Pub Date : 2019-10-10DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-267-2019
K. Aplin
{"title":"Book review: Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 by Stephen Burt and Tim Burt","authors":"K. Aplin","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-267-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-267-2019","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42999818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-02DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-245-2019
R. Woodman, D. T. Farley, B. Balsley, M. Milla
Abstract. The purpose of these historical notes is to present the early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), a research facility that has been conducting observations and studies of the equatorial ionosphere for more than 50 years. We have limited the scope of these notes to the period of the construction of the observatory and roughly the first decade of its operation. Specifically, this period corresponds to the directorships under Kenneth Bowles, Donald Farley, and Tor Hagfors and the first period of Ronald Woodman, i.e., the years between 1960 and 1974. Within this time frame, we will emphasize observational and instrumental developments which led to define the capabilities of the Jicamarca incoherent scatter (IS) radar to measure the different physical parameters of the ionosphere. At the same time, we partially cover the early history of the IS technique which has been used by many other observatories built since. We will also briefly mention the observatory's early and most important contributions to our understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the many peculiar phenomena that occur at the magnetic Equator. Finally, we will put special emphasis on the important developments of the instrument and its observing techniques that frame the capabilities of the radar at that time.
{"title":"The early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory and the incoherent scatter technique","authors":"R. Woodman, D. T. Farley, B. Balsley, M. Milla","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-245-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-245-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The purpose of these historical notes is to present the early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), a research facility that has been conducting observations and studies of the equatorial ionosphere for more than 50 years. We have limited the scope of these notes to the period of the construction of the observatory and roughly the first decade of its operation. Specifically, this period corresponds to the directorships under Kenneth Bowles, Donald Farley, and Tor Hagfors and the first period of Ronald Woodman, i.e., the years between 1960 and 1974. Within this time frame, we will emphasize observational and instrumental developments which led to define the capabilities of the Jicamarca incoherent scatter (IS) radar to measure the different physical parameters of the ionosphere. At the same time, we partially cover the early history of the IS technique which has been used by many other observatories built since. We will also briefly mention the observatory's early and most important contributions to our understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the many peculiar phenomena that occur at the magnetic Equator. Finally, we will put special emphasis on the important developments of the instrument and its observing techniques that frame the capabilities of the radar at that time.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47893977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-09-26DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-235-2019
Nenad Gajić
Abstract. The Gregorian calendar, despite being more precise than the Julian (which now lags 13 d behind Earth), will also lag a day behind nature in this millennium. In 1923, Milutin Milankovitch presented a calendar of outstanding scientific importance and unprecedented astronomical accuracy, which was accepted at the Ecumenical Congress of Eastern Orthodox churches. However, its adoption is still partial in churches and nonexistent in civil states, despite nearly a century without a better proposition of calendar reform in terms of both precision and ease of transition, which are important for acceptance. This article reviews the development of calendars throughout history and presents the case of Milankovitch's, explaining its aims and methodology and why it is sometimes mistakenly identified with the Gregorian because of their long consonance. Religious aspects are briefly covered, explaining the potential of this calendar to unite secular and religious purposes through improving accuracy in both contexts.
{"title":"The curious case of the Milankovitch calendar","authors":"Nenad Gajić","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-235-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-235-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Gregorian calendar, despite being more precise than\u0000the Julian (which now lags 13 d behind Earth), will also lag a day behind\u0000nature in this millennium. In 1923, Milutin Milankovitch presented a\u0000calendar of outstanding scientific importance and unprecedented astronomical\u0000accuracy, which was accepted at the Ecumenical Congress of Eastern Orthodox\u0000churches. However, its adoption is still partial in churches and nonexistent\u0000in civil states, despite nearly a century without a better proposition of\u0000calendar reform in terms of both precision and ease of transition, which are\u0000important for acceptance. This article reviews the development of calendars\u0000throughout history and presents the case of Milankovitch's, explaining its\u0000aims and methodology and why it is sometimes mistakenly identified with the\u0000Gregorian because of their long consonance. Religious aspects are briefly\u0000covered, explaining the potential of this calendar to unite secular and\u0000religious purposes through improving accuracy in both contexts.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47345454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-29DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-225-2019
Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente, Vicente Alcaraz Carrillo de Albornoz
Abstract. Sir Alec Westley Skempton (4 June 1914–9 August 2001) was an English civil engineer and Professor of Soil Mechanics at Imperial College London from 1955 and Head of Department until he retired in 1981. He is often referred to as one of the founding fathers of soil mechanics in the UK and around the world and as one of the most important engineers of the 20th century. Skempton established the soil mechanics course at Imperial College London and not only helped to drive forward understanding of soil behaviours through his research and consultancy work, but also was a reference and inspiration for several engineering generations he taught. He was knighted at the New Year's Honours in 2000 for his services as engineer. He was also a notable contributor to the history of British civil engineering.
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the 20th century: Alec Westley Skempton","authors":"Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente, Vicente Alcaraz Carrillo de Albornoz","doi":"10.5194/hgss-10-225-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-10-225-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Sir Alec Westley Skempton (4 June 1914–9 August 2001) was an English\u0000civil engineer and Professor of Soil Mechanics at Imperial College London\u0000from 1955 and Head of Department until he retired in 1981. He is often\u0000referred to as one of the founding fathers of soil mechanics in the UK and\u0000around the world and as one of the most important engineers of the 20th\u0000century. Skempton established the soil mechanics course at Imperial College\u0000London and not only helped to drive forward understanding of soil behaviours\u0000through his research and consultancy work, but also was a reference and\u0000inspiration for several engineering generations he taught. He was knighted at\u0000the New Year's Honours in 2000 for his services as engineer. He was also a\u0000notable contributor to the history of British civil engineering.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48144530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-215-2019
A. Medvedev, A. Potekhin
Abstract. The article focuses on the history of ionospheric research using the incoherent scatter method at the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics and development of the only incoherent scatter radar in Russia, which is located near Irkutsk. It describes the radar features and the current situation of research at the Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR). Operating modes and types of measurements of the radar are specified. There is a brief description of the original measurement techniques that were developed considering the IISR features such as the frequency principle of scanning and receiving of one linear polarization of a scattered signal. The main feature of the IISR is the possibility of obtaining absolute values of the ionospheric plasma electron density. The automatic method for constructing the electron density vertical profile is based on registration of vertical profiles of a rotation phase of the polarization plane of a scattered signal. The method does not require calibration with additional facilities.
{"title":"Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar: history, present and future","authors":"A. Medvedev, A. Potekhin","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-215-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-215-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The article focuses on the history of ionospheric\u0000research using the incoherent scatter method at the Institute of\u0000Solar-Terrestrial Physics and development of the only incoherent scatter\u0000radar in Russia, which is located near Irkutsk. It describes the radar\u0000features and the current situation of research at the Irkutsk Incoherent\u0000Scatter Radar (IISR). Operating modes and types of measurements of the radar are specified. There\u0000is a brief description of the original measurement techniques that were\u0000developed considering the IISR features such as the frequency principle of\u0000scanning and receiving of one linear polarization of a scattered signal. The\u0000main feature of the IISR is the possibility of obtaining absolute values of the\u0000ionospheric plasma electron density. The automatic method for constructing\u0000the electron density vertical profile is based on registration of vertical\u0000profiles of a rotation phase of the polarization plane of a scattered signal. The\u0000method does not require calibration with additional facilities.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44626329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-05DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-201-2019
A. Egeland, W. Burke
Abstract. Auroral spectroscopy provided the first tool for remotely sensing the compositions and dynamics of the high-latitude ionosphere. In 1885, Balmer discovered that the visible hydrogen spectrum consists of a series of discrete lines whose wavelengths follow a simple mathematical pattern, which ranks among the first steps toward developing this tool. On 18 October 1939 Lars Vegard discovered the Hα (656.3 nm) and Hβ (486.1 nm) spectral lines of Balmer series emissions, emanating from a diffuse structure, located equatorward of the auroral zone. Intense, first positive bands of N2+ nearly covered the Hα emissions. With more advanced instrumentation after World War II, auroral spectroscopists Vegard, Gartlein and Meinel investigated other characteristics of the auroral hydrogen emissions. The first three lines of the Balmer series, including Hγ at 410 nm, were identified in ground-based measurements prior to the space age. Based on satellite observations, the Balmer lines Hδ and Hε at 410.13 and 396.97 nm, respectively, as well as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) Lyman α (121.6 nm) hydrogen emissions, were also detected. Doppler blue shifts in hydrogen emissions, established in the 1940s, indicated that emitting particles had energies well into the kiloelectron volt range, corresponding to velocities >1000 km s−1. Systematic spatial separations between the locations of electron- and proton-generated aurorae were also established. These observations in turn, suggested that protons, ultimately of solar origin, precipitate into the topside ionosphere, where they undergo charge-exchange events with atmospheric neutrals. Newly generated hydrogen atoms were left in excited states and emitted the observed Balmer radiation. Sounding rocket data showed that most of the hydrogen radiation came from altitudes between 105 and 120 km. Space-age data from satellite-borne sensors made two significant contributions: (1) energetic particle detectors demonstrated the existence of regions in the magnetosphere, conjugate to nightside proton aurora, where conditions for breaking the first adiabatic invariants of kiloelectron volt protons prevail, allowing them to precipitate through filled loss cones. (2) EUV imagers showed that dayside hydrogen emissions appear in response to changes in solar wind dynamic pressure or the polarity of the north–south component of the interplanetary magnetic field.
{"title":"Auroral hydrogen emissions: a historic survey","authors":"A. Egeland, W. Burke","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-201-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-201-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Auroral spectroscopy provided the first tool for remotely sensing the\u0000compositions and dynamics of the high-latitude ionosphere. In 1885,\u0000Balmer discovered that the visible hydrogen spectrum consists of a series\u0000of discrete lines whose wavelengths follow a simple mathematical pattern, which\u0000ranks among the first steps toward developing this tool. On 18 October 1939\u0000Lars Vegard discovered the Hα (656.3 nm) and Hβ (486.1 nm) spectral lines of Balmer series emissions, emanating from a diffuse\u0000structure, located equatorward of the auroral zone. Intense, first\u0000positive bands of N2+ nearly covered the Hα emissions. With more advanced instrumentation after World War II, auroral\u0000spectroscopists Vegard, Gartlein and Meinel investigated other\u0000characteristics of the auroral hydrogen emissions. The first three\u0000lines of the Balmer series, including Hγ at 410 nm, were\u0000identified in ground-based measurements prior to the space age. Based on\u0000satellite observations, the Balmer lines Hδ and Hε at 410.13 and 396.97 nm, respectively, as well as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) Lyman\u0000α (121.6 nm) hydrogen emissions, were also detected. Doppler blue shifts in hydrogen emissions, established in the 1940s,\u0000indicated that emitting particles had energies well into the kiloelectron volt range,\u0000corresponding to velocities >1000 km s−1. Systematic spatial\u0000separations between the locations of electron- and proton-generated aurorae\u0000were also established. These observations in turn, suggested that protons,\u0000ultimately of solar origin, precipitate into the topside ionosphere, where\u0000they undergo charge-exchange events with atmospheric neutrals. Newly\u0000generated hydrogen atoms were left in excited states and emitted the\u0000observed Balmer radiation. Sounding rocket data showed that most of the\u0000hydrogen radiation came from altitudes between 105 and 120 km. Space-age data from satellite-borne sensors made two significant\u0000contributions: (1) energetic particle detectors demonstrated the existence\u0000of regions in the magnetosphere, conjugate to nightside proton aurora, where\u0000conditions for breaking the first adiabatic invariants of kiloelectron volt protons\u0000prevail, allowing them to precipitate through filled loss cones. (2) EUV\u0000imagers showed that dayside hydrogen emissions appear in response to changes\u0000in solar wind dynamic pressure or the polarity of the north–south component\u0000of the interplanetary magnetic field.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43116552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-17DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019
Z. Kłos, I. Stanislawska, B. Dziak-Jankowska
Abstract. The Regional Warning Centre (RWC) of Warsaw operates as the Heliogeophysical Forecasting Centre in the Space Research Centre (SRC) of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It is involved in the current collection of a large volume of data exchanged with the International Space Environment Service (ISES) and received directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical stations. From this continuous flow of data, daily forecasts are issued of space weather conditions and their influence on the performance of technological systems on the Earth and in the space environment. Special services are prepared for governmental and commercial customers, including the SRC. Software packages have been developed for the processing of data and to implement the prediction and forecast systems.
{"title":"Heliogeophysical prediction service in Poland:past, present and future","authors":"Z. Kłos, I. Stanislawska, B. Dziak-Jankowska","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Regional Warning Centre (RWC) of Warsaw operates as the Heliogeophysical\u0000Forecasting Centre in the Space Research Centre (SRC) of the Polish Academy\u0000of Sciences. It is involved in the current collection of a large volume of\u0000data exchanged with the International Space Environment Service (ISES) and\u0000received directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical stations. From this continuous flow of data, daily\u0000forecasts are issued of space weather conditions and their influence on the\u0000performance of technological systems on the Earth and in the space\u0000environment. Special services are prepared for governmental and commercial\u0000customers, including the SRC. Software packages have been developed for the\u0000processing of data and to implement the prediction and forecast systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46925625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Allison, C. Fierz, R. Hock, A. Mackintosh, G. Kaser, S. U. Nussbaumer
Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union to be formed in over 80 years and IACS celebrated its 10th anniversary only a year before the IUGG centennial. The forbearers of IACS, however, stretch back even further than IUGG, starting with the formation of the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (CIG) by the International Geological Congress in 1894. Here we record the history of the transition from CIG to IACS, the scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and some of the key events and individuals involved.
{"title":"IACS: past, present, and future of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences","authors":"I. Allison, C. Fierz, R. Hock, A. Mackintosh, G. Kaser, S. U. Nussbaumer","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-97-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-97-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the\u0000eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in\u0000Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the\u0000importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time\u0000of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union\u0000to be formed in over 80 years and IACS celebrated its 10th anniversary only a\u0000year before the IUGG centennial. The forbearers of IACS, however, stretch\u0000back even further than IUGG, starting with the formation of the Commission\u0000Internationale des Glaciers (CIG) by the International Geological Congress in\u00001894. Here we record the history of the transition from CIG to IACS, the\u0000scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and some of the key\u0000events and individuals involved.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49127456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019
H. Drewes, J. Ádám
Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus (∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions to Lapland and the Viceroyalty of Peru to determine the different curvatures of the Earth at the pole and the Equator. The Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) initiated the international arc measurement to observe the irregular figure of the Earth given by an equipotential surface of the gravity field. This led to the foundation of the International Geodetic Association, which was transferred in 1919 to the Section of Geodesy of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. This paper presents the activities from 1919 to 2019, characterized by a continuous broadening from geometric to gravimetric observations, from exclusive solid Earth parameters to atmospheric and hydrospheric effects, and from static to dynamic models. At present, we identify geodesy as the discipline of quantifying global change by geodetic measurements.
摘要大地测量学的历史可以追溯到米利都的泰雷兹（～600 BC），他提出了几何学的概念，即地球的测量。埃拉托斯梯尼（276–195 BC）承认地球是一个球体，并确定了其半径。18世纪，由于地球自转，艾萨克·牛顿假设了一个椭球体，法国科学院组织了两次前往拉普兰和秘鲁总督府的探险，以确定地球在两极和赤道的不同曲率。普鲁士将军Johann Jacob Baeyer（1794-1885）发起了国际弧测量，以观察重力场等势面给出的地球不规则图形。这导致了国际大地测量协会的成立，该协会于1919年移交给国际大地测量和地球物理联合会的大地测量科。本文介绍了1919年至2019年的活动，其特征是从几何观测到重力观测，从专属固体地球参数到大气和水圈效应，以及从静态模型到动态模型的不断扩展。目前，我们认为大地测量学是通过大地测量来量化全球变化的学科。
{"title":"The International Association of Geodesy: from an ideal sphere to an irregular body subjected to global change","authors":"H. Drewes, J. Ádám","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus (∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions to Lapland and the Viceroyalty of Peru to determine the different curvatures of the Earth at the pole and the Equator. The Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) initiated the international arc measurement to observe the irregular figure of the Earth given by an equipotential surface of the gravity field. This led to the foundation of the International Geodetic Association, which was transferred in 1919 to the Section of Geodesy of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. This paper presents the activities from 1919 to 2019, characterized by a continuous broadening from geometric to gravimetric observations, from exclusive solid Earth parameters to atmospheric and hydrospheric effects, and from static to dynamic models. At present, we identify geodesy as the discipline of quantifying global change by geodetic measurements.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45573940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019
J. Schweitzer, T. Lay
Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904 was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical properties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions and working groups of the association have played a major role in setting international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models. The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and international scientific cooperation.
{"title":"IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology","authors":"J. Schweitzer, T. Lay","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of\u0000the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great\u0000distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904\u0000was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the\u0000International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the\u0000International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior\u0000(IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical\u0000properties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions and\u0000working groups of the association have played a major role in setting\u0000international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data\u0000exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models.\u0000The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of\u0000earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role\u0000in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and\u0000international scientific cooperation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44256178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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