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Book review: Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 by Stephen Burt and Tim Burt 书评:Stephen Burt和Tim Burt自1767年以来的《牛津天气与气候》
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-10-10 DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-267-2019
K. Aplin
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引用次数: 0
The early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory and the incoherent scatter technique Jicamarca射电天文台的早期历史和非相干散射技术
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-10-02 DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-245-2019
R. Woodman, D. T. Farley, B. Balsley, M. Milla
Abstract. The purpose of these historical notes is to present the early history of the Jicamarca Radio Observatory (JRO), a research facility that has been conducting observations and studies of the equatorial ionosphere for more than 50 years. We have limited the scope of these notes to the period of the construction of the observatory and roughly the first decade of its operation. Specifically, this period corresponds to the directorships under Kenneth Bowles, Donald Farley, and Tor Hagfors and the first period of Ronald Woodman, i.e., the years between 1960 and 1974. Within this time frame, we will emphasize observational and instrumental developments which led to define the capabilities of the Jicamarca incoherent scatter (IS) radar to measure the different physical parameters of the ionosphere. At the same time, we partially cover the early history of the IS technique which has been used by many other observatories built since. We will also briefly mention the observatory's early and most important contributions to our understanding of the physical mechanisms behind the many peculiar phenomena that occur at the magnetic Equator. Finally, we will put special emphasis on the important developments of the instrument and its observing techniques that frame the capabilities of the radar at that time.
摘要这些历史笔记的目的是介绍Jicamarca射电天文台(JRO)的早期历史,JRO是一个研究机构,已经对赤道电离层进行了50多年的观测和研究。我们将这些说明的范围限制在天文台的建造时期和大约它运作的第一个十年。具体来说,这一时期对应于肯尼斯·鲍尔斯、唐纳德·法利和托尔·哈格斯的董事任期,以及罗纳德·伍德曼的第一个时期,即1960年至1974年。在这段时间内,我们将强调观测和仪器的发展,这些发展确定了Jicamarca非相干散射(IS)雷达测量电离层不同物理参数的能力。同时,我们部分介绍了IS技术的早期历史,该技术已被此后建立的许多其他天文台所使用。我们还将简要地提到天文台的早期和最重要的贡献,以帮助我们理解发生在磁赤道的许多奇特现象背后的物理机制。最后,我们将特别强调该仪器及其观测技术的重要发展,这些技术构成了当时雷达的能力。
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引用次数: 6
The curious case of the Milankovitch calendar 米兰科维奇日历的奇特案例
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-09-26 DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-235-2019
Nenad Gajić
Abstract. The Gregorian calendar, despite being more precise thanthe Julian (which now lags 13 d behind Earth), will also lag a day behindnature in this millennium. In 1923, Milutin Milankovitch presented acalendar of outstanding scientific importance and unprecedented astronomicalaccuracy, which was accepted at the Ecumenical Congress of Eastern Orthodoxchurches. However, its adoption is still partial in churches and nonexistentin civil states, despite nearly a century without a better proposition ofcalendar reform in terms of both precision and ease of transition, which areimportant for acceptance. This article reviews the development of calendarsthroughout history and presents the case of Milankovitch's, explaining itsaims and methodology and why it is sometimes mistakenly identified with theGregorian because of their long consonance. Religious aspects are brieflycovered, explaining the potential of this calendar to unite secular andreligious purposes through improving accuracy in both contexts.
摘要格里高利历,尽管比儒略历更精确(儒略历现在落后13 d落后于地球),在这个千年里也将落后于大自然一天。1923年,Milutin Milankovich提出了一种具有杰出科学重要性和前所未有的天体物理学精度的阿卡伦达,并在东方东正教的普世大会上被接受。然而,尽管近一个世纪以来,在精确性和易用性方面都没有更好的立法改革建议,但它在教会和非存在的公民国家中的采用仍然是部分的,这对接受来说很重要。本文回顾了日历在整个历史中的发展,并介绍了Milankovich的例子,解释了它的目的和方法,以及为什么它有时会因为与公历的长期一致而被错误地认定为公历。简要介绍了宗教方面,解释了该日历通过提高两种情况下的准确性,将世俗和宗教目的结合起来的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the 20th century: Alec Westley Skempton 20世纪对早期岩土技术知识的贡献:亚历克·韦斯特利·斯坎普顿
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-08-29 DOI: 10.5194/hgss-10-225-2019
Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente, Vicente Alcaraz Carrillo de Albornoz
Abstract. Sir Alec Westley Skempton (4 June 1914–9 August 2001) was an Englishcivil engineer and Professor of Soil Mechanics at Imperial College Londonfrom 1955 and Head of Department until he retired in 1981. He is oftenreferred to as one of the founding fathers of soil mechanics in the UK andaround the world and as one of the most important engineers of the 20thcentury. Skempton established the soil mechanics course at Imperial CollegeLondon and not only helped to drive forward understanding of soil behavioursthrough his research and consultancy work, but also was a reference andinspiration for several engineering generations he taught. He was knighted atthe New Year's Honours in 2000 for his services as engineer. He was also anotable contributor to the history of British civil engineering.
摘要亚历克·韦斯特利·斯坎普顿爵士(1914年6月4日- 2001年8月9日),英国土木工程师,1955年起担任伦敦帝国理工学院土力学教授,1981年退休前担任系主任。他经常被认为是英国和世界各地土力学的奠基人之一,也是20世纪最重要的工程师之一。斯坎普顿在伦敦帝国理工学院开设了土壤力学课程,不仅通过他的研究和咨询工作帮助推动了对土壤行为的理解,而且他所教的几代工程师都是他的参考和灵感来源。2000年,他被授予新年荣誉爵士,以表彰他作为工程师的贡献。他也是英国土木工程史上的另一位杰出贡献者。
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引用次数: 0
Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar: history, present and future 伊尔库茨克非相干散射雷达:历史、现在和未来
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-08-21 DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-215-2019
A. Medvedev, A. Potekhin
Abstract. The article focuses on the history of ionosphericresearch using the incoherent scatter method at the Institute ofSolar-Terrestrial Physics and development of the only incoherent scatterradar in Russia, which is located near Irkutsk. It describes the radarfeatures and the current situation of research at the Irkutsk IncoherentScatter Radar (IISR). Operating modes and types of measurements of the radar are specified. Thereis a brief description of the original measurement techniques that weredeveloped considering the IISR features such as the frequency principle ofscanning and receiving of one linear polarization of a scattered signal. Themain feature of the IISR is the possibility of obtaining absolute values of theionospheric plasma electron density. The automatic method for constructingthe electron density vertical profile is based on registration of verticalprofiles of a rotation phase of the polarization plane of a scattered signal. Themethod does not require calibration with additional facilities.
摘要本文重点介绍了日地物理研究所使用非相干散射方法进行电离层研究的历史,以及位于伊尔库茨克附近的俄罗斯唯一的非相干散射雷达的发展情况。介绍了伊尔库茨克非相干散射雷达(IISR)的雷达特点和研究现状。规定了雷达的工作模式和测量类型。本文简要介绍了考虑散射信号的线性极化扫描和接收的频率原理等IISR特性而发展起来的原始测量技术。IISR的主要特点是可以获得电离层等离子体电子密度的绝对值。构造电子密度垂直剖面的自动方法是基于对散射信号偏振面旋转相位的垂直剖面进行配准。该方法不需要使用额外的设备进行校准。
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引用次数: 4
Auroral hydrogen emissions: a historic survey 极光氢排放:历史调查
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-06-05 DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-201-2019
A. Egeland, W. Burke
Abstract. Auroral spectroscopy provided the first tool for remotely sensing thecompositions and dynamics of the high-latitude ionosphere. In 1885,Balmer discovered that the visible hydrogen spectrum consists of a seriesof discrete lines whose wavelengths follow a simple mathematical pattern, whichranks among the first steps toward developing this tool. On 18 October 1939Lars Vegard discovered the Hα (656.3 nm) and Hβ (486.1 nm) spectral lines of Balmer series emissions, emanating from a diffusestructure, located equatorward of the auroral zone. Intense, firstpositive bands of N2+ nearly covered the Hα emissions. With more advanced instrumentation after World War II, auroralspectroscopists Vegard, Gartlein and Meinel investigated othercharacteristics of the auroral hydrogen emissions. The first threelines of the Balmer series, including Hγ at 410 nm, wereidentified in ground-based measurements prior to the space age. Based onsatellite observations, the Balmer lines Hδ and Hε at 410.13 and 396.97 nm, respectively, as well as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) Lymanα (121.6 nm) hydrogen emissions, were also detected. Doppler blue shifts in hydrogen emissions, established in the 1940s,indicated that emitting particles had energies well into the kiloelectron volt range,corresponding to velocities >1000 km s−1. Systematic spatialseparations between the locations of electron- and proton-generated auroraewere also established. These observations in turn, suggested that protons,ultimately of solar origin, precipitate into the topside ionosphere, wherethey undergo charge-exchange events with atmospheric neutrals. Newlygenerated hydrogen atoms were left in excited states and emitted theobserved Balmer radiation. Sounding rocket data showed that most of thehydrogen radiation came from altitudes between 105 and 120 km. Space-age data from satellite-borne sensors made two significantcontributions: (1) energetic particle detectors demonstrated the existenceof regions in the magnetosphere, conjugate to nightside proton aurora, whereconditions for breaking the first adiabatic invariants of kiloelectron volt protonsprevail, allowing them to precipitate through filled loss cones. (2) EUVimagers showed that dayside hydrogen emissions appear in response to changesin solar wind dynamic pressure or the polarity of the north–south componentof the interplanetary magnetic field.
摘要极光光谱学为遥感高纬度电离层的组成和动态提供了第一个工具。1885年,巴尔默发现可见的氢光谱由一系列离散的谱线组成,这些谱线的波长遵循一个简单的数学模式,这是开发这种工具的第一步。1939年10月18日,拉尔斯·维加德发现了巴尔默系列发射的Hα (656.3 nm)和Hβ (486.1 nm)光谱线,这些光谱线来自位于极光带赤道方向的扩散结构。N2+强烈的第一正带几乎覆盖了Hα辐射。第二次世界大战后,有了更先进的仪器,极光光谱学家维加德、加特林和迈尼尔研究了极光氢发射的其他特征。巴尔默系列的前三条线,包括410纳米的Hγ,是在太空时代之前通过地面测量确定的。在卫星观测的基础上,还检测到了410.13 nm和396.97 nm的巴尔默谱线Hδ和Hε,以及极紫外(EUV) Lymanα (121.6 nm)氢发射。20世纪40年代建立的氢发射的多普勒蓝移表明,发射粒子的能量很好地进入了千电子伏特范围,对应于速度bbb10 000 km s−1。在电子和质子产生的极光位置之间也建立了系统的空间分离。这些观测结果反过来表明,最终来自太阳的质子沉淀到顶层电离层,在那里它们与大气中的中性物质发生电荷交换。新生成的氢原子被留在激发态,并发出观察到的巴尔默辐射。探空火箭数据显示,大部分氢辐射来自105至120公里的高度。来自星载传感器的太空时代数据做出了两项重要贡献:(1)高能粒子探测器证明了磁层中存在与夜侧质子极光共轭的区域,在该区域存在打破千电子伏特质子第一绝热不变量的条件,允许它们通过填充的损失锥沉淀。(2) euv成像仪显示,日侧氢排放是对太阳风动压变化或行星际磁场南北分量极性变化的响应。
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引用次数: 3
Heliogeophysical prediction service in Poland:past, present and future 波兰的太阳地球物理预测服务:过去、现在和未来
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-04-17 DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019
Z. Kłos, I. Stanislawska, B. Dziak-Jankowska
Abstract. The Regional Warning Centre (RWC) of Warsaw operates as the HeliogeophysicalForecasting Centre in the Space Research Centre (SRC) of the Polish Academyof Sciences. It is involved in the current collection of a large volume ofdata exchanged with the International Space Environment Service (ISES) andreceived directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical stations. From this continuous flow of data, dailyforecasts are issued of space weather conditions and their influence on theperformance of technological systems on the Earth and in the spaceenvironment. Special services are prepared for governmental and commercialcustomers, including the SRC. Software packages have been developed for theprocessing of data and to implement the prediction and forecast systems.
摘要华沙区域预警中心(RWC)作为波兰科学院空间研究中心(SRC)的太阳地球物理预报中心运作。它参与了目前与国际空间环境服务(ISES)交换的大量数据的收集,并直接从各个国际天文台和波兰运营的地球物理站接收数据。从这些连续的数据流中,每天发布空间天气状况及其对地球和空间环境中技术系统性能的影响的预报。特别服务是为政府和商业客户准备的,包括SRC。已经开发了用于数据处理和实现预测和预报系统的软件包。
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引用次数: 3
IACS: past, present, and future of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences 国际冰冻圈科学协会的过去、现在和未来
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-04-16 DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-97-2019
I. Allison, C. Fierz, R. Hock, A. Mackintosh, G. Kaser, S. U. Nussbaumer
Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became theeighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly inPerugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of theimportance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a timeof significant global change. It was the first new association of the unionto be formed in over 80 years and IACS celebrated its 10th anniversary only ayear before the IUGG centennial. The forbearers of IACS, however, stretchback even further than IUGG, starting with the formation of the CommissionInternationale des Glaciers (CIG) by the International Geological Congress in1894. Here we record the history of the transition from CIG to IACS, thescientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and some of the keyevents and individuals involved.
摘要2007年7月,在意大利佩鲁贾举行的大会上,国际冰冻圈科学协会(IACS)成为IUGG的第八个也是最近一个协会。IACS的启动是为了认识到冰冻圈在地球系统中的重要性,特别是在全球发生重大变化的时候。这是80多年来成立的第一个新的联合会,IACS在IUGG百年纪念日前一年庆祝了成立10周年。然而,IACS的前身比IUGG还要久远,始于1894年国际地质大会成立的国际冰川委员会(CIG)。在这里,我们记录了从CIG向IACS过渡的历史,推动活动和变革的科学目标,以及一些关键事件和涉及的个人。
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引用次数: 6
The International Association of Geodesy: from an ideal sphere to an irregular body subjected to global change 国际大地测量学协会:从理想球体到受全球变化影响的不规则物体
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-04-16 DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019
H. Drewes, J. Ádám
Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus (∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions to Lapland and the Viceroyalty of Peru to determine the different curvatures of the Earth at the pole and the Equator. The Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) initiated the international arc measurement to observe the irregular figure of the Earth given by an equipotential surface of the gravity field. This led to the foundation of the International Geodetic Association, which was transferred in 1919 to the Section of Geodesy of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. This paper presents the activities from 1919 to 2019, characterized by a continuous broadening from geometric to gravimetric observations, from exclusive solid Earth parameters to atmospheric and hydrospheric effects, and from static to dynamic models. At present, we identify geodesy as the discipline of quantifying global change by geodetic measurements.
摘要大地测量学的历史可以追溯到米利都的泰雷兹(~600 BC),他提出了几何学的概念,即地球的测量。埃拉托斯梯尼(276–195 BC)承认地球是一个球体,并确定了其半径。18世纪,由于地球自转,艾萨克·牛顿假设了一个椭球体,法国科学院组织了两次前往拉普兰和秘鲁总督府的探险,以确定地球在两极和赤道的不同曲率。普鲁士将军Johann Jacob Baeyer(1794-1885)发起了国际弧测量,以观察重力场等势面给出的地球不规则图形。这导致了国际大地测量协会的成立,该协会于1919年移交给国际大地测量和地球物理联合会的大地测量科。本文介绍了1919年至2019年的活动,其特征是从几何观测到重力观测,从专属固体地球参数到大气和水圈效应,以及从静态模型到动态模型的不断扩展。目前,我们认为大地测量学是通过大地测量来量化全球变化的学科。
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引用次数: 1
IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology IASPEI:它的起源和全球地震学的推广
IF 0.3 4区 哲学 Q4 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2019-04-16 DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019
J. Schweitzer, T. Lay
Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning ofthe 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at greatdistances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of theInternational Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming theInternational Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior(IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physicalproperties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions andworking groups of the association have played a major role in settinginternational standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, dataexchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models.The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts ofearthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major rolein promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, andinternational scientific cooperation.
摘要20世纪初,随着对远距离地震的成功记录,国际地震学合作迅速兴起。成立于1904年的国际地震学协会(ISA)于1922年解散,并演变为国际大地测量与地球物理联合会(IUGG)的地震学部门,最终成为国际地球内部地震学与物理协会(IASPEI),以承认地球结构和物理性质的重要作用。在过去的一百年里,该协会的委员会和工作组在制定地震相位命名、数据交换、旅行时间表、震级和参考地球模型等领域的国际标准方面发挥了重要作用。国际地震和海啸研究所的活动继续侧重于地震和海啸的社会影响,四个区域委员会在促进高标准的地震教育、外联和国际科学合作方面发挥了重要作用。
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引用次数: 5
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History of Geo- and Space Sciences
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