M. de Vos, P. Kountouris, L. Rabenstein, J. Shears, Mira Suhrhoff, C. Katlein
Abstract. On 5 December 1914, Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew set sail from South Georgia aboard the wooden barquentine vessel Endurance, beginning the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition to cross the Antarctic continent. However, Shackleton and his crew never reached land because the vessel became beset in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea in January 1915. Endurance then drifted in the pack for 11 months, was crushed by the ice, and sank on 21 November 1915. Over many years, various predictions were made about the location of the wreck. These were based largely on navigational fixes taken by Captain Frank Worsley, the navigator of the Endurance, 3 d prior to and 1 d after the sinking of Endurance. On 5 March 2022, the Endurance22 expedition located the wreck some 9.4 km southeast of Worsley's estimated sinking position. In this paper, we describe the use of meteorological reanalysis data to reconstruct the likely ice drift trajectory of Endurance for the period between Worsley's final two fixes, at some point along which the vessel sank. Reconstructions are sensitive to choices of wind factor and turning angle, but allow an envelope of possible scenarios to be developed. A likely scenario yields a simulated sinking location some 3.5 km from the position at which the wreck finally was found, with a trajectory describing an excursion to the southeast and an anticlockwise turn to the northwest prior to sinking. Despite numerous sources of uncertainty, these results show the potential for such methods in marine archaeology.
{"title":"Understanding the drift of Shackleton's Endurance during its last days before it sank in November 1915, using meteorological reanalysis data","authors":"M. de Vos, P. Kountouris, L. Rabenstein, J. Shears, Mira Suhrhoff, C. Katlein","doi":"10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-14-1-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. On 5 December 1914, Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew set sail from South Georgia aboard the wooden barquentine vessel Endurance, beginning the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition to cross the Antarctic continent. However, Shackleton and his crew never reached land because the vessel became beset in the sea ice of the Weddell Sea in January 1915. Endurance then drifted in the pack for 11 months, was crushed by the ice, and sank on 21 November 1915. Over many years, various predictions were made about the location of the wreck. These were based largely on navigational fixes taken by Captain Frank Worsley, the navigator of the Endurance, 3 d prior to and 1 d after the sinking of Endurance. On 5 March 2022, the Endurance22 expedition located the wreck some 9.4 km southeast of Worsley's estimated sinking position. In this paper, we describe the use of meteorological reanalysis data to reconstruct the likely ice drift trajectory of Endurance for the period between Worsley's final two fixes, at some point along which the vessel sank. Reconstructions are sensitive to choices of wind factor and turning angle, but allow an envelope of possible scenarios to be developed. A likely scenario yields a simulated sinking location some 3.5 km from the position at which the wreck finally was found, with a trajectory describing an excursion to the southeast and an anticlockwise turn to the northwest prior to sinking. Despite numerous sources of uncertainty, these results show the potential for such methods in marine archaeology.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47811588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-29DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022
M. Antoni
Abstract. The geodetic and geophysical literature shows an abundance of mascon approaches for modelling the gravity field of the Moon or Earth on global or regional scales. This article illustrates the differences and similarities between the methods, which are labelled as mascon approaches by their authors. Point mass mascons and planar disc mascons were developed for modelling the lunar gravity field from Doppler tracking data. These early models had to consider restrictions in observation geometry, computational resources or geographical pre-knowledge, which influenced the implementation. Mascon approaches were later adapted and applied for the analysis of GRACE observations of the Earth's gravity field, with the most recent methods based on the simple layer potential. Differences among the methods relate to the geometry of the mascon patches and to the implementation of the gradient and potential for field analysis and synthesis. Most mascon approaches provide a direct link between observation and mascon parameters – usually the surface density or the mass of an element – while some methods serve as a post-processing tool of spherical harmonic solutions. This article provides a historical overview of the different mascon approaches and sketches their properties from a theoretical perspective.
{"title":"A review of different mascon approaches for regional gravity field modelling since 1968","authors":"M. Antoni","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-205-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The geodetic and geophysical literature shows an abundance of mascon approaches for modelling the gravity field of the Moon or Earth on global or regional scales. This article illustrates the differences and similarities between the methods, which are labelled as mascon approaches by their authors. Point mass mascons and planar disc mascons were developed for modelling the lunar gravity field from Doppler tracking data. These early models had to consider restrictions in observation geometry, computational resources or geographical pre-knowledge, which influenced the implementation.\u0000Mascon approaches were later adapted and applied for the analysis of GRACE observations of the Earth's gravity field, with the most recent methods based on the simple layer potential. Differences among the methods relate to the geometry of the mascon patches and to the implementation of the gradient and potential for field analysis and synthesis. Most mascon approaches provide a direct link between observation and mascon parameters – usually the surface density or the mass of an element – while some methods serve as a post-processing tool of spherical harmonic solutions.\u0000This article provides a historical overview of the different mascon approaches and sketches their properties from a theoretical perspective.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44494934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-09-22DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022
W. J. Gould
Abstract. This paper analyses the pioneering global voyages of HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the 1870s – a time of rapid scientific advances and technological innovation. The voyage of Challenger has become well known as marking the start of the global-scale science of oceanography. The voyage of the Gazelle is much less well known despite the two voyages ending in the same year, 1876, and having similar geographical and scientific scope. Rather than focussing on the scientific achievements, the paper concentrates on how the expeditions were planned and executed, the lives and characters of the personnel involved, and the underlying motivation behind the voyages. The paper presents the author's translations of key elements of the Gazelle reports as a means of introducing the Gazelle expedition to an English-speaking readership.
{"title":"HMS Challenger and SMS Gazelle – their 19th century voyages compared","authors":"W. J. Gould","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-171-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper analyses the pioneering global voyages of HMS\u0000Challenger and SMS Gazelle in the 1870s – a time of rapid scientific advances and\u0000technological innovation. The voyage of Challenger has become well known as marking\u0000the start of the global-scale science of oceanography. The voyage of the\u0000Gazelle is much less well known despite the two voyages ending in the same year,\u00001876, and having similar geographical and scientific scope. Rather than focussing on the scientific achievements, the paper concentrates\u0000on how the expeditions were planned and executed, the lives and characters\u0000of the personnel involved, and the underlying motivation behind the voyages.\u0000The paper presents the author's translations of key elements of the\u0000Gazelle reports as a means of introducing the Gazelle expedition to an English-speaking\u0000readership.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43889417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-26DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022
I. Fujii, S. Nagamachi
Abstract. Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO) was founded in 1913 by the Central Meteorological Observatory (CMO, later the Japan Meteorological Agency) as a successor to Tokyo Magnetic Observatory. Kakioka was a village 70 km north of Tokyo and was selected to escape from tram noise in Tokyo. At first, it was an unstaffed observatory only for geomagnetic field observation. Then, the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 changed the fate of KMO because the earthquake severely damaged the CMO in Tokyo, and recording papers of KMO were lost. KMO was staffed in 1924 and was redesigned as an institute for geophysics rather than geomagnetism. KMO operated a variety of observations, such as the atmospheric electric field, the geoelectric field, the seismicity, the air temperature, the wind velocity, the sunspot and solar prominence as well as the geomagnetic field, by the 1940s. In addition, research activity flourished with the leadership of the first director, Shuichi Imamichi. After World War II was over in 1945, KMO formed a network of observatories in Japan by founding several branch observatories originally for geoelectric field observation. Two branch observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya survived, with geomagnetic field observation added in the International Geophysical Year project (1957–1958). Efforts in development of instruments for geomagnetic absolute measurement and systems of high-sampling recordings in the 1950s to 1970s resulted in the development of the Kakioka Automatic Standard Magnetometer (KASMMER) system in 1972. KASMMER measured the geomagnetic field every 3 s at the highest standard in the world in digital form, giving 1 min digital values of the geomagnetic field available. This system has been updated, and the high-sampling technology was applied to geoelectric field observation and atmospheric electric field observation. Later, adding geomagnetic field observation at Chichijima in 1971, KMO established a unique electric and magnetic observation network at Kakioka, Memambetsu, Kanoya and Chichijima and provided precise and high-speed sampling data (1 min, 1 and 0.1 s values) by 2001. On the other hand, KMO gradually terminated or automated their observations and reduced their staff in the last several decades following the government's reform policy. The two branch observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya were unstaffed in 2011, and the atmospheric electric field at Memambetsu was terminated at that time. The geoelectric field observations at Kakioka, Memambetsu and Kanoya were terminated in 2021 as well as the atmospheric electric field at Kakioka. KMO focuses on geomagnetic observation for now and puts efforts into total force observation at volcanoes and the digitization of historic analog data.
{"title":"History of Kakioka Magnetic Observatory","authors":"I. Fujii, S. Nagamachi","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-147-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Kakioka Magnetic Observatory (KMO) was founded in 1913 by\u0000the Central Meteorological Observatory (CMO, later the Japan Meteorological Agency) as a successor to Tokyo Magnetic Observatory. Kakioka was a village 70 km north of Tokyo and was selected to escape from tram noise in Tokyo. At first, it was an unstaffed observatory only for geomagnetic field observation. Then, the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923 changed the fate of\u0000KMO because the earthquake severely damaged the CMO in Tokyo, and recording papers of KMO were lost. KMO was staffed in 1924 and was redesigned as an institute for geophysics rather than geomagnetism. KMO operated a variety of\u0000observations, such as the atmospheric electric field, the geoelectric field, the seismicity, the air temperature, the wind velocity, the sunspot and\u0000solar prominence as well as the geomagnetic field, by the 1940s. In addition, research activity flourished with the leadership of the first director, Shuichi Imamichi. After World War II was over in 1945, KMO formed a\u0000network of observatories in Japan by founding several branch observatories\u0000originally for geoelectric field observation. Two branch observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya survived, with geomagnetic field observation added in the International Geophysical Year project (1957–1958). Efforts in development of instruments for geomagnetic absolute measurement and systems of high-sampling recordings in the 1950s to 1970s resulted in the development of the Kakioka Automatic Standard Magnetometer (KASMMER) system in\u00001972. KASMMER measured the geomagnetic field every 3 s at the highest standard in the world in digital form, giving 1 min digital values of the geomagnetic field available. This system has been updated, and\u0000the high-sampling technology was applied to geoelectric field observation and atmospheric electric field observation. Later, adding\u0000geomagnetic field observation at Chichijima in 1971, KMO established a unique electric and magnetic observation network at Kakioka, Memambetsu,\u0000Kanoya and Chichijima and provided precise and high-speed sampling data\u0000(1 min, 1 and 0.1 s values) by 2001. On the other hand, KMO gradually\u0000terminated or automated their observations and reduced their staff in the last several decades following the government's reform policy. The two branch\u0000observatories at Memambetsu and Kanoya were unstaffed in 2011, and the atmospheric electric field at Memambetsu was terminated at that time. The\u0000geoelectric field observations at Kakioka, Memambetsu and Kanoya were\u0000terminated in 2021 as well as the atmospheric electric field at Kakioka. KMO\u0000focuses on geomagnetic observation for now and puts efforts into total force observation at volcanoes and the digitization of historic analog\u0000data.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47025164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-08DOI: 10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022
R. Harrison, J. Riddick
Abstract. Atmospheric electricity measurements were made at Lerwick Observatory, Shetland, between 1925 and 1984. These principally provide a long series of hourly potential gradient (PG) measurements at an unpolluted site but also include air–Earth current density measurements during the late 1970s and early 1980s. An especially notable aspect was investigating the dramatic atmospheric electrical changes caused by nuclear weapon detonations in the late 1950s and early 1960s, which has parallels with the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole. The methodology employed at Lerwick to provide the PG measurements is described. There is renewed international interest in such measurements, not least because the Lerwick PG data have been shown to be linked to Pacific Ocean temperature anomalies. The past measurements described have characterised the Lerwick site exceptionally well in atmospheric electrical terms, which also indicate its suitability for future, similar measurements.
{"title":"Atmospheric electricity observations at Lerwick Geophysical Observatory","authors":"R. Harrison, J. Riddick","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-133-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Atmospheric electricity measurements were made at Lerwick Observatory, Shetland, between 1925 and 1984. These principally provide a long series of hourly potential gradient (PG) measurements at an unpolluted site but also include air–Earth current density measurements during the late 1970s and early 1980s. An especially notable aspect was investigating the dramatic atmospheric electrical changes caused by nuclear weapon detonations in the late 1950s and early 1960s, which has parallels with the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole. The methodology employed at Lerwick to provide the PG measurements is described. There is renewed international interest in such measurements, not least because the Lerwick PG data have been shown to be linked to Pacific Ocean temperature anomalies. The past measurements described have characterised the Lerwick site exceptionally well in atmospheric electrical terms, which also indicate its suitability for future, similar measurements.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47663947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Tephrochronology is a correlational and age-equivalent dating method whereby practitioners characterize, map, and date tephra (or volcanic ash) layers and use them stratigraphically as connecting and dating tools in the geosciences (including volcanology) and in studies of past environments and archaeology. Modern tephra studies per se began around 100 years ago (in the 1920s), but the first collective of tephrochronologists with a common purpose and nascent global outlook was not formed until 7 September 1961 in Warsaw, Poland. On that date, the inaugural “Commission on Tephrochronology” (COT) was ratified under the aegis of the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). The formation of COT is attributable largely to the leadership of Kunio Kobayashi of Japan, the commission's president for its first 12 years. We were motivated to record and evaluate the function and importance of COT because tephrochronology continues to grow globally and its heritage needs to be understood, appreciated, and preserved. In addition, studies on cryptotephras, which are fine-grained glass-shard and/or crystal concentrations preserved in sediments or soils but insufficiently numerous to be visible as a layer to the naked eye, have also expanded dramatically in recent times. Therefore, in this article, we review the role and impacts of COT under the umbrella of INQUA for 53 of the last 60 years or under IAVCEI (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior) for 7 of the last 60 years, including since 2019. The commission also functioned under other names (abbreviated as COTS, CEV, ICCT, COTAV, SCOTAV, and INTAV; see Table 2 for definitions). As well as identifying key persons of influence, we describe the development of the commission, its leaders, and its activities, which include organizing nine specialist tephra field meetings in seven different countries. Members of the commission have participated in numerous other conferences (including specialist tephra sessions) or workshops of regional to international scale, and they have played leading roles in international projects such as INTIMATE (INTegrating Ice-core, MArine and TErrestrial records) and SMART (Synchronising Marine And ice-core Records using Tephrochronology). As well as strongly supporting early-career researchers including graduate students, the commission has generated 10 tephra-themed journal volumes and two books. It has published numerous other articles including field guidebooks, reports, and specialist internet documents/sites. Although its fortunes have ebbed as well as flowed, the commission began to prosper after 1987 when key changes in leadership occurred. COT has blossomed further, especially in the past decade or so, as an entire new cohort of specialists, including many engaged in cryptotephra studies, has emerged alongside new geoanalytical and dating techniques or protocols to become a vibrant global group today. We name 29 electe
摘要火山年代学是一种相关的和年龄相等的测年方法，从业人员通过这种方法对火山(或火山灰)层进行表征、绘制地图和测年，并将它们作为地层学上的联系和测年工具，用于地球科学(包括火山学)和过去环境和考古学的研究。现代麻风研究本身大约在100年前(20世纪20年代)就开始了，但直到1961年9月7日在波兰华沙才形成了第一个具有共同目标和新兴全球视野的麻风年表学家团体。在这一天，在国际第四纪研究联盟(INQUA)的支持下，成立了首届“第四纪年代学委员会”(COT)。委员会的成立很大程度上要归功于担任委员会主席12年的日本人小林邦夫(Kunio Kobayashi)的领导。我们之所以有动机记录和评估COT的功能和重要性，是因为地球年代学在全球范围内不断发展，它的遗产需要被理解、欣赏和保护。此外，对隐砂的研究近年来也得到了极大的扩展，隐砂是一种保存在沉积物或土壤中的细颗粒玻璃碎片和/或晶体浓度，但数量不够多，无法用肉眼看到。因此，在本文中，我们回顾了过去60年中有53年在国际火山学和地球内部化学协会(International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of earth’s Interior)的保护下，或过去60年中有7年(包括自2019年以来)在国际火山学和化学协会(iavcei)的保护下，COT的作用和影响。该委员会还以其他名称(缩写为COTS、CEV、ICCT、COTAV、SCOTAV和INTAV)运作;定义见表2)。除了确定有影响的关键人物外，我们还介绍了该委员会的发展、其领导人及其活动，其中包括在七个不同的国家组织了九次专家疟疾实地会议。委员会成员参加了许多其他区域性到国际性的会议(包括专家会议)或研讨会，并在诸如INTIMATE(整合冰芯、海洋和陆地记录)和SMART(利用温度年代学同步海洋和冰芯记录)等国际项目中发挥了主导作用。除了大力支持包括研究生在内的早期职业研究人员外，该委员会还出版了10本以tephra为主题的期刊卷和两本书。它还发表了许多其他文章，包括实地指南、报告和专业互联网文档/网站。尽管该委员会的命运有涨有落，但在1987年领导层发生重大变动后，该委员会开始繁荣起来。COT进一步发展，特别是在过去十年左右，作为一个全新的专家群体，包括许多从事隐球菌研究的专家，随着新的地理分析和年代测定技术或协议的出现，成为今天一个充满活力的全球团体。我们列出了自1961年以来一直参与COT的29名民选官员以及15名荣誉终身会员。在回顾了委员会的目标之后，我们通过评估其遗产并记录当前和未来的工作来结束。
{"title":"Global tephra studies: role and importance of the international tephra research group “Commission on Tephrochronology” in its first 60 years","authors":"D. Lowe, P. Abbott, Takehiko Suzuki, B. Jensen","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-93-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Tephrochronology is a correlational and age-equivalent dating\u0000method whereby practitioners characterize, map, and date tephra (or volcanic\u0000ash) layers and use them stratigraphically as connecting and dating tools in\u0000the geosciences (including volcanology) and in studies of past environments\u0000and archaeology. Modern tephra studies per se began around 100 years ago (in the\u00001920s), but the first collective of tephrochronologists with a common purpose\u0000and nascent global outlook was not formed until 7 September 1961 in\u0000Warsaw, Poland. On that date, the inaugural “Commission on Tephrochronology”\u0000(COT) was ratified under the aegis of the International Union for Quaternary\u0000Research (INQUA). The formation of COT is attributable largely to the leadership\u0000of Kunio Kobayashi of Japan, the commission's president for its first 12 years. We were motivated to record and evaluate the function and importance of COT because tephrochronology continues to grow globally and its heritage needs\u0000to be understood, appreciated, and preserved. In addition, studies on\u0000cryptotephras, which are fine-grained glass-shard and/or crystal\u0000concentrations preserved in sediments or soils but insufficiently numerous\u0000to be visible as a layer to the naked eye, have also expanded dramatically\u0000in recent times. Therefore, in this article, we review the role and impacts\u0000of COT under the umbrella of INQUA for 53 of the last 60 years or under\u0000IAVCEI (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the\u0000Earth's Interior) for 7 of the last 60 years, including since 2019. The\u0000commission also functioned under other names (abbreviated as COTS, CEV,\u0000ICCT, COTAV, SCOTAV, and INTAV; see Table 2 for definitions). As well as identifying key persons of\u0000influence, we describe the development of the commission, its leaders, and\u0000its activities, which include organizing nine specialist tephra field meetings\u0000in seven different countries. Members of the commission have participated in\u0000numerous other conferences (including specialist tephra sessions) or\u0000workshops of regional to international scale, and they have played leading roles in\u0000international projects such as INTIMATE (INTegrating Ice-core, MArine and TErrestrial records) and SMART (Synchronising\u0000Marine And ice-core Records using Tephrochronology). As well as strongly\u0000supporting early-career researchers including graduate students, the\u0000commission has generated 10 tephra-themed journal volumes and two books. It\u0000has published numerous other articles including field guidebooks, reports,\u0000and specialist internet documents/sites. Although its fortunes have ebbed as\u0000well as flowed, the commission began to prosper after 1987 when key changes\u0000in leadership occurred. COT has blossomed further, especially in the past\u0000decade or so, as an entire new cohort of specialists, including many engaged\u0000in cryptotephra studies, has emerged alongside new geoanalytical and dating\u0000techniques or protocols to become a vibrant global group today. We name 29\u0000electe","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44374386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. Celebrated for her 1936 discovery of the Earth's inner core, seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888–1993) is often portrayed as a trailblazing female scientist with an impressive international career. She is the inspiration behind Denmark's funding program designed to strengthen gender equality in scientific research. Yet, newly discovered documents show that Lehmann's path to a career in science was not at all straightforward. In a society where women were considered mentally and physically unsuited to academic studies, let alone scientific careers, gender bias and discrimination thwarted her ambitions and limited her early career options. Lehmann's letters to Niels Bohr document the disappointment and frustration with restrictions on women at Cambridge University that prompted her to return to Denmark. Her mental breakdown in the winter of 1912 likely resulted from academic overcompensation in attempts to overcome gender bias. After obtaining a Danish degree in mathematics, she became an underpaid clerical employee at the university. Only by pragmatically changing her field from prestigious mathematics to little-known seismology could she establish herself as a successful scientist.
{"title":"Intellectually gifted but inherently fragile – society's view of female scientists as experienced by seismologist Inge Lehmann up to 1930","authors":"Lif Lund Jacobsen","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-83-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Celebrated for her 1936 discovery of the Earth's inner core, seismologist Inge Lehmann (1888–1993) is often portrayed as a trailblazing female scientist with an impressive international career. She is the inspiration behind Denmark's funding program designed to strengthen gender equality in scientific research. Yet, newly discovered documents show that Lehmann's path to a career in science was not at all straightforward. In a society where women were considered mentally and physically unsuited to academic studies, let alone scientific careers, gender bias and discrimination thwarted her ambitions and limited her early career options. Lehmann's letters to Niels Bohr document the disappointment and frustration with restrictions on women at Cambridge University that prompted her to return to Denmark. Her mental breakdown in the winter of 1912 likely resulted from academic overcompensation in attempts to overcome gender bias. After obtaining a Danish degree in mathematics, she became an underpaid clerical employee at the university. Only by pragmatically changing her field from prestigious mathematics to little-known seismology could she establish herself as a successful scientist.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46830802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. G. C. Fragoso, Matheus Kuchenbecker, A. Magalhães, C. Scherer, G. Gabaglia, A. Strasser
Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including several areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the earliest phases in the Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research mainly associated with quantitative approaches.
{"title":"Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis? Essay on cycle concepts in geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic practices","authors":"D. G. C. Fragoso, Matheus Kuchenbecker, A. Magalhães, C. Scherer, G. Gabaglia, A. Strasser","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining\u0000observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception\u0000significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including\u0000several areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the\u0000stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This\u0000essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the\u0000earliest phases in the Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research\u0000mainly associated with quantitative approaches.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46684218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the Kiruna–Sodankylä–Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 14 additional sections. Sections 2 to 7 describe the organisation, staffing and responsibilities of the sites, with particular emphasis on the transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and equipment between the sites. The headquarters operation is treated in Sect. 8. The UHF radar system is treated in Sect. 9. Section 10 is a review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 11 treats the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and CORLAN. Section 12 describes the signal processing hardware, with special emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN system and the G2 system, culminating in the ability to run alternating code experiments routinely. Section 13 presents the time and frequency keeping, a non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Sect. 14 discusses the UHF spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging mobile phone networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections (Sect. 15).
{"title":"History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first 2 decades","authors":"G. Wannberg","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the\u0000Kiruna–Sodankylä–Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and\u0000remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 14 additional sections. Sections 2 to 7 describe the organisation, staffing and\u0000responsibilities of the sites, with particular emphasis on the\u0000transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and\u0000equipment between the sites. The headquarters operation is treated in\u0000Sect. 8. The UHF radar system is treated in Sect. 9. Section 10 is a\u0000review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna\u0000problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 11 treats\u0000the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and\u0000CORLAN. Section 12 describes the signal processing hardware, with special\u0000emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual\u0000unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN system and the\u0000G2 system, culminating in the ability to run alternating code experiments\u0000routinely. Section 13 presents the time and frequency keeping, a\u0000non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Sect. 14 discusses the UHF\u0000spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly\u0000upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging mobile phone\u0000networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and\u0000Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections\u0000(Sect. 15).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43380856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. We present the historical background to the construction of a major ionospheric heating facility near Tromsø, Norway in the 1970s by the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy and the subsequent operational history to the present. It was built next to the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar facility and in a region with a multitude of diagnostic instruments used to study the auroral region. The facility was transferred to the EISCAT Scientific Association in January 1993 and continues to provide new discoveries in plasma physics and ionospheric and atmospheric science to this day. It is expected that ‘Heating’ will continue operating together with the new generation of incoherent scatter radar, called EISCAT_3D, when it is commissioned in the near future.
{"title":"History of the Tromsø Ionosphere Heating facility","authors":"M. Rietveld, P. Stubbe","doi":"10.5194/hgss-2021-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2021-19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We present the historical background to the construction of a major ionospheric heating facility near Tromsø, Norway in the 1970s by the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy and the subsequent operational history to the present. It was built next to the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar facility and in a region with a multitude of diagnostic instruments used to study the auroral region. The facility was transferred to the EISCAT Scientific Association in January 1993 and continues to provide new discoveries in plasma physics and ionospheric and atmospheric science to this day. It is expected that ‘Heating’ will continue operating together with the new generation of incoherent scatter radar, called EISCAT_3D, when it is commissioned in the near future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43126025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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