Pub Date : 2019-04-17DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019
Z. Kłos, I. Stanislawska, B. Dziak-Jankowska
Abstract. The Regional Warning Centre (RWC) of Warsaw operates as the Heliogeophysical Forecasting Centre in the Space Research Centre (SRC) of the Polish Academy of Sciences. It is involved in the current collection of a large volume of data exchanged with the International Space Environment Service (ISES) and received directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical stations. From this continuous flow of data, daily forecasts are issued of space weather conditions and their influence on the performance of technological systems on the Earth and in the space environment. Special services are prepared for governmental and commercial customers, including the SRC. Software packages have been developed for the processing of data and to implement the prediction and forecast systems.
{"title":"Heliogeophysical prediction service in Poland:past, present and future","authors":"Z. Kłos, I. Stanislawska, B. Dziak-Jankowska","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-193-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The Regional Warning Centre (RWC) of Warsaw operates as the Heliogeophysical\u0000Forecasting Centre in the Space Research Centre (SRC) of the Polish Academy\u0000of Sciences. It is involved in the current collection of a large volume of\u0000data exchanged with the International Space Environment Service (ISES) and\u0000received directly from various international observatories and Polish-operated geophysical stations. From this continuous flow of data, daily\u0000forecasts are issued of space weather conditions and their influence on the\u0000performance of technological systems on the Earth and in the space\u0000environment. Special services are prepared for governmental and commercial\u0000customers, including the SRC. Software packages have been developed for the\u0000processing of data and to implement the prediction and forecast systems.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46925625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Allison, C. Fierz, R. Hock, A. Mackintosh, G. Kaser, S. U. Nussbaumer
Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union to be formed in over 80 years and IACS celebrated its 10th anniversary only a year before the IUGG centennial. The forbearers of IACS, however, stretch back even further than IUGG, starting with the formation of the Commission Internationale des Glaciers (CIG) by the International Geological Congress in 1894. Here we record the history of the transition from CIG to IACS, the scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and some of the key events and individuals involved.
{"title":"IACS: past, present, and future of the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences","authors":"I. Allison, C. Fierz, R. Hock, A. Mackintosh, G. Kaser, S. U. Nussbaumer","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-97-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-97-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Association of Cryospheric Sciences (IACS) became the\u0000eighth and most recent association of IUGG at the general assembly in\u0000Perugia, Italy, in July 2007. IACS was launched in recognition of the\u0000importance of the cryosphere within the Earth system, particularly at a time\u0000of significant global change. It was the first new association of the union\u0000to be formed in over 80 years and IACS celebrated its 10th anniversary only a\u0000year before the IUGG centennial. The forbearers of IACS, however, stretch\u0000back even further than IUGG, starting with the formation of the Commission\u0000Internationale des Glaciers (CIG) by the International Geological Congress in\u00001894. Here we record the history of the transition from CIG to IACS, the\u0000scientific objectives that drove activities and changes, and some of the key\u0000events and individuals involved.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49127456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019
H. Drewes, J. Ádám
Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus (∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions to Lapland and the Viceroyalty of Peru to determine the different curvatures of the Earth at the pole and the Equator. The Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) initiated the international arc measurement to observe the irregular figure of the Earth given by an equipotential surface of the gravity field. This led to the foundation of the International Geodetic Association, which was transferred in 1919 to the Section of Geodesy of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. This paper presents the activities from 1919 to 2019, characterized by a continuous broadening from geometric to gravimetric observations, from exclusive solid Earth parameters to atmospheric and hydrospheric effects, and from static to dynamic models. At present, we identify geodesy as the discipline of quantifying global change by geodetic measurements.
摘要大地测量学的历史可以追溯到米利都的泰雷兹（～600 BC），他提出了几何学的概念，即地球的测量。埃拉托斯梯尼（276–195 BC）承认地球是一个球体，并确定了其半径。18世纪，由于地球自转，艾萨克·牛顿假设了一个椭球体，法国科学院组织了两次前往拉普兰和秘鲁总督府的探险，以确定地球在两极和赤道的不同曲率。普鲁士将军Johann Jacob Baeyer（1794-1885）发起了国际弧测量，以观察重力场等势面给出的地球不规则图形。这导致了国际大地测量协会的成立，该协会于1919年移交给国际大地测量和地球物理联合会的大地测量科。本文介绍了1919年至2019年的活动，其特征是从几何观测到重力观测，从专属固体地球参数到大气和水圈效应，以及从静态模型到动态模型的不断扩展。目前，我们认为大地测量学是通过大地测量来量化全球变化的学科。
{"title":"The International Association of Geodesy: from an ideal sphere to an irregular body subjected to global change","authors":"H. Drewes, J. Ádám","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-151-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The history of geodesy can be traced back to Thales of Miletus (∼600 BC), who developed the concept of geometry, i.e. the measurement of the Earth. Eratosthenes (276–195 BC) recognized the Earth as a sphere and determined its radius. In the 18th century, Isaac Newton postulated an ellipsoidal figure due to the Earth's rotation, and the French Academy of Sciences organized two expeditions to Lapland and the Viceroyalty of Peru to determine the different curvatures of the Earth at the pole and the Equator. The Prussian General Johann Jacob Baeyer (1794–1885) initiated the international arc measurement to observe the irregular figure of the Earth given by an equipotential surface of the gravity field. This led to the foundation of the International Geodetic Association, which was transferred in 1919 to the Section of Geodesy of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. This paper presents the activities from 1919 to 2019, characterized by a continuous broadening from geometric to gravimetric observations, from exclusive solid Earth parameters to atmospheric and hydrospheric effects, and from static to dynamic models. At present, we identify geodesy as the discipline of quantifying global change by geodetic measurements.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45573940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019
J. Schweitzer, T. Lay
Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904 was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical properties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions and working groups of the association have played a major role in setting international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models. The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and international scientific cooperation.
{"title":"IASPEI: its origins and the promotion of global seismology","authors":"J. Schweitzer, T. Lay","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-173-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. International cooperation in seismology emerged rapidly at the beginning of\u0000the 20th century following the successful recording of earthquakes at great\u0000distances. The International Seismological Association (ISA) founded in 1904\u0000was dissolved in 1922 and evolved into the Seismology Section of the\u0000International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), ultimately becoming the\u0000International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior\u0000(IASPEI) to recognize the important role of the structure and physical\u0000properties of the Earth. Through the last hundred years, the commissions and\u0000working groups of the association have played a major role in setting\u0000international standards in such areas as the naming of seismic phases, data\u0000exchanges, travel-time tables, magnitude scales, and reference Earth models.\u0000The activities of IASPEI continue to have a focus on the societal impacts of\u0000earthquakes and tsunamis, with four regional commissions playing a major role\u0000in promoting high standards of seismological education, outreach, and\u0000international scientific cooperation.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44256178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-137-2019
D. Smythe-Wright, W. J. Gould, T. McDougall, S. Sparnocchia, P. Woodworth
Abstract. Our 21st century perspective on the oceans is due to the realization that knowledge of them and specifically their role in earth's climate are central to determining the future health of our planet. This present knowledge of the oceans builds on the farsighted work of people who, over the past century, worked to address seemingly intractable problems. The International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) has, over that long time span, promoted and supported the international approach that is now commonplace and has championed the provision of cross-cutting activities, the value of which we now fully recognize. This paper describes the key events in IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.
{"title":"IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier","authors":"D. Smythe-Wright, W. J. Gould, T. McDougall, S. Sparnocchia, P. Woodworth","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-137-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-137-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Our 21st century perspective on the oceans is due to the realization that\u0000knowledge of them and specifically their role in earth's climate are central\u0000to determining the future health of our planet. This present knowledge of the\u0000oceans builds on the farsighted work of people who, over the past century,\u0000worked to address seemingly intractable problems. The International\u0000Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) has, over that\u0000long time span, promoted and supported the international approach that is now\u0000commonplace and has championed the provision of cross-cutting activities, the\u0000value of which we now fully recognize. This paper describes the key events in\u0000IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-163-2019
M. Mandea, E. Petrovský
Abstract. Throughout the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics's (IUGG's) centennial anniversary, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is holding a series of activities to underline the ground-breaking facts in the area of geomagnetism and aeronomy. Over 100 years, the history of these research fields is rich, and here we present a short tour through some of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy's (IAGA's) major achievements. Starting with the scientific landscape before IAGA, through its foundation until the present, we review the research and achievements considering its complexity and variability, from geodynamo up to the Sun and outer space. While a number of the achievements were accomplished with direct IAGA involvement, the others represent the most important benchmarks of geomagnetism and aeronomy studies. In summary, IAGA is an important and active association with a long and rich history and prospective future.
{"title":"IAGA: a major role in understanding our magnetic planet","authors":"M. Mandea, E. Petrovský","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-163-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-163-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Throughout the International Union of\u0000Geodesy and Geophysics's (IUGG's) centennial anniversary, the International\u0000Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is holding a series of activities to\u0000underline the ground-breaking facts in the area of geomagnetism and aeronomy.\u0000Over 100 years, the history of these research fields is rich, and here we\u0000present a short tour through some of the International Association of\u0000Geomagnetism and Aeronomy's (IAGA's) major achievements. Starting with the\u0000scientific landscape before IAGA, through its foundation until the present,\u0000we review the research and achievements considering its complexity and\u0000variability, from geodynamo up to the Sun and outer space. While a number of\u0000the achievements were accomplished with direct IAGA involvement, the others\u0000represent the most important benchmarks of geomagnetism and aeronomy studies.\u0000In summary, IAGA is an important and active association with a long and rich\u0000history and prospective future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43954088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of already-existing international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology, and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a Section of scientific hydrology was added, making a total of seven Sections of the Union. This paper introduces IUGG by presenting its current mission, structure, partners, and programs; discussing various international geophysical efforts before its origin; and describing the Union's development from the end of World War I to the beginning of World War II. During this period (1919–1939), the number of member countries increased from the 9 founding Member countries to 35; seven General Assemblies were held, each in a different international venue; and the number of delegates attending the assemblies increased from a few dozen to more than 800 scientists. At the Fifth General Assembly in 1933, the term “section” was replaced by “international association”. Each General Assembly of the Union, since the First General Assembly in Rome, Italy, in 1922 to the VII General Assembly in Washington, DC, USA, in 1939, is summarized, and the distinguished scientists who contributed to the Union's formation and it early development are introduced.
{"title":"IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939)","authors":"A. Ismail-Zadeh, J. Joselyn","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-25-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-25-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics\u0000(IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of already-existing\u0000international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial\u0000magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology,\u0000and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a Section of scientific\u0000hydrology was added, making a total of seven Sections of the Union. This\u0000paper introduces IUGG by presenting its current mission, structure, partners,\u0000and programs; discussing various international geophysical efforts before its\u0000origin; and describing the Union's development from the end of World War I to\u0000the beginning of World War II. During this period (1919–1939), the number of\u0000member countries increased from the 9 founding Member countries to 35; seven\u0000General Assemblies were held, each in a different international venue; and\u0000the number of delegates attending the assemblies increased from a few dozen\u0000to more than 800 scientists. At the Fifth General Assembly in 1933, the term\u0000“section” was replaced by “international association”. Each General\u0000Assembly of the Union, since the First General Assembly in Rome, Italy, in\u00001922 to the VII General Assembly in Washington, DC, USA, in 1939, is\u0000summarized, and the distinguished scientists who contributed to the Union's\u0000formation and it early development are introduced.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43714064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) began anew after World War II with a new governance and membership structure. The technologies developed during the war were brought to bear in the extraordinary global scientific effort that was the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Major changes in the geopolitical landscape have brought about further changes in IUGG's structure. International scientific campaigns encompassing multiple disciplines became commonplace, and international scientific bodies were organized and networked. During this time period (1940–1999), 15 general assemblies and 2 extraordinary general assemblies were held, each in a different international venue. Summaries of each general assembly are presented, as well as overviews of the changes in IUGG's structure, finances, membership, and publications. The scientists, who led the Union and contributed to the development of the Union, are also presented.
{"title":"IUGG evolves (1940–2000)","authors":"J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-45-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-45-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) began\u0000anew after World War II with a new governance and membership structure. The\u0000technologies developed during the war were brought to bear in the\u0000extraordinary global scientific effort that was the International Geophysical\u0000Year (1957–1958). Major changes in the geopolitical landscape have brought\u0000about further changes in IUGG's structure. International scientific campaigns\u0000encompassing multiple disciplines became commonplace, and international\u0000scientific bodies were organized and networked. During this time period\u0000(1940–1999), 15 general assemblies and 2 extraordinary general assemblies\u0000were held, each in a different international venue. Summaries of each general\u0000assembly are presented, as well as overviews of the changes in IUGG's\u0000structure, finances, membership, and publications. The scientists, who led\u0000the Union and contributed to the development of the Union, are also\u0000presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47973182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-119-2019
M. Maccracken, H. Volkert
Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding of the fundamental physical relationships and processes governing atmospheric circulation had been driven by the need for improved weather and climate forecasts to support the expansion of global trade, better public warnings of extreme weather, and safer and more effective military operations. Since its foundation, in parallel and cooperation with intergovernmental development under the auspices of what is now the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), IAMAS and its 10 international commissions have provided the international organizational framework for the convening of the general and scientific assemblies and other meetings that bring together expert scientists from around the world to further advance scientific understanding and prediction of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its connections to and effects on other components of the Earth's intercoupled geophysical system.
{"title":"IAMAS: a century of international cooperation in atmospheric sciences","authors":"M. Maccracken, H. Volkert","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-119-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-119-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric\u0000Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology\u0000of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).\u0000Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th\u0000century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of\u0000observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding of the\u0000fundamental physical relationships and processes governing atmospheric\u0000circulation had been driven by the need for improved weather and climate\u0000forecasts to support the expansion of global trade, better public warnings of\u0000extreme weather, and safer and more effective military operations. Since its\u0000foundation, in parallel and cooperation with intergovernmental development\u0000under the auspices of what is now the World Meteorological\u0000Organization (WMO), IAMAS and its 10 international commissions have\u0000provided the international organizational framework for the convening of the\u0000general and scientific assemblies and other meetings that bring together\u0000expert scientists from around the world to further advance scientific\u0000understanding and prediction of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its\u0000connections to and effects on other components of the Earth's intercoupled\u0000geophysical system.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48793524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh, T. Beer, H. Gupta, M. Kono, U. Shamir, M. Sideris, K. Whaler
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) has vigorously responded to a number of the natural, scientific, and technological challenges and driving forces that have marked the 21st century thus far. This paper reviews the actions of the Union that were precipitated by disasters caused by natural hazard events, climatic and environmental changes, and important scientific advances, as well as the opportunities to support International Years and other cooperative programs. This period has also given rise to a number of structural changes within the Union. IUGG added an eighth association, the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences, and inaugurated the new categories of affiliate and honorary memberships, introduced new grants, science education, and recognition programs, and formed new Union commissions on climatic and environmental change, data and information, planetary sciences, and a working group on history. Electronic communication was welcomed as a cultural norm. Overall, the development of the scientific landscape in the 21st century and a healthy future for the Union requires emphasis on fundamental Earth and space sciences as well as on transdisciplinary science to resolve urgent problems of society. IUGG will continue to evolve throughout the coming decades in step with the changing world of science and its international organizations, by responding to challenging problems as they arise.
{"title":"IUGG in the 21st century","authors":"J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh, T. Beer, H. Gupta, M. Kono, U. Shamir, M. Sideris, K. Whaler","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-73-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-73-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) has vigorously\u0000responded to a number of the natural, scientific, and technological\u0000challenges and driving forces that have marked the 21st century thus far.\u0000This paper reviews the actions of the Union that were precipitated by\u0000disasters caused by natural hazard events, climatic and environmental\u0000changes, and important scientific advances, as well as the opportunities to\u0000support International Years and other cooperative programs. This period has\u0000also given rise to a number of structural changes within the Union. IUGG\u0000added an eighth association, the International Association of Cryospheric\u0000Sciences, and inaugurated the new categories of affiliate and honorary\u0000memberships, introduced new grants, science education, and recognition\u0000programs, and formed new Union commissions on climatic and environmental\u0000change, data and information, planetary sciences, and a working group on\u0000history. Electronic communication was welcomed as a cultural norm. Overall,\u0000the development of the scientific landscape in the 21st century and a healthy\u0000future for the Union requires emphasis on fundamental Earth and space\u0000sciences as well as on transdisciplinary science to resolve urgent problems\u0000of society. IUGG will continue to evolve throughout the coming decades in\u0000step with the changing world of science and its international organizations,\u0000by responding to challenging problems as they arise.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47662646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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