D. G. C. Fragoso, Matheus Kuchenbecker, A. Magalhães, C. Scherer, G. Gabaglia, A. Strasser
Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including several areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the earliest phases in the Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research mainly associated with quantitative approaches.
{"title":"Cyclicity in Earth sciences, quo vadis? Essay on cycle concepts in geological thinking and their historical influence on stratigraphic practices","authors":"D. G. C. Fragoso, Matheus Kuchenbecker, A. Magalhães, C. Scherer, G. Gabaglia, A. Strasser","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-39-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The archetype of a cycle has played an essential role in explaining\u0000observations of nature over thousands of years. At present, this perception\u0000significantly influences the worldview of modern societies, including\u0000several areas of science. In the Earth sciences, the concept of cyclicity offers simple analytical solutions in the face of complex events and their respective products, in both time and space. Current stratigraphic research integrates several methods to identify repetitive patterns in the\u0000stratigraphic record and to interpret oscillatory geological processes. This\u0000essay proposes a historical review of the cyclic conceptions from the\u0000earliest phases in the Earth sciences to their subsequent evolution into current stratigraphic principles and practices, contributing to identifying opportunities in integrating methodologies and developing future research\u0000mainly associated with quantitative approaches.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46684218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the Kiruna–Sodankylä–Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 14 additional sections. Sections 2 to 7 describe the organisation, staffing and responsibilities of the sites, with particular emphasis on the transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and equipment between the sites. The headquarters operation is treated in Sect. 8. The UHF radar system is treated in Sect. 9. Section 10 is a review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 11 treats the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and CORLAN. Section 12 describes the signal processing hardware, with special emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN system and the G2 system, culminating in the ability to run alternating code experiments routinely. Section 13 presents the time and frequency keeping, a non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Sect. 14 discusses the UHF spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging mobile phone networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections (Sect. 15).
{"title":"History of EISCAT – Part 5: Operation and development of the system during the first 2 decades","authors":"G. Wannberg","doi":"10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-13-1-2022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper gives an inside view of the first 20 years of operation of the\u0000Kiruna–Sodankylä–Tromsø (KST) part of EISCAT as experienced and\u0000remembered by myself. The paper is subdivided into an Introduction and 14 additional sections. Sections 2 to 7 describe the organisation, staffing and\u0000responsibilities of the sites, with particular emphasis on the\u0000transmitter-related work at Tromsø and the commuting of staff and\u0000equipment between the sites. The headquarters operation is treated in\u0000Sect. 8. The UHF radar system is treated in Sect. 9. Section 10 is a\u0000review of the VHF system, including a summary of transmitter and antenna\u0000problems not available elsewhere in easily accessed media. Section 11 treats\u0000the computer system and the proprietary control languages EROS, TARLAN and\u0000CORLAN. Section 12 describes the signal processing hardware, with special\u0000emphasis on the Alker correlator, its idiosyncrasies and the gradual\u0000unlocking of its capabilities through UNIPROG, the GEN system and the\u0000G2 system, culminating in the ability to run alternating code experiments\u0000routinely. Section 13 presents the time and frequency keeping, a\u0000non-trivial task in the early 1980s. Finally, Sect. 14 discusses the UHF\u0000spectrum problem and relates how the UHF system had to be constantly\u0000upgraded in order to be able to co-exist with the emerging mobile phone\u0000networks until the final closure of UHF reception at Kiruna and\u0000Sodankylä in 2012. The paper ends with some personal reflections\u0000(Sect. 15).\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43380856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. We present the historical background to the construction of a major ionospheric heating facility near Tromsø, Norway in the 1970s by the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy and the subsequent operational history to the present. It was built next to the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar facility and in a region with a multitude of diagnostic instruments used to study the auroral region. The facility was transferred to the EISCAT Scientific Association in January 1993 and continues to provide new discoveries in plasma physics and ionospheric and atmospheric science to this day. It is expected that ‘Heating’ will continue operating together with the new generation of incoherent scatter radar, called EISCAT_3D, when it is commissioned in the near future.
{"title":"History of the Tromsø Ionosphere Heating facility","authors":"M. Rietveld, P. Stubbe","doi":"10.5194/hgss-2021-19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2021-19","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We present the historical background to the construction of a major ionospheric heating facility near Tromsø, Norway in the 1970s by the Max Planck Institute for Aeronomy and the subsequent operational history to the present. It was built next to the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar facility and in a region with a multitude of diagnostic instruments used to study the auroral region. The facility was transferred to the EISCAT Scientific Association in January 1993 and continues to provide new discoveries in plasma physics and ionospheric and atmospheric science to this day. It is expected that ‘Heating’ will continue operating together with the new generation of incoherent scatter radar, called EISCAT_3D, when it is commissioned in the near future.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43126025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-09DOI: 10.5194/hgss-12-217-2021
Carlos A. Góis‐Marques, M. Menezes de Sequeira, J. Madeira
Abstract. We present a tribute to Georg Friedrich Karl Hartung (1821–1891), a less-known, non-academic German geologist, on his 200th birthday anniversary. Influenced by eminent 19th century scientific personalities, such as Oswald Heer, Charles Lyell, and Alexander von Humboldt, he performed pioneer geological observations and sampling in the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands volcanic archipelagos. Later in his life, he travelled to the USA and explored the Scandinavian countries. His scientific endeavours were published in several books and papers, many of them co-authored by academic German geologists and palaeontologists. His works on Macaronesia are deemed as classics, and many have been enriched by his detailed geological illustrations.
{"title":"The bicentenary of Georg Hartung, a German pioneer geologist, explorer, and illustrator","authors":"Carlos A. Góis‐Marques, M. Menezes de Sequeira, J. Madeira","doi":"10.5194/hgss-12-217-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-217-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. We present a tribute to Georg Friedrich Karl Hartung (1821–1891), a less-known, non-academic German geologist, on his 200th birthday anniversary. Influenced by eminent 19th century scientific\u0000personalities, such as Oswald Heer, Charles Lyell, and Alexander von\u0000Humboldt, he performed pioneer geological observations and sampling in the\u0000Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands volcanic archipelagos. Later in his life, he travelled to the USA and explored the Scandinavian countries. His scientific endeavours were published in several books and papers, many of them co-authored by academic German geologists and palaeontologists. His works on Macaronesia are deemed as classics, and many have been enriched by his detailed geological illustrations.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45576054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. It is currently known that astronomical factors trigger the emergence of glacial and interglacial periods. However, nearly two centuries ago, the overall situation was not as apparent as it was with today’s scientists. In this article, I briefly discuss the astronomical model of ice ages put forward between the 19th and 20th centuries. This century was indeed annus mirabilis for scientists to understand the ice age phenomenon. Agassiz, Adhémar and Croll laid the foundation stones for understanding the dynamics of ice ages. But it was Milankovitch who combined empirical geology with mathematical astronomy. To put specifically, he identified the shortcomings of the preceding ice age models and modified his model accordingly. In what follows, I review former approaches to the ice age problem and show how they failed to meet their objectives. Next, I show how Milankovitch’s model managed to capture all sufficient astronomical elements. Last sections focus on Milutin Milankovitch’s genuine approach, including his accomplishment of tackling the problem mathematically.
{"title":"Pioneers of the Ice Age Models: A Brief History from Agassiz to Milankovitch","authors":"M. Ates","doi":"10.5194/hgss-2021-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-2021-17","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. It is currently known that astronomical factors trigger the emergence of glacial and interglacial periods. However, nearly two centuries ago, the overall situation was not as apparent as it was with today’s scientists. In this article, I briefly discuss the astronomical model of ice ages put forward between the 19th and 20th centuries. This century was indeed annus mirabilis for scientists to understand the ice age phenomenon. Agassiz, Adhémar and Croll laid the foundation stones for understanding the dynamics of ice ages. But it was Milankovitch who combined empirical geology with mathematical astronomy. To put specifically, he identified the shortcomings of the preceding ice age models and modified his model accordingly. In what follows, I review former approaches to the ice age problem and show how they failed to meet their objectives. Next, I show how Milankovitch’s model managed to capture all sufficient astronomical elements. Last sections focus on Milutin Milankovitch’s genuine approach, including his accomplishment of tackling the problem mathematically.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42900839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-23DOI: 10.5194/hgss-12-163-2021
Ulrich Sperberg
Abstract. At the beginning of the 19th century, meteor observations were not well established. One of its pioneers, who observed meteors on a regular basis, was Eduard Heis in Münster, Germany. We summarise the life of this scientist. Besides his main task of teaching mathematics in Aachen and Münster, he observed atmospheric phenomena and variable stars with exceptional perseverance. He was an editor of Wochenschrift für Astronomie and contributed to the circulation of astronomical reports and knowledge. We focus on his contributions to meteor astronomy, in which he predated the work of Schiaparelli by 30 years.
{"title":"Eduard Heis, an early pioneer in meteor research","authors":"Ulrich Sperberg","doi":"10.5194/hgss-12-163-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-163-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. At the beginning of the 19th century, meteor observations were not well established. One of its pioneers, who observed\u0000meteors on a regular basis, was Eduard Heis in Münster, Germany. We\u0000summarise the life of this scientist. Besides his main task of teaching\u0000mathematics in Aachen and Münster, he observed atmospheric phenomena and variable stars with exceptional perseverance. He was an editor\u0000of Wochenschrift für Astronomie and contributed to the circulation of astronomical reports and knowledge. We focus on his contributions to meteor astronomy, in which he predated the work of Schiaparelli by 30 years.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48767592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-15DOI: 10.5194/hgss-12-131-2021
Y. Sano, H. Nagano
Abstract. The history of the research on the SC (sudden commencement) of magnetic storms before World War II is studied in this paper. Since geomagnetic research activities before World War II are still not yet fully known, this paper aims to reveal some historical facts related to SC investigation at that time. The first conclusion of this paper is the possible first discoverer of the simultaneity of SC at distant locations. We show that a Portuguese scientist had already pointed it out 16 years earlier than believed. The second conclusion is the role and activities of Aikitu Tanakadate as the reporter of the SC investigation committee of STME (Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity) and IATME (International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity) in the IGGU (International Geodetic and Geophysical Union) or IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics). Very little was known about his activities as the reporter of this committee. Our investigation at the Tanakadate Aikitu Memorial Science Museum disclosed how he acted and what he thought of SC, based on his frequent letters to and from other scientists. The third conclusion concerns SC research carried out by Japanese scientists during the period of the Second International Polar Year (1932–1933). Not only Tanakadate but also many other Japanese scientists participated in SC research during this international project. This formed a traditional basis of SC investigation in Japan, prompting a number of Japanese scientists to study SC after World War II.
{"title":"Early history of sudden commencement investigation and some newly discovered historical facts","authors":"Y. Sano, H. Nagano","doi":"10.5194/hgss-12-131-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-131-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The history of the research on the SC (sudden commencement) of magnetic storms before World War II is studied in this paper. Since geomagnetic research activities before World War II are still not yet fully known, this paper aims to reveal some historical facts related to SC investigation at that time. The first conclusion of this paper is the possible first discoverer of the simultaneity of SC at distant locations. We show that a Portuguese scientist had already pointed it out 16 years\u0000earlier than believed. The second conclusion is the role and\u0000activities of Aikitu Tanakadate as the reporter of the SC investigation committee of STME (Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity) and IATME (International Association of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity) in the IGGU (International Geodetic and Geophysical Union) or IUGG (International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics). Very little was known about his activities as the reporter of this committee. Our investigation at the Tanakadate Aikitu Memorial Science\u0000Museum disclosed how he acted and what he thought of SC, based on his frequent letters to and from other scientists. The third conclusion concerns SC research carried out by Japanese scientists during the period of the Second International Polar Year (1932–1933). Not only Tanakadate but also many other Japanese scientists participated in SC research during this international project. This formed a traditional basis of SC investigation in Japan, prompting a number of Japanese scientists to study SC after World War II.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43169632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.5194/hgss-12-115-2021
T. Bösinger
Abstract. After a preface, we will first try to depict the history of the Geophysical Observatory in Sodankylä (SGO) by referring to the personalities who have run and have shaped the observatory. Thereafter, we describe the history from a technical point of view, i.e., what the measurements were, and which instruments were primarily used at the observatory. We will also refer to present operational forms and techniques. We start with the very first systematic meteorological and geophysical observations made in Finland and end by referring to the involvement in ongoing international scientific programs.
{"title":"The Geophysical Observatory in Sodankylä, Finland – past and present","authors":"T. Bösinger","doi":"10.5194/hgss-12-115-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-12-115-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. After a preface, we will first try to depict the history of the Geophysical\u0000Observatory in Sodankylä (SGO) by referring to the personalities who have run and have shaped the observatory. Thereafter, we describe the history from a technical point of view, i.e., what the measurements were, and which instruments were primarily used at the observatory. We will also refer to present operational forms and techniques. We start with the very first systematic meteorological and geophysical\u0000observations made in Finland and end by referring to the involvement in\u0000ongoing international scientific programs.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48412626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.5194/HGSS-12-111-2021
S. Silverman, Eran Limor
Abstract. C/1577 V1 was one of the brightest comets and one of the few early observed twin-tail comets. This paper presents the historical and cultural background for the observation of the comet from Safed, Palestine (1577).
{"title":"The Great Comet of 1577: a Palestinian observation","authors":"S. Silverman, Eran Limor","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-12-111-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-12-111-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. C/1577 V1 was one of the brightest comets and one of the few early\u0000observed twin-tail comets. This paper presents the historical and cultural\u0000background for the observation of the comet from Safed, Palestine (1577).","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44756472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract. As simply based on fundamental logic and on the concepts of cause and effect, an epistemological examination of the geochemical analyses performed on the Vostok ice cores invalidates the marked greenhouse effect on past climate usually assigned to CO2 and CH4. In agreement with the determining role assigned to Milankovitch cycles, temperature has, instead, constantly remained the long-term controlling parameter during the past 423 kyr, which, in turn, determined both CO2 and CH4 concentrations, whose variations exerted, at most, a minor feedback on temperature itself. If not refuted, the demonstration indicates that the greenhouse effect of CO2 on 20th century and today's climate remains to be documented, as already concluded from other evidence. The epistemological weakness of current simulations originates from the fact that they do not rely on any independent evidence for the influence of greenhouse gases on climate over long enough periods of time. The validity of models will, in particular, not be demonstrated as long as at least the most important features of climate changes, namely the glacial–interglacial transitions and the differing durations of interglacial periods, remain unaccounted for. Similarly, the constant 7 kyr time lag between temperature and CO2 decreases following deglaciation is another important feature that needs to be understood. Considered in this light, the current climate debate should be considered as being the latest of the great controversies that have punctuated the march of the Earth sciences, although its markedly differs from the preceding ones by its most varied social, environmental, economical and political ramifications.
{"title":"The temperature–CO2 climate connection: an epistemological reappraisal of ice-core messages","authors":"P. Richet","doi":"10.5194/HGSS-12-97-2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/HGSS-12-97-2021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. As simply based on fundamental logic and on the concepts of cause and effect, an epistemological examination of the geochemical analyses performed on the Vostok ice cores invalidates the marked greenhouse effect on past climate usually assigned to CO2 and CH4. In agreement with the determining role assigned to Milankovitch cycles, temperature has, instead, constantly remained the long-term controlling parameter during the past 423 kyr, which, in turn, determined both CO2 and CH4 concentrations, whose variations exerted, at most, a minor feedback on temperature itself. If not refuted, the demonstration indicates that the greenhouse effect of CO2 on 20th century and today's climate remains to be documented, as already concluded from other evidence. The epistemological weakness of current simulations originates from the fact that they do not rely on any independent evidence for the influence of greenhouse gases on climate over long enough periods of time. The validity of models will, in particular, not be demonstrated as long as at least the most important features of climate changes, namely the glacial–interglacial transitions and the differing durations of interglacial periods, remain unaccounted for. Similarly, the constant 7 kyr time lag between temperature and CO2 decreases following deglaciation is another important feature that needs to be understood. Considered in this light, the current climate debate should be considered as being the latest of the great controversies that have punctuated the march of the Earth sciences, although its markedly differs from the preceding ones by its most varied social, environmental, economical and political ramifications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":48918,"journal":{"name":"History of Geo- and Space Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43400987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：