pump and pressure sensors, which can evaluate the permeability performance before and after the hydraulic fracture in HBSs. The fundamental principles of this apparatus are discussed. Some tests were performed to verify hydraulic fracture tests, and permeability tests could be practically applied in the HBS exploitation.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140805074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bart Schilperoort, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Bas van de Wiel, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits
Abstract. Storage change in heat in the soil is one of the main components of the energy balance and is essential in studying the land–atmosphere heat exchange. However, its measurement proves to be difficult due to (vertical) soil heterogeneity and sensors easily disturbing the soil. Improvements in the precision and resolution of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) equipment has resulted in its widespread use in geoscientific studies. Multiple studies have shown the added value of spatially distributed measurements of soil temperature and soil heat flux. However, due to the spatial resolution of DTS measurements (∼30 cm), soil temperature measurements with DTS have generally been restricted to (horizontal) spatially distributed measurements. This paper presents a device which allows high-resolution measurements of (vertical) soil temperature profiles by making use of a 3D-printed screw-like structure. A 50 cm tall probe is created from segments manufactured with fused-filament 3D printing and has a helical groove to guide and protect a fiber-optic (FO) cable. This configuration increases the effective DTS measurement resolution and will inhibit preferential flow along the probe. The probe was tested in the field, where the results were in agreement with the reference sensors. The high vertical resolution of the DTS-measured soil temperature allowed determination of the thermal diffusivity of the soil at a resolution of 2.5 cm, many times better than what is feasible using discrete probes. A future improvement in the design could be the use of integrated reference temperature probes, which would remove the need for DTS calibration baths. This could, in turn, support making the probes “plug and play” into the shelf instruments without the need to splice cables or experience in DTS setup design. The design can also support the integration of an electrical conductor into the probe and allow heat tracer experiments to derive both the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity over depth at high resolution.
{"title":"A distributed-temperature-sensing-based soil temperature profiler","authors":"Bart Schilperoort, César Jiménez Rodríguez, Bas van de Wiel, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-85-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-85-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Storage change in heat in the soil is one of the main components of the energy balance and is essential in studying the land–atmosphere heat exchange. However, its measurement proves to be difficult due to (vertical) soil heterogeneity and sensors easily disturbing the soil. Improvements in the precision and resolution of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) equipment has resulted in its widespread use in geoscientific studies. Multiple studies have shown the added value of spatially distributed measurements of soil temperature and soil heat flux. However, due to the spatial resolution of DTS measurements (∼30 cm), soil temperature measurements with DTS have generally been restricted to (horizontal) spatially distributed measurements. This paper presents a device which allows high-resolution measurements of (vertical) soil temperature profiles by making use of a 3D-printed screw-like structure. A 50 cm tall probe is created from segments manufactured with fused-filament 3D printing and has a helical groove to guide and protect a fiber-optic (FO) cable. This configuration increases the effective DTS measurement resolution and will inhibit preferential flow along the probe. The probe was tested in the field, where the results were in agreement with the reference sensors. The high vertical resolution of the DTS-measured soil temperature allowed determination of the thermal diffusivity of the soil at a resolution of 2.5 cm, many times better than what is feasible using discrete probes. A future improvement in the design could be the use of integrated reference temperature probes, which would remove the need for DTS calibration baths. This could, in turn, support making the probes “plug and play” into the shelf instruments without the need to splice cables or experience in DTS setup design. The design can also support the integration of an electrical conductor into the probe and allow heat tracer experiments to derive both the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity over depth at high resolution.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140805037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-18DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2024-1074
Sandra Schumacher, Werner Gräsle
Abstract. To detect the crack damage stress also known as onset of dilatancy in fully saturated rocks, we propose a new procedure which combines an innovative measurement technique using pore pressure diffusion with the well known technique of finding the pore pressure maximum. A precise determination of the crack damage stress is required to establish parameter dependencies and ultimately to develop a constitutive equation for the crack damage stress, which is of significant interest e.g. for the long-term safety analysis of repositories for radioactive waste. The new technique monitors the true axial strain as indicator for the crack damage stress during a pore pressure diffusion test. In addition to the crack damage stress, this new true axial strain method simultaneously yields pore pressure diffusion coefficients, thereby maximising the information gain. The true axial strain method was developed based on a multi-cycle, long-term experiment of one sample of Passwang Marl, but it can be applied to other types of rocks, which is demonstrated on a Bunter Sandstone.
{"title":"Crack damage stress in fully saturated, permeable rocks: A new detection procedure","authors":"Sandra Schumacher, Werner Gräsle","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1074","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> To detect the crack damage stress also known as onset of dilatancy in fully saturated rocks, we propose a new procedure which combines an innovative measurement technique using pore pressure diffusion with the well known technique of finding the pore pressure maximum. A precise determination of the crack damage stress is required to establish parameter dependencies and ultimately to develop a constitutive equation for the crack damage stress, which is of significant interest e.g. for the long-term safety analysis of repositories for radioactive waste. The new technique monitors the true axial strain as indicator for the crack damage stress during a pore pressure diffusion test. In addition to the crack damage stress, this new true axial strain method simultaneously yields pore pressure diffusion coefficients, thereby maximising the information gain. The true axial strain method was developed based on a multi-cycle, long-term experiment of one sample of Passwang Marl, but it can be applied to other types of rocks, which is demonstrated on a Bunter Sandstone.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140623007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-09DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2024-1017
Miles Mark Reed, Ken L. Ferrier, William O. Nachlas, Bil Schneider, Chloé Arson, Tingting Xu, Xianda Shen, Nicole West
Abstract. Quantitative mapping of minerals in rock thin sections delivers data on mineral abundance, size, and spatial arrangement that are useful for many geoscience and engineering disciplines. Although automated methods for mapping mineralogy exist, these are often expensive, associated with proprietary software, or require programming skills, which limits their usage. Here we present a free, open-source method for automated mineralogy mapping from energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) scans of rock thin sections. This method uses a random forest machine learning image classification algorithm within the QGIS geographic information system and Orfeo Toolbox, which are both free and open source. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we apply it to 14 rock thin sections from the well-studied Rio Blanco tonalite lithology of Puerto Rico. Measurements of mineral abundance inferred from our method compare favourably to previous measurements of mineral abundance inferred from X-ray diffraction and point counts on thin sections. The model-generated mineral maps agree with independent, manually-delineated mineral maps at a mean rate of 95 %, with accuracies as high as 96 % for the most abundant phase (plagioclase) and as low as 72 % for the least abundant phase (apatite) in these samples. We show that the default random forest hyperparameters in Orfeo Toolbox yielded high accuracy in the model-generated mineral maps, and we demonstrate how users can determine the sensitivity of the mineral maps to hyperparameter values and input features. These results show that this method can be used to generate accurate maps of major mineral phases in rock thin sections using entirely free and open-source applications.
摘要。对岩石薄片中的矿物进行定量测绘可提供有关矿物丰度、大小和空间排列的数据，这些数据对许多地球科学和工程学科都很有用。虽然存在自动绘制矿物学图谱的方法，但这些方法通常价格昂贵，与专有软件相关，或需要编程技能，从而限制了其使用。在此，我们介绍一种免费的开源方法，用于从岩石薄片的能量色散光谱（EDS）扫描中自动绘制矿物学图谱。该方法在免费开源的 QGIS 地理信息系统和 Orfeo 工具箱中使用了随机森林机器学习图像分类算法。为了证明该方法的实用性，我们将其应用于波多黎各研究较多的 Rio Blanco 炭绿岩岩性的 14 个岩石薄片。通过我们的方法推断出的矿物丰度测量结果与之前通过 X 射线衍射和薄切片上的点计数推断出的矿物丰度测量结果相比，效果更佳。模型生成的矿物图谱与独立的人工划线矿物图谱的平均吻合率为 95%，在这些样本中，最富集相（斜长石）的准确率高达 96%，而最不富集相（磷灰石）的准确率则低至 72%。我们展示了 Orfeo 工具箱中默认的随机森林超参数对模型生成的矿物图谱产生了很高的准确性，并演示了用户如何确定矿物图谱对超参数值和输入特征的敏感性。这些结果表明，这种方法可用于生成岩石薄片中主要矿物相的精确地图，使用的是完全免费的开源应用程序。
{"title":"A free, open-source method for automated mapping of quantitative mineralogy from energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scans of rock thin sections","authors":"Miles Mark Reed, Ken L. Ferrier, William O. Nachlas, Bil Schneider, Chloé Arson, Tingting Xu, Xianda Shen, Nicole West","doi":"10.5194/egusphere-2024-1017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-1017","url":null,"abstract":"<strong>Abstract.</strong> Quantitative mapping of minerals in rock thin sections delivers data on mineral abundance, size, and spatial arrangement that are useful for many geoscience and engineering disciplines. Although automated methods for mapping mineralogy exist, these are often expensive, associated with proprietary software, or require programming skills, which limits their usage. Here we present a free, open-source method for automated mineralogy mapping from energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) scans of rock thin sections. This method uses a random forest machine learning image classification algorithm within the QGIS geographic information system and Orfeo Toolbox, which are both free and open source. To demonstrate the utility of this method, we apply it to 14 rock thin sections from the well-studied Rio Blanco tonalite lithology of Puerto Rico. Measurements of mineral abundance inferred from our method compare favourably to previous measurements of mineral abundance inferred from X-ray diffraction and point counts on thin sections. The model-generated mineral maps agree with independent, manually-delineated mineral maps at a mean rate of 95 %, with accuracies as high as 96 % for the most abundant phase (plagioclase) and as low as 72 % for the least abundant phase (apatite) in these samples. We show that the default random forest hyperparameters in Orfeo Toolbox yielded high accuracy in the model-generated mineral maps, and we demonstrate how users can determine the sensitivity of the mineral maps to hyperparameter values and input features. These results show that this method can be used to generate accurate maps of major mineral phases in rock thin sections using entirely free and open-source applications.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140580911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2024-306
Qiong Zhang, Xin Chen, Zhonghang Ji, Fei Yan, Zhengkun Jin, Yunqing Liu
Abstract. The leveling errors are defined as the data difference among flight lines in airborne geophysical data. The differences of the signal leveling always show as a striping pattern parallel to the flight lines on the imaged maps. The fixed structured pattern inspires us to structure a guided leveling error model by an anisotropic Gabor filter. Then we embed the leveling error model in total variational framework to flexibly calculate leveling errors. The guided leveling error model constrain the noise term of total variation rather than just blind removal. Moreover, the structured variational method can be extended to remove other type of noises which have general noise priors. We have applied the method to the airborne electromagnetic, magnetic data, and apparent conductivity data collected by Ontario Geological Survey to confirm its validity and robustness by comparing the results with the published data. The structured variational method can better level airborne geophysical data based on the space properties of leveling error.
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Abstract. The term of geoscientific laboratory measurements involves a variety of methods in geosciences. Accordingly, the resulting data comprise many different data types, formats, and sizes, respectively. Handling such a diversity of data, e.g. by storing the data in a generally applicable database, is difficult. Some discipline-specific approaches exist, but a geoscientific laboratory database that is generally applicable to different geoscientific disciplines has been lacking up to now. However, making research data available to scientists beyond a particular community has become increasingly important. Global working groups such as the Committee on Data of the International Science Council (CODATA) put effort in the development of tools to improve research data handling. International standards (e.g. ISO 19156) and ontologies (e.g. UCUM) provide a general framework for certain aspects that are elemental for the development of database models. However, these abstract models need to be adapted to meet the requirements of the geoscientific community. Within a pilot project of the NFDI4Earth initiative, we developed a conceptual model for a geoscientific laboratory database. To be able to handle the complex settings of geoscientific laboratory studies, flexibility and extensibility are key attributes of the presented approach. The model is intended to follow the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) data principles to facilitate interdisciplinary applicability. In this study, we consider different procedures from existing database models and include these methods in the conceptual model.
摘要地球科学实验室测量涉及地球科学领域的多种方法。因此，产生的数据分别包括许多不同的数据类型、格式和大小。要处理如此多样的数据，例如将数据存储在一个普遍适用的数据库中，是很困难的。目前已有一些针对特定学科的方法，但至今仍缺乏一个普遍适用于不同地球科学学科的地球科学实验室数据库。不过，向特定社区以外的科学家提供研究数据已变得越来越重要。国际科学理事会数据委员会（CODATA）等全球工作组致力于开发改进研究数据处理的工具。国际标准（如 ISO 19156）和本体论（如 UCUM）为开发数据库模型所需的某些方面提供了总体框架。然而，这些抽象模型需要加以调整，以满足地球科学界的要求。在 NFDI4Earth 计划的一个试点项目中，我们为地球科学实验室数据库开发了一个概念模型。为了能够处理地质科学实验室研究的复杂设置，灵活性和可扩展性是所提出方法的关键属性。该模型旨在遵循 FAIR（可查找性、可访问性、可互操作性和可重用性）数据原则，以促进跨学科应用。在本研究中，我们考虑了现有数据库模型中的不同程序，并将这些方法纳入概念模型。
{"title":"Making geoscientific lab data FAIR: a conceptual model for a geophysical laboratory database","authors":"Sven Nordsiek, Matthias Halisch","doi":"10.5194/gi-13-63-2024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-13-63-2024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The term of geoscientific laboratory measurements involves a variety of methods in geosciences. Accordingly, the resulting data comprise many different data types, formats, and sizes, respectively. Handling such a diversity of data, e.g. by storing the data in a generally applicable database, is difficult. Some discipline-specific approaches exist, but a geoscientific laboratory database that is generally applicable to different geoscientific disciplines has been lacking up to now. However, making research data available to scientists beyond a particular community has become increasingly important. Global working groups such as the Committee on Data of the International Science Council (CODATA) put effort in the development of tools to improve research data handling. International standards (e.g. ISO 19156) and ontologies (e.g. UCUM) provide a general framework for certain aspects that are elemental for the development of database models. However, these abstract models need to be adapted to meet the requirements of the geoscientific community. Within a pilot project of the NFDI4Earth initiative, we developed a conceptual model for a geoscientific laboratory database. To be able to handle the complex settings of geoscientific laboratory studies, flexibility and extensibility are key attributes of the presented approach. The model is intended to follow the FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) data principles to facilitate interdisciplinary applicability. In this study, we consider different procedures from existing database models and include these methods in the conceptual model.","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140300667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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