Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-137-2019
D. Smythe-Wright, W. J. Gould, T. McDougall, S. Sparnocchia, P. Woodworth
Abstract. Our 21st century perspective on the oceans is due to the realization that knowledge of them and specifically their role in earth's climate are central to determining the future health of our planet. This present knowledge of the oceans builds on the farsighted work of people who, over the past century, worked to address seemingly intractable problems. The International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) has, over that long time span, promoted and supported the international approach that is now commonplace and has championed the provision of cross-cutting activities, the value of which we now fully recognize. This paper describes the key events in IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.
{"title":"IAPSO: tales from the ocean frontier","authors":"D. Smythe-Wright, W. J. Gould, T. McDougall, S. Sparnocchia, P. Woodworth","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-137-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-137-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Our 21st century perspective on the oceans is due to the realization that\u0000knowledge of them and specifically their role in earth's climate are central\u0000to determining the future health of our planet. This present knowledge of the\u0000oceans builds on the farsighted work of people who, over the past century,\u0000worked to address seemingly intractable problems. The International\u0000Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) has, over that\u0000long time span, promoted and supported the international approach that is now\u0000commonplace and has championed the provision of cross-cutting activities, the\u0000value of which we now fully recognize. This paper describes the key events in\u0000IAPSO's history and the roles played by the scientists involved.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48477193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-163-2019
M. Mandea, E. Petrovský
Abstract. Throughout the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics's (IUGG's) centennial anniversary, the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is holding a series of activities to underline the ground-breaking facts in the area of geomagnetism and aeronomy. Over 100 years, the history of these research fields is rich, and here we present a short tour through some of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy's (IAGA's) major achievements. Starting with the scientific landscape before IAGA, through its foundation until the present, we review the research and achievements considering its complexity and variability, from geodynamo up to the Sun and outer space. While a number of the achievements were accomplished with direct IAGA involvement, the others represent the most important benchmarks of geomagnetism and aeronomy studies. In summary, IAGA is an important and active association with a long and rich history and prospective future.
{"title":"IAGA: a major role in understanding our magnetic planet","authors":"M. Mandea, E. Petrovský","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-163-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-163-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Throughout the International Union of\u0000Geodesy and Geophysics's (IUGG's) centennial anniversary, the International\u0000Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy is holding a series of activities to\u0000underline the ground-breaking facts in the area of geomagnetism and aeronomy.\u0000Over 100 years, the history of these research fields is rich, and here we\u0000present a short tour through some of the International Association of\u0000Geomagnetism and Aeronomy's (IAGA's) major achievements. Starting with the\u0000scientific landscape before IAGA, through its foundation until the present,\u0000we review the research and achievements considering its complexity and\u0000variability, from geodynamo up to the Sun and outer space. While a number of\u0000the achievements were accomplished with direct IAGA involvement, the others\u0000represent the most important benchmarks of geomagnetism and aeronomy studies.\u0000In summary, IAGA is an important and active association with a long and rich\u0000history and prospective future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43954088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of already-existing international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology, and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a Section of scientific hydrology was added, making a total of seven Sections of the Union. This paper introduces IUGG by presenting its current mission, structure, partners, and programs; discussing various international geophysical efforts before its origin; and describing the Union's development from the end of World War I to the beginning of World War II. During this period (1919–1939), the number of member countries increased from the 9 founding Member countries to 35; seven General Assemblies were held, each in a different international venue; and the number of delegates attending the assemblies increased from a few dozen to more than 800 scientists. At the Fifth General Assembly in 1933, the term “section” was replaced by “international association”. Each General Assembly of the Union, since the First General Assembly in Rome, Italy, in 1922 to the VII General Assembly in Washington, DC, USA, in 1939, is summarized, and the distinguished scientists who contributed to the Union's formation and it early development are introduced.
{"title":"IUGG: beginning, establishment, and early development (1919–1939)","authors":"A. Ismail-Zadeh, J. Joselyn","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-25-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-25-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics\u0000(IUGG) was established in 1919 to promote activities of already-existing\u0000international scientific societies dealing with geodesy, terrestrial\u0000magnetism and electricity, meteorology, physical oceanography, seismology,\u0000and volcanology. At the first General Assembly a Section of scientific\u0000hydrology was added, making a total of seven Sections of the Union. This\u0000paper introduces IUGG by presenting its current mission, structure, partners,\u0000and programs; discussing various international geophysical efforts before its\u0000origin; and describing the Union's development from the end of World War I to\u0000the beginning of World War II. During this period (1919–1939), the number of\u0000member countries increased from the 9 founding Member countries to 35; seven\u0000General Assemblies were held, each in a different international venue; and\u0000the number of delegates attending the assemblies increased from a few dozen\u0000to more than 800 scientists. At the Fifth General Assembly in 1933, the term\u0000“section” was replaced by “international association”. Each General\u0000Assembly of the Union, since the First General Assembly in Rome, Italy, in\u00001922 to the VII General Assembly in Washington, DC, USA, in 1939, is\u0000summarized, and the distinguished scientists who contributed to the Union's\u0000formation and it early development are introduced.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43714064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-119-2019
M. Maccracken, H. Volkert
Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding of the fundamental physical relationships and processes governing atmospheric circulation had been driven by the need for improved weather and climate forecasts to support the expansion of global trade, better public warnings of extreme weather, and safer and more effective military operations. Since its foundation, in parallel and cooperation with intergovernmental development under the auspices of what is now the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), IAMAS and its 10 international commissions have provided the international organizational framework for the convening of the general and scientific assemblies and other meetings that bring together expert scientists from around the world to further advance scientific understanding and prediction of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its connections to and effects on other components of the Earth's intercoupled geophysical system.
{"title":"IAMAS: a century of international cooperation in atmospheric sciences","authors":"M. Maccracken, H. Volkert","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-119-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-119-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric\u0000Sciences (IAMAS) was founded in 1919 as the Section of Meteorology\u0000of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG).\u0000Significant advances over human history, particularly during the 19th\u0000century, in the gathering, communication, assembly and analysis of\u0000observations of the changing weather and in theoretical understanding of the\u0000fundamental physical relationships and processes governing atmospheric\u0000circulation had been driven by the need for improved weather and climate\u0000forecasts to support the expansion of global trade, better public warnings of\u0000extreme weather, and safer and more effective military operations. Since its\u0000foundation, in parallel and cooperation with intergovernmental development\u0000under the auspices of what is now the World Meteorological\u0000Organization (WMO), IAMAS and its 10 international commissions have\u0000provided the international organizational framework for the convening of the\u0000general and scientific assemblies and other meetings that bring together\u0000expert scientists from around the world to further advance scientific\u0000understanding and prediction of the behaviour of the atmosphere and its\u0000connections to and effects on other components of the Earth's intercoupled\u0000geophysical system.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48793524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) began anew after World War II with a new governance and membership structure. The technologies developed during the war were brought to bear in the extraordinary global scientific effort that was the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). Major changes in the geopolitical landscape have brought about further changes in IUGG's structure. International scientific campaigns encompassing multiple disciplines became commonplace, and international scientific bodies were organized and networked. During this time period (1940–1999), 15 general assemblies and 2 extraordinary general assemblies were held, each in a different international venue. Summaries of each general assembly are presented, as well as overviews of the changes in IUGG's structure, finances, membership, and publications. The scientists, who led the Union and contributed to the development of the Union, are also presented.
{"title":"IUGG evolves (1940–2000)","authors":"J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-45-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-45-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) began\u0000anew after World War II with a new governance and membership structure. The\u0000technologies developed during the war were brought to bear in the\u0000extraordinary global scientific effort that was the International Geophysical\u0000Year (1957–1958). Major changes in the geopolitical landscape have brought\u0000about further changes in IUGG's structure. International scientific campaigns\u0000encompassing multiple disciplines became commonplace, and international\u0000scientific bodies were organized and networked. During this time period\u0000(1940–1999), 15 general assemblies and 2 extraordinary general assemblies\u0000were held, each in a different international venue. Summaries of each general\u0000assembly are presented, as well as overviews of the changes in IUGG's\u0000structure, finances, membership, and publications. The scientists, who led\u0000the Union and contributed to the development of the Union, are also\u0000presented.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47973182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh, T. Beer, H. Gupta, M. Kono, U. Shamir, M. Sideris, K. Whaler
Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) has vigorously responded to a number of the natural, scientific, and technological challenges and driving forces that have marked the 21st century thus far. This paper reviews the actions of the Union that were precipitated by disasters caused by natural hazard events, climatic and environmental changes, and important scientific advances, as well as the opportunities to support International Years and other cooperative programs. This period has also given rise to a number of structural changes within the Union. IUGG added an eighth association, the International Association of Cryospheric Sciences, and inaugurated the new categories of affiliate and honorary memberships, introduced new grants, science education, and recognition programs, and formed new Union commissions on climatic and environmental change, data and information, planetary sciences, and a working group on history. Electronic communication was welcomed as a cultural norm. Overall, the development of the scientific landscape in the 21st century and a healthy future for the Union requires emphasis on fundamental Earth and space sciences as well as on transdisciplinary science to resolve urgent problems of society. IUGG will continue to evolve throughout the coming decades in step with the changing world of science and its international organizations, by responding to challenging problems as they arise.
{"title":"IUGG in the 21st century","authors":"J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh, T. Beer, H. Gupta, M. Kono, U. Shamir, M. Sideris, K. Whaler","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-73-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-73-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) has vigorously\u0000responded to a number of the natural, scientific, and technological\u0000challenges and driving forces that have marked the 21st century thus far.\u0000This paper reviews the actions of the Union that were precipitated by\u0000disasters caused by natural hazard events, climatic and environmental\u0000changes, and important scientific advances, as well as the opportunities to\u0000support International Years and other cooperative programs. This period has\u0000also given rise to a number of structural changes within the Union. IUGG\u0000added an eighth association, the International Association of Cryospheric\u0000Sciences, and inaugurated the new categories of affiliate and honorary\u0000memberships, introduced new grants, science education, and recognition\u0000programs, and formed new Union commissions on climatic and environmental\u0000change, data and information, planetary sciences, and a working group on\u0000history. Electronic communication was welcomed as a cultural norm. Overall,\u0000the development of the scientific landscape in the 21st century and a healthy\u0000future for the Union requires emphasis on fundamental Earth and space\u0000sciences as well as on transdisciplinary science to resolve urgent problems\u0000of society. IUGG will continue to evolve throughout the coming decades in\u0000step with the changing world of science and its international organizations,\u0000by responding to challenging problems as they arise.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47662646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Preface to the special issue “The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics: from different spheres to a common globe”","authors":"J. Joselyn, A. Ismail-Zadeh","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-17-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-17-2019","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49301976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-109-2019
D. Rosbjerg, J. Rodda
Abstract. After describing the hydrological cycle and defining hydrology in the introduction, the early historical development of hydrology is briefly presented in the second section. Then the incorporation of hydrology within the IUGG and the subsequent development of the association are described chronologically. This description is organized into five sections corresponding to five different periods, focused on the scientific and organizational development of the association during each period. Finally, in the conclusions, the present state of the association is discussed together with an outlook for the future.
{"title":"IAHS: a brief history of hydrology","authors":"D. Rosbjerg, J. Rodda","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-109-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-109-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. After describing the hydrological cycle and defining hydrology in the\u0000introduction, the early historical development of hydrology is briefly\u0000presented in the second section. Then the incorporation of hydrology within\u0000the IUGG and the subsequent development of the association are described\u0000chronologically. This description is organized into five sections\u0000corresponding to five different periods, focused on the scientific and\u0000organizational development of the association during each period. Finally, in\u0000the conclusions, the present state of the association is discussed together\u0000with an outlook for the future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44276404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-16DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-10-181-2019
R. Cas
Abstract. The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) was formed following the end of World War I at the inaugural general assembly (GA) of the International Research Council in Brussels in 1919, where the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was constituted. IAVCEI was then known as the Section for Volcanology (SV) and was one of six scientific disciplines that made up IUGG. The first president of IAVCEI (or SV) was Annibale Riccò (Italy), its first two vice presidents were Alfred Lacroix (France) and Henry Washington (USA), and the first secretary-general (SG) was Alessandro Malladra (Italy). A secretariat office for SV was established in Naples, Italy, following the first IUGG and SV General Assembly in 1922, in Rome, Italy. At that meeting SV established its own scientific journal called Bulletin volcanologique, the first edition of which was published in 1924 with Alessandro Malladra as the editor. SV officially became the International Association for Volcanology (IAV) in 1933 at the 5th IUGG General Assembly in Lisbon, Portugal. At the 14th IUGG General Assembly in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1967, IAV was renamed IAVCEI in recognition of the importance of geochemistry and geochronology in understanding volcanic processes. Bulletin volcanologique was renamed the Bulletin of Volcanology in 1986, at the time that its editorial board was restructured to be more representative of the international community. IAVCEI became a fully democratic association in 1995 with the introduction of individual membership, which entitled members to nominate, be nominated and vote in the election of the IAVCEI Executive Committee. Although the IUGG By-Laws allowed scientists only from the union's member countries to hold various positions within IUGG, in 2015, the IUGG Council removed this restriction, and now a scientist who is a member of IAVCEI from any country can hold any position in IAVCEI, except the position of the president.
{"title":"IAVCEI: from small beginnings to a vibrant international association","authors":"R. Cas","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-181-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-181-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The International Association for Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) was formed following the end of World War I at the inaugural general assembly (GA) of the International Research Council in Brussels in 1919, where the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) was constituted. IAVCEI was then known as the Section for Volcanology (SV) and was one of six scientific disciplines that made up IUGG. The first president of IAVCEI (or SV) was Annibale Riccò (Italy), its first two vice presidents were Alfred Lacroix (France) and Henry Washington (USA), and the first secretary-general (SG) was Alessandro Malladra (Italy). A secretariat office for SV was established in Naples, Italy, following the first IUGG and SV General Assembly in 1922, in Rome, Italy. At that meeting SV established its own scientific journal called Bulletin volcanologique, the first edition of which was published in 1924 with Alessandro Malladra as the editor. SV officially became the International Association for Volcanology (IAV) in 1933 at the 5th IUGG General Assembly in Lisbon, Portugal. At the 14th IUGG General Assembly in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1967, IAV was renamed IAVCEI in recognition of the importance of geochemistry and geochronology in understanding volcanic processes. Bulletin volcanologique was renamed the Bulletin of Volcanology in 1986, at the time that its editorial board was restructured to be more representative of the international community. IAVCEI became a fully democratic association in 1995 with the introduction of individual membership, which entitled members to nominate, be nominated and vote in the election of the IAVCEI Executive Committee. Although the IUGG By-Laws allowed scientists only from the union's member countries to hold various positions within IUGG, in 2015, the IUGG Council removed this restriction, and now a scientist who is a member of IAVCEI from any country can hold any position in IAVCEI, except the position of the president.","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43221395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente
Abstract. Ralph B. Peck (1912–2008), graduate and doctor of philosophy in civil engineering (1934 and 1937 respectively) from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, was one of the major contributors to the development of geotechnics in the twentieth century. Born in Winnipeg (Manitoba) as an American national, he was influenced from childhood by the world of civil engineering through his father, Orwin K. Peck, who was a civil engineer, mainly as a structural engineer in the railway sector. In the absence of job offers as a structural engineer, Ralph Peck arrived at Harvard University in 1938 to attend the soil mechanics courses taught by Arthur Casagrande, which guided Peck's professional career towards geotechnics. In addition to Casagrande, Peck had the opportunity to meet and work with other very important people related to geotechnics: Albert E. Cummings, Laurits Bjerrum, Alec W. Skempton and especially Karl Terzaghi, with whom he established a great friendship, in addition to providing support, professional advice and performing important work, such as the Chicago Subway Works. Peck actively dedicated himself to consulting work, which led him to visit 44 states within the United States and 28 countries on five continents. In addition, he also participated in research work where he was asked and was a committed lecturer at the University of Illinois, where he was a professor for 32 years. The objective of this paper is to analyse, through Peck's biography, his contribution to the field of geotechnics based on his research, teaching and consultancy work, and through the influence of Peck on other important people in the field, such as Karl Terzaghi.
{"title":"Contribution to the knowledge of early geotechnics during the twentieth century: Ralph Peck","authors":"Antonio Lara-Galera, Rubén Galindo-Aires, Gonzalo Guillán-Llorente","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-10-3-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-10-3-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Ralph B. Peck (1912–2008), graduate and doctor of philosophy in\u0000civil engineering (1934 and 1937 respectively) from the Rensselaer\u0000Polytechnic Institute, was one of the major contributors to the development\u0000of geotechnics in the twentieth century. Born in Winnipeg (Manitoba) as an\u0000American national, he was influenced from childhood by the world of civil\u0000engineering through his father, Orwin K. Peck, who was a civil engineer,\u0000mainly as a structural engineer in the railway sector. In the absence of job offers as a structural engineer, Ralph Peck arrived at\u0000Harvard University in 1938 to attend the soil mechanics courses taught by\u0000Arthur Casagrande, which guided Peck's professional career towards\u0000geotechnics. In addition to Casagrande, Peck had the opportunity to meet and\u0000work with other very important people related to geotechnics:\u0000Albert E. Cummings, Laurits Bjerrum, Alec W. Skempton and especially\u0000Karl Terzaghi, with whom he established a great friendship, in addition to\u0000providing support, professional advice and performing important work, such as\u0000the Chicago Subway Works. Peck actively dedicated himself to consulting work, which led him to visit\u000044 states within the United States and 28 countries on five continents. In\u0000addition, he also participated in research work where he was asked and was a\u0000committed lecturer at the University of Illinois, where he was a professor\u0000for 32 years. The objective of this paper is to analyse, through Peck's biography, his\u0000contribution to the field of geotechnics based on his research, teaching and\u0000consultancy work, and through the influence of Peck on other important people\u0000in the field, such as Karl Terzaghi.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2019-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45235482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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