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Development of an Expendable Current Profiler Based on Modulation and Demodulation 基于调制解调的消耗型电流分析器的研制
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-22 DOI: 10.5194/gi-2022-22
Keyu Zhou, Qisheng Zhang, Guangyuan Chen, Zucan Lin, Yunliang Liu, Pengyu Li
Abstract. We designed a low-cost expandable current profiler including software and hardware. An expendable current profiler (XCP) is an observation instrument that rapidly measures currents based on the principle that currents cut the geomagnetic field to induce electric fields. It is important to reduce the cost of an XCP because it is a single-use device. The digitization of the previously developed XCP is carried out underwater, which requires the probe to contain not only analogue circuits for acquiring signals but also digital circuits and digital chips, which are relatively expensive. In this study, an XCP has been developed that adopts signal modulation and demodulation to transmit analogue signals on an enamelled wire, and the signal digitization occurs above the surface of the water. The cost of the instrument is effectively reduced by half while maintaining the ability to measure parameters such as sea current and temperature in real-time. After comparison with data processed from laboratory tests, the acquisition circuit showed accuracy within one-thousandth of one per cent, and the XCP analogue circuit developed for the overall system was stable and reliable. The system exhibited an acquisition accuracy higher than 50 nV for 16 Hz, and the quality of the acquired signal met the requirements for an XCP instrument.
摘要。我们设计了一个低成本的可扩展电流分析器,包括软件和硬件。消耗型电流廓形仪(XCP)是利用电流切断地磁场产生电场的原理,快速测量电流的观测仪器。降低XCP的成本非常重要,因为它是一种一次性设备。先前开发的XCP的数字化是在水下进行的,这要求探头不仅包含用于获取信号的模拟电路,还包含相对昂贵的数字电路和数字芯片。在本研究中,开发了一种采用信号调制和解调的XCP,在漆包线上传输模拟信号,信号数字化发生在水面以上。仪器的成本有效地降低了一半,同时保持了实时测量海流和温度等参数的能力。与实验室测试数据比较,采集电路的精度在千分之一到百分之一以内,为整个系统开发的XCP模拟电路稳定可靠。该系统在16 Hz频率下的采集精度高于50 nV,采集信号质量满足XCP仪器的要求。
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引用次数: 0
Quad-Mag board for CubeSat applications 用于立方体卫星应用的四磁板
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.5194/gi-11-375-2022
Brady P. Strabel, L. Regoli, M. Moldwin, L. Ojeda, Yining Shi, J. Thoma, Isaac Narrett, Bret Bronner, Matthew Pellioni
Abstract. The design, characteristics, and performance of a CubeSat magnetometer board (Quad-Mag) equipped with four PNI RM3100 magnetometers is presented. The low size, weight, power, and cost of the RM3100 enables the inclusion of four sensors on a single board, allowing a potential factor of 2 reduction in the noise floor established for an individual sensor via oversampling with multiple sensors. The instrument experimentally achieved a noise floor of 5.34 nT (individual axis), averaging across each axis of the four magnetometers, at a 65 Hz sampling rate. This approaches the theoretically established limit for the system of 4.37 nT at 40 Hz. A single onboard Texas Instrument MSP430 microcontroller handles synchronization of the magnetometers and facilitates data collection through a simple UART-based command interface to a host system. The Quad-Mag system has a mass of 59.05 g and total power consumption of 23 mW while sampling and 14 mW while idle. The Quad-Mag enables nearly 1 nT magnetic field measurements at 1 Hz using commercial off-the-shelf sensors for space applications under optimal conditions.
摘要介绍了一种配备4台PNI RM3100磁强计的CubeSat磁强计板(quadg - mag)的设计、特点和性能。RM3100的低尺寸,重量,功率和成本使得在一块电路板上包含四个传感器,允许通过多个传感器的过采样为单个传感器建立的噪声底降低2的潜在因素。该仪器在实验中获得了5.34 nT(单个轴)的噪声底,在四个磁强计的每个轴上平均,采样率为65 Hz。这接近在40 Hz时4.37 nT系统的理论极限。单板载德州仪器MSP430微控制器处理磁力计的同步,并通过一个简单的基于uart的命令接口到主机系统方便数据收集。Quad-Mag系统的质量为59.05 g,采样时的总功耗为23 mW,空闲时为14 mW。Quad-Mag使用商用现成的传感器在最佳条件下为空间应用提供近1nt的1hz磁场测量。
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引用次数: 2
Testing a novel sensor design to jointly measure cosmic-ray neutrons, muons and gamma rays for non-invasive soil moisture estimation 测试一种新型传感器设计,用于联合测量宇宙射线中子、介子和伽马射线,用于非侵入性土壤湿度估算
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.5194/gi-2022-20
Stefano Gianessi, Matteo Polo, Luca Stevanato, Marcello Lunardon, Till Francke, Sascha Oswald, Hami Ahmed, Arsenio Tolosa, Georg Welting, Gerd Dercon, Emil Fulajtar, Lee Heng, Gabriele Baroni
Abstract. Cosmic-ray neutron sensing (CRNS) has emerged as a reliable method for soil moisture and snow estimation. However, the applicability of this method beyond research has been limited due to, among others, the use of relatively large and expensive sensors. This paper presents the tests conducted to a new scintillator-based sensor especially designed to jointly measure neutron counts, total gamma-rays, and muons. The neutron signal is firstly compared against two conventional gas-tube-based CRNS sensors at two locations (Austria and Germany). The estimated soil moisture is further assessed at four agricultural sites in Italy based on gravimetric soil moisture collected within the sensor footprint. The results show that the signal detected by the new scintillator-based CRNS sensor is well in agreement with the conventional CRNS sensors and with the gravimetric soil moisture measurements. In addition, the muons and the total gamma-rays simultaneously detected by the sensor show promising features for a better correction of the incoming variability and for discriminating irrigation and precipitation events, respectively. Further experiments and analyses should be conducted, however, to better understand the added value of these additional data for soil moisture estimation. Overall, the new scintillator design shows to be a valid and compact alternative to conventional CRNS sensors for non-invasive soil moisture monitoring that can open the path to a wide range of applications.
摘要。宇宙射线中子传感(CRNS)已成为估算土壤湿度和积雪的可靠方法。然而,这种方法在研究之外的适用性受到限制,其中包括使用相对较大和昂贵的传感器。本文介绍了一种基于闪烁体的新型传感器的测试情况,该传感器专门用于联合测量中子数、总伽马射线和介子。中子信号首先与两个地点(奥地利和德国)的两个传统的基于气体管的CRNS传感器进行比较。根据传感器足迹内收集的重力土壤水分,在意大利的四个农业地点进一步评估估计的土壤水分。结果表明,基于闪烁体的CRNS传感器检测到的信号与传统的CRNS传感器和土壤水分重测结果吻合较好。此外,传感器同时检测到的μ子和总伽马射线显示出有希望的特征,分别可以更好地校正入射变率和区分灌溉和降水事件。然而,为了更好地了解这些额外数据对土壤水分估算的附加价值,还应进行进一步的实验和分析。总的来说,新的闪烁体设计表明,它是传统CRNS传感器的一种有效而紧凑的替代品,可用于非侵入式土壤湿度监测,为广泛的应用开辟了道路。
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引用次数: 0
Glider observations of thermohaline staircases in the tropical North Atlantic using an automated classifier 使用自动分类器对热带北大西洋热盐梯的滑翔机观测
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-25 DOI: 10.5194/gi-11-359-2022
Callum Rollo, Karen J. Heywood, Rob A. Hall
Thermohaline staircases are stepped structures of alternating thick mixed layers and thin high-gradient interfaces. These structures can be up to several tens of metres thick and are associated with double-diffusive mixing. Thermohaline staircases occur across broad swathes of the Arctic and tropical and subtropical oceans and can increase rates of diapycnal mixing by up to 5 times the background rate, driving substantial nutrient fluxes to the upper ocean. In this study, we present an improved classification algorithm to detect thermohaline staircases in ocean glider profiles. We use a dataset of 1162 glider profiles from the tropical North Atlantic collected in early 2020 at the edge of a known thermohaline staircase region. The algorithm identifies thermohaline staircases in 97.7 % of profiles that extend deeper than 300 m. We validate our algorithm against previous results obtained from algorithmic classification of Argo float profiles. Using fine-resolution temperature data from a fast-response thermistor on one of the gliders, we explore the effect of varying vertical bin sizes on detected thermohaline staircases. Our algorithm builds on previous work by adding improved flexibility and the ability to classify staircases from profiles with noisy salinity data. Using our results, we propose that the incidence of thermohaline staircases is limited by strong background vertical gradients in conservative temperature and absolute salinity.
温盐阶梯是由厚混合层和薄高梯度界面交替构成的阶梯结构。这些结构可达几十米厚,并与双扩散混合有关。温盐阶梯出现在北极、热带和亚热带海洋的大片地区,可使底环流混合速率提高5倍,推动大量营养物质流向上层海洋。在这项研究中,我们提出了一种改进的分类算法来检测海洋滑翔机剖面中的温盐阶梯。我们使用了2020年初在一个已知的温盐阶梯区域边缘收集的来自热带北大西洋的1162个滑翔机剖面数据集。该算法在延伸深度超过300米的剖面中识别出97.7%的温盐楼梯。我们通过Argo浮子剖面的算法分类验证了我们的算法。利用其中一个滑翔机上的快速响应热敏电阻的精细分辨率温度数据,我们探索了不同垂直桶尺寸对检测到的热盐阶梯的影响。我们的算法建立在之前工作的基础上,增加了灵活性,并能够从具有噪声盐度数据的剖面中对楼梯进行分类。根据我们的研究结果,我们认为温盐阶梯的发生受到保守温度和绝对盐度的强背景垂直梯度的限制。
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引用次数: 0
Accuracies of field CO2–H2O data from open-path eddy-covariance flux systems: assessment based on atmospheric physics and biological environment 开放路径涡旋-协方差通量系统野外CO2-H2O数据的准确性:基于大气物理和生物环境的评估
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.5194/gi-11-335-2022
Xinhua Zhou, Tian Gao, Ning Zheng, Bai Yang, Yanlei Li, Fengyuan Yu, Tala Awada, Jiaojun Zhu
Ecosystem CO2–H2O data measured by infraredgas analyzers in open-path eddy-covariance (OPEC) systems have numerousapplications, such as estimations of CO2 and H2O fluxes in theatmospheric boundary layer. To assess the applicability of the data forthese estimations, data uncertainties from analyzer measurements are needed.The uncertainties are sourced from the analyzers in zero drift, gain drift,cross-sensitivity, and precision variability. These four uncertainty sourcesare individually specified for analyzer performance, but so far no methodologyexists yet to combine these individual sources into a composite uncertaintyfor the specification of an overall accuracy, which is ultimately needed.Using the methodology for closed-path eddy-covariance systems, this overallaccuracy for OPEC systems is determined from all individual uncertaintiesvia an accuracy model and further formulated into CO2 and H2Oaccuracy equations. Based on atmospheric physics and the biologicalenvironment, for EC150 infrared CO2–H2O analyzers, theseequations are used to evaluate CO2 accuracy (±1.22 mgCO2 m−3, relatively ±0.19 %) and H2O accuracy (±0.10 gH2O m−3, relatively ±0.18 % in saturated air at 35 C and 101.325 kPa). Both accuracies are applied to conceptualmodels addressing their roles in uncertainty analyses for CO2 andH2O fluxes. For the high-frequency air temperature derived fromH2O density along with sonic temperature and atmospheric pressure, therole of H2O accuracy in its uncertainty is similarly addressed. Amongthe four uncertainty sources, cross-sensitivity and precision variabilityare minor, although unavoidable, uncertainties, whereas zero drift and gaindrift are major uncertainties but are minimizable via corresponding zero andspan procedures during field maintenance. The accuracy equations providerationales to assess and guide the procedures. For the atmosphericbackground CO2 concentration, CO2 zero and CO2 spanprocedures can narrow the CO2 accuracy range by 40 %, from ±1.22 to ±0.72 mgCO2 m−3. In hot and humid weather, H2Ogain drift potentially adds more to the H2O measurement uncertainty,which requires more attention. If H2O zero and H2O span procedurescan be performed
开放路径涡旋协方差(OPEC)系统中红外气体分析仪测量的生态系统CO2 - H2O数据有许多应用,例如大气边界层中CO2和H2O通量的估计。为了评估这些估计的数据的适用性,需要从分析仪测量的数据不确定度。不确定性来自于分析仪的零漂移、增益漂移、交叉灵敏度和精度变异性。这四个不确定度源是为分析仪性能单独指定的,但到目前为止还没有方法将这些单独的不确定度源组合成一个综合的不确定度,以规范总体精度,这是最终需要的。使用封闭路径涡流协方差系统的方法,欧佩克系统的总体精度通过精度模型从所有个体不确定性中确定,并进一步制定为二氧化碳和h2o精度方程。基于大气物理和生物环境,对EC150红外CO2 - H2O分析仪,使用这些方程来评估CO2精度(±1.22 mgCO2 m - 3,相对±0.19%)和H2O精度(±0.10 gH2O m - 3,相对±0.18%,在35°C和101.325 kPa的饱和空气中)。这两种精度都适用于概念模型,解决了它们在CO2和h2o通量不确定性分析中的作用。对于由H2O密度、声波温度和大气压力导出的高频空气温度,H2O精度在其不确定性中的作用也同样得到了解决。在四个不确定性来源中,交叉灵敏度和精度变化是次要的,虽然不可避免,不确定性,而零漂移和增益漂移是主要的不确定性,但在现场维护期间通过相应的零和跨度程序可以最小化。准确度方程为评估和指导程序提供了依据。对于大气背景CO2浓度,CO2零和CO2跨度程序可以将CO2精度范围缩小40%,从±1.22到±0.72 mgCO2 m - 3。在炎热潮湿的天气中,H2Ogain漂移可能会增加H2O测量的不确定度,需要引起更多的注意。如果能在5到35°C范围内实际进行H2O零点和H2O跨度测量,H2O精度至少可以提高30%:从±0.10到±0.07 gH2O m - 3。在冻结条件下,水跨度过程是不切实际的,但可以忽略,因为它对总体不确定性的贡献微不足道。然而,在这些条件下,H2O和CO2的零程序作为一种操作和有效的选择是必要的,以最大限度地减少H2O测量的不确定性。
{"title":"Accuracies of field CO2–H2O data from open-path eddy-covariance flux systems: assessment based on atmospheric physics and biological environment","authors":"Xinhua Zhou, Tian Gao, Ning Zheng, Bai Yang, Yanlei Li, Fengyuan Yu, Tala Awada, Jiaojun Zhu","doi":"10.5194/gi-11-335-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-11-335-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Ecosystem CO<span><sub>2</sub></span>–H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O data measured by infrared\u0000gas analyzers in open-path eddy-covariance (OPEC) systems have numerous\u0000applications, such as estimations of CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> and H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O fluxes in the\u0000atmospheric boundary layer. To assess the applicability of the data for\u0000these estimations, data uncertainties from analyzer measurements are needed.\u0000The uncertainties are sourced from the analyzers in zero drift, gain drift,\u0000cross-sensitivity, and precision variability. These four uncertainty sources\u0000are individually specified for analyzer performance, but so far no methodology\u0000exists yet to combine these individual sources into a composite uncertainty\u0000for the specification of an overall accuracy, which is ultimately needed.\u0000Using the methodology for closed-path eddy-covariance systems, this overall\u0000accuracy for OPEC systems is determined from all individual uncertainties\u0000via an accuracy model and further formulated into CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> and H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O\u0000accuracy equations. Based on atmospheric physics and the biological\u0000environment, for EC150 infrared CO<span><sub>2</sub></span>–H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O analyzers, these\u0000equations are used to evaluate CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> accuracy (<span>±1.22</span> mgCO<span><sub>2</sub></span> m<span><sup>−3</sup></span>, relatively <span>±0.19</span> %) and H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O accuracy (<span>±0.10</span> gH<span><sub>2</sub></span>O m<span><sup>−3</sup></span>, relatively <span>±0.18</span> % in saturated air at 35 <span><sup>∘</sup></span>C and 101.325 kPa). Both accuracies are applied to conceptual\u0000models addressing their roles in uncertainty analyses for CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> and\u0000H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O fluxes. For the high-frequency air temperature derived from\u0000H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O density along with sonic temperature and atmospheric pressure, the\u0000role of H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O accuracy in its uncertainty is similarly addressed. Among\u0000the four uncertainty sources, cross-sensitivity and precision variability\u0000are minor, although unavoidable, uncertainties, whereas zero drift and gain\u0000drift are major uncertainties but are minimizable via corresponding zero and\u0000span procedures during field maintenance. The accuracy equations provide\u0000rationales to assess and guide the procedures. For the atmospheric\u0000background CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> concentration, CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> zero and CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> span\u0000procedures can narrow the CO<span><sub>2</sub></span> accuracy range by 40 %, from <span>±1.22</span> to <span>±0.72</span> mgCO<span><sub>2</sub></span> m<span><sup>−3</sup></span>. In hot and humid weather, H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O\u0000gain drift potentially adds more to the H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O measurement uncertainty,\u0000which requires more attention. If H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O zero and H<span><sub>2</sub></span>O span procedures\u0000can be performed ","PeriodicalId":48742,"journal":{"name":"Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138538543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
New ring shear deformation apparatus for three-dimensional multiphase experiments: First results 三维多相实验用新型环剪切变形仪:初步成果
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.5194/egusphere-2022-1004
Shae McLafferty, Haley Bix, Kyle Bogatz, Jacqueline E. Reber
Abstract. Multiphase deformation, where a solid and fluid phase deform simultaneously, play a crucial role in a variety of geological hazards, such as landslides, glacial slip, and the transition from earthquakes to slow slip. In all these examples a continuous, viscous or fluid-like phase is mixed with a granular or brittle phase where both phases deform simultaneously when stressed. Understanding the interaction between the phases and how they will impact deformation dynamics is essential to improve hazard assessments for a wide variety of geo-hazards. Here, we present the design and first experimental results from a ring shear deformation apparatus capable of deforming multiple phases simultaneously. The experimental design allows for three dimensional observations during deformation in addition to unlimited shear strain, controllable normal force, and a variety of boundary conditions. To impose shear deformation, either the experimental chamber or lid rotate around its central axis while the other remains stationary. Normal and pulling force data are collected with force gauges located on the lid of the apparatus and between the pulling motor and the experimental chamber. Experimental materials are chosen to match the light refraction index of the experimental chamber, such that 3D observations can be made throughout the experiment with the help of a laser light sheet. We present experimental results where we deform hydropolymer orbs and cubes (brittle phase) and Carbopol® hydropolymer gel (fluid phase). Preliminary results show variability in force measurements and deformation styles between solid and fluid end member experiments. The ratio of solids to fluids and their relative competencies in multiphase experiments control deformation dynamics, which range from stick-slip to creep. The presented experimental strategy has the potential to shed light on multi-phase processes associated with multiple geo-hazards.
摘要。多相变形是指固体和流体相同时变形,在各种地质灾害中起着至关重要的作用,如山体滑坡、冰川滑移以及地震向慢滑的过渡。在所有这些例子中,连续的、粘性的或流体状的相与颗粒状或脆性相混合,两者在受到应力时同时变形。了解这些阶段之间的相互作用以及它们将如何影响变形动力学,对于改善各种地质灾害的危害评估至关重要。在这里,我们介绍了一个能够同时变形多个阶段的环形剪切变形装置的设计和第一次实验结果。实验设计允许在变形过程中的三维观测,除了无限剪切应变,可控法向力和各种边界条件。为了施加剪切变形,实验室或盖子中的一个围绕其中心轴旋转,而另一个保持静止。法向力和拉力数据由位于装置盖上和在拉力电机和实验室之间的力计收集。选择与实验室内光折射率相匹配的实验材料,在整个实验过程中借助激光光片进行三维观测。我们提出了实验结果,我们变形的氢聚合物球体和立方体(脆性相)和Carbopol®氢聚合物凝胶(流体相)。初步结果表明,固体和流体端件实验在力测量和变形方式上存在差异。在多相实验中,固体与流体的比例及其相对能力控制着从粘滑到蠕变的变形动力学。提出的实验策略有可能揭示与多种地质灾害相关的多阶段过程。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Performance of the Hotrod Melt-Tip Ice-Drilling System 热压式熔尖钻冰系统的设计与性能
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-10-06 DOI: 10.5194/gi-2022-18
William Colgan, Christopher Shields, Paval Talalay, Xiaopeng Fan, Austin P. Lines, Joshua Elliott, Harihar Rajaram, Kenneth Mankoff, Morten Jensen, Mira Backes, Yunchen Liu, Xianzhe Wei, Nanna B. Karlsson, Henrik Spanggård, Allan Ø. Pedersen
Abstract. We introduce the design and performance of a melt-tip ice-drilling system designed to insert a temperature sensor cable into ice. The melt tip is relatively simple and low cost, designed for a one-way trip to the ice-bed interface. The drilling system consists of a melt tip, umbilical cable, winch, interface, power supply, and support items. The melt tip and the winch are the most novel elements of the drilling system, and we make the hardware and electrical designs of these components available open access. Tests conducted in a laboratory ice well indicate that the melt tip has an electrical energy to forward melting heat transfer efficiency of ~35 % with a theoretical maximum penetration rate of ~12 m/hr at maximum 6.0 kW power. In contrast, ice-sheet testing suggests the melt tip has an analogous heat transfer efficiency of ~15 % with a theoretical maximum penetration rate of ~6 m/hr. We expect the efficiency gap between laboratory and field performance to decrease with increasing operator experience. Umbilical freeze-in due to borehole refreezing is the primary depth-limiting factor of the drilling system. Enthalpy-based borehole refreezing assessments predict refreezing below critical umbilical diameter in ~4 hours at -20 ˚C ice temperatures and ~20 hours at -2 ˚C. This corresponds to a theoretical depth limit of up to ~200 m, depending on firn thickness, ice temperature and operator experience.
摘要。我们介绍了一种将温度传感器电缆插入冰中的融尖钻冰系统的设计和性能。熔体尖端相对简单,成本低,设计用于到冰床界面的单程旅行。钻井系统由熔锥、脐带电缆、绞车、接口、电源和支撑部件组成。熔体尖端和绞车是钻井系统中最新颖的元件,我们将这些部件的硬件和电气设计公开。在实验室冰井中进行的试验表明,在最大功率为6.0 kW时,熔体尖端的电能到正向熔化传热效率为~ 35%,理论最大穿透率为~12 m/hr。相比之下,冰盖测试表明,熔体尖端的传热效率约为15%,理论最大穿透率约为6米/小时。我们期望随着操作人员经验的增加,实验室和现场性能之间的效率差距会缩小。由于井眼再冻结导致的脐带冻结是钻井系统的主要深度限制因素。基于焓的井眼再冻结评估预测,在-20˚C的冰温度下,在-20˚C的冰温度下,在-20˚C的冰温度下,在-20˚C的冰温度下,在临界脐带直径以下重新冻结需要约4小时。这相当于理论深度限制在~200米,这取决于公司厚度,冰的温度和操作人员的经验。
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引用次数: 0
In situ calibration of the Swarm-Echo magnetometers 群回波磁强计的现场校正
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-31 DOI: 10.5194/gi-11-323-2022
Robert M. Broadfoot, D. Miles, Warren Holley, A. Howarth
Abstract. CASSIOPE/e-POP, now known as Swarm-Echo, was launched in 2013 to study polarplasma outflow, neutral escape, and the effects of auroral currents on radiopropagation in the ionosphere. The e-POP suite contains an array of eightinstruments, including two fluxgate magnetometers on a shared boom. Untilnow, the two magnetometers relied on a set of preflight calibrations, whichlimited the accuracy of the magnetic field product and the magnetometers' utility forsome applications. Here we present the results of an in situ calibrationperformed on data from 3 January 2014 to 30 January 2021 and a casestudy showing the improvements the calibration has made to the data utility.Periodic vector–vector calibration using the CHAOS magnetic field modelresults achieves an estimated root-mean-square (rms) uncertainty of 9 nT during nominaloperation. This data product is now openly available through the ESA Swarmrepository.
摘要CASSIOPE/e-POP现在被称为Swarm-Echo,于2013年发射,用于研究极等离子体流出、中性逸出以及极光电流对电离层无线电传播的影响。e-POP套件包含8个仪器阵列,其中包括位于共享吊杆上的两个磁通门磁力计。到目前为止,这两种磁力计依赖于一套飞行前校准,这限制了磁场产物的精度和磁力计在某些应用中的实用性。在这里,我们展示了对2014年1月3日至2021年1月30日的数据进行的现场校准的结果,以及一个案例研究,显示了校准对数据效用的改进。使用混沌磁场模型结果的周期性矢量-矢量校准在名义操作期间实现了估计的均方根(rms)不确定性为9nt。该数据产品现已通过欧空局群集存储库公开提供。
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引用次数: 3
Tesseract – a high-stability, low-noise fluxgate sensor designed for constellation applications Tesseract -一种高稳定性、低噪声磁通门传感器,专为星座应用设计
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-23 DOI: 10.5194/gi-11-307-2022
K. Greene, C. Hansen, B. Narod, R. Dvorský, D. Miles
Abstract. Accurate high-precision magnetic field measurements are asignificant challenge for many applications, including constellation missions studying space plasmas. Instrument stability and orthogonality are essentialto enable meaningful comparison between disparate satellites in aconstellation without extensive cross-calibration efforts. Here we describethe design and characterization of Tesseract – a fluxgate magnetometersensor designed for low-noise, high-stability constellation applications.Tesseract's design takes advantage of recent developments in themanufacturing of custom low-noise fluxgate cores. Six of these custom racetrack fluxgate cores are securely and compactly mounted within a singlesolid three-axis symmetric base. Tesseract's feedback windings areconfigured as a four-square Merritt coil to create a large homogenousmagnetic null inside the sensor where the fluxgate cores are held in a near-zero field, regardless of the ambient magnetic field, to improve thereliability of the core magnetization cycle. A Biot–Savart simulation is used to optimize the homogeneity of the field generated by the feedback Merrittcoils and was verified experimentally to be homogeneous within 0.42 % along the racetrack cores' axes. The thermal stability of the sensor'sfeedback windings is measured using an insulated container filled with dryice inside a coil system. The sensitivity over temperature of the feedbackwindings is found to be between 13 and 17 ppm ∘C−1. The sensor's three axes maintain orthogonality to withinat most 0.015∘ over a temperature range of −45 to 20 ∘C. Tesseract's cores achieve a magnetic noise floor of 5 pT √Hz−1 at 1 Hz. Tesseract will be flight demonstrated on theACES-II sounding rockets, currently scheduled to launch in late 2022 andagain aboard the TRACERS satellite mission as part of the MAGIC technologydemonstration which is currently scheduled to launch in 2023.
摘要精确的高精度磁场测量对许多应用来说都是一个重大挑战,包括研究空间等离子体的星座任务。仪器的稳定性和正交性是必不可少的,以便在不需要大量交叉校准的情况下对星座中的不同卫星进行有意义的比较。在这里,我们描述了Tesseract的设计和特性-一个磁通门磁强计传感器设计用于低噪声,高稳定性星座应用。Tesseract的设计利用了定制低噪声磁通门核心制造的最新发展。这些自定义赛道磁通门核心的六个是安全而紧凑地安装在一个单实体三轴对称的基础。Tesseract的反馈绕组配置为一个四平方梅里特线圈,在传感器内部创建一个大的均匀磁零,磁通门铁芯保持在接近零的磁场中,无论环境磁场如何,以提高铁芯磁化周期的可靠性。利用Biot-Savart模拟优化了反馈梅里特线圈产生的场的均匀性,实验验证了反馈梅里特线圈沿赛道芯轴方向的均匀性在0.42%以内。传感器反馈绕组的热稳定性是用线圈系统内填充干冰的绝缘容器来测量的。反馈线圈对温度的灵敏度在13到17 ppm (C−1)之间。在- 45到20°C的温度范围内,传感器的三个轴在最大0.015°内保持正交。Tesseract的核心在1hz时实现了5pt√Hz−1的磁底噪声。Tesseract将在aces - ii探空火箭上进行飞行演示,目前计划于2022年底发射,并再次在TRACERS卫星任务上进行飞行演示,作为MAGIC技术演示的一部分,目前计划于2023年发射。
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引用次数: 2
An Analytical approach for optimal secured data storage on cloud server for online education platform 在线教育平台云服务器数据安全存储优化分析方法
IF 1.8 4区 地球科学 Q2 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2022-08-22 DOI: 10.5194/gi-2022-15
R. Soundhara Raja Pandian, Christopher Columbus
Abstract. Cloud computing is becoming increasingly popular in the IT business because of its higher performance, widespread access, cheap cost, and other benefits. It is also a pay-as-you-go approach; hence, anyone can access cloud data from anywhere, and it is employed in education platforms for online classes due to its ease of use. However, many educational institutions hesitate to use the cloud educational platform due to security and privacy issues. Hence in this study, the performance analysis of various cryptographic algorithms such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), Advanced encryption standard (AES), Two Fish, Blowfish, Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple Data Encryption Standard (TDES) and role-based access control (RBAC) was analyzed and compared with each other in a view to ensuring the protection of cloud data storage used for educational purpose in the NPTEL database. Encryption time, decryption time, and retrieval time with different data sizes were used as performance evaluation factors to figure out the best End-To-End Encryption security in a network system. Moreover, an ElGamal SBO with Delta Competitive NN Cryptography has been proposed in which ElGamal Stag beetle optimization performs ElGamal encryption with the generation of an optimized key with low execution time, thereby allowing only authorized users to access the educational data in the cloud and the data transmission has been secured using Delta Competitive NN that minimizes vulnerable attacks while controlling the decryption activity. Results showed that the proposed ElGamal SBO with Delta Competitive NN Cryptography performs better than all other techniques in terms of retrieval time, encryption time, communication cost, computational overhead and decryption time and hence when applied in a security scenario, it can improve the encryption effectiveness.
摘要。云计算在IT业务中变得越来越流行,因为它具有更高的性能、广泛的访问、便宜的成本和其他好处。这也是一种现收现付的方式;因此,任何人都可以从任何地方访问云数据,并且由于其易于使用而被用于在线课程的教育平台。然而,由于安全和隐私问题,许多教育机构对使用云教育平台犹豫不决。因此,本研究对椭圆曲线加密(ECC)、高级加密标准(AES)、双鱼、河豚、数据加密标准(DES)、三重数据加密标准(TDES)和基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)等各种加密算法的性能进行了分析和比较,以确保对NPTEL数据库中用于教育目的的云数据存储的保护。将不同数据大小下的加密时间、解密时间和检索时间作为性能评价因素,计算网络系统中最佳的端到端加密安全性。此外,还提出了一种具有Delta竞争神经网络加密的ElGamal SBO,其中ElGamal stagbeetle优化通过生成优化的密钥来执行ElGamal加密,并且执行时间短,从而只允许授权用户访问云中的教育数据,并且使用Delta竞争神经网络来保护数据传输,从而在控制解密活动的同时最大限度地减少了易受攻击。结果表明,基于Delta竞争神经网络的ElGamal SBO在检索时间、加密时间、通信成本、计算开销和解密时间等方面都优于其他加密技术,因此,当应用于安全场景时,可以提高加密效果。
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引用次数: 0
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Geoscientific Instrumentation Methods and Data Systems
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