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Unexpected stability in faunal population abundances following an estuary-wide collapse of oysters 全河口牡蛎崩溃后动物种群丰度的意外稳定性
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-04 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4857
Gabrielle D. Love, Zachary A. Siders, David A. Gandy, William E. Pine III, Shirley Baker, Edward V. Camp

Live oyster reefs are considered a critical recruitment habitat for estuarine faunal populations as localized in situ or mesocosm studies have demonstrated many faunal species prefer live oyster habitat. It has therefore been assumed that the loss of live oyster habitat would precipitate faunal population declines, but this has been largely untested at large (estuary) scales. Here, we assessed how estuary-wide faunal populations were affected by a 95% loss of live oyster habitat following the 2012 oyster collapse of Apalachicola Bay, FL, which previously supported one of the largest oyster fisheries in the United States. We standardized long-term fisheries-independent monitoring seine and trawl data to create relative indices of resident, associated, and transient faunal species' overall abundance and recruit abundance (restrictive to sizes between 15% and 35% of L$$ {L}_{infty } $$). We expected that both relative abundance indices would decrease following the oyster collapse, particularly among species that reside on or recruit to oyster reefs. However, analyses via a series of one-sided Bayesian t tests did not indicate that faunal recruitment or overall abundance significantly declined in 2012 post-collapse. As the response of the faunal population could be lagged relative to the 2012 collapse, we also conducted change point analyses to search for lagged declines. Of the 24 relative abundance time series, only two had significant change points post-collapse, and only black sea bass overall relative abundance declined with an associated change point at the end of the time series. The surprising paucity of faunal decline following oyster loss may be due to the use of alternative habitat types, exceptionally lagged faunal responses, or, perhaps most compelling, a disconnect between preferred and required habitats. Our failure to detect faunal consequences following an oyster population collapse suggests that assumptions of habitat loss (or restoration) effects on estuarine fauna at ecosystem scales are not straightforward and the extrapolation of sub-estuary-scale studies may result in poor predictions of future outcomes.

活牡蛎礁被认为是河口动物种群的重要繁殖栖息地,因为局部原位或中观生态研究表明,许多动物物种都喜欢活牡蛎栖息地。因此,人们一直认为失去活牡蛎栖息地会导致动物种群数量下降,但这在很大程度上尚未在大(河口)尺度上得到验证。在此,我们评估了佛罗里达州阿帕拉奇科拉湾在 2012 年牡蛎溃堤后,95% 的活牡蛎栖息地丧失对整个河口动物种群的影响。我们对独立于渔业的长期监测围网和拖网数据进行了标准化处理,以创建常住、相关和瞬时动物物种总体丰度和新生物丰度的相对指数(限制在 15%-35%)。我们预计,在牡蛎礁崩溃后,这两个相对丰度指数都会下降,尤其是在牡蛎礁上栖息或在牡蛎礁上繁殖的物种。然而,通过一系列单侧贝叶斯 t 检验进行的分析表明,2012 年牡蛎礁坍塌后,动物的招募量或总体丰度并没有显著下降。由于动物种群的反应可能滞后于 2012 年的崩溃,我们还进行了变化点分析,以寻找滞后的下降。在 24 个相对丰度时间序列中,只有两个在塌陷后有显著的变化点,只有黑海鲈的总体相对丰度下降,并在时间序列的末尾有相关的变化点。牡蛎消失后动物数量下降的情况少得令人吃惊,这可能是由于使用了其他类型的栖息地、动物反应异常滞后,或者最令人信服的原因是首选栖息地与所需栖息地之间的脱节。我们未能检测到牡蛎种群崩溃对动物造成的影响,这表明在生态系统尺度上假设栖息地丧失(或恢复)对河口动物的影响并不简单,对次河口尺度的研究进行外推可能会导致对未来结果的错误预测。
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引用次数: 0
Plant silicon content as a proxy for understanding plant community properties and ecosystem structure 植物硅含量是了解植物群落特性和生态系统结构的替代物
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-28 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4907
Renan Fernandes Moura, Marcelo Sternberg, Chanania Vorst, Ofir Katz

Silicon (Si) content in plant tissues is considered a functional trait that can provide multiple morpho-physiological benefits to plant individuals. However, it is still unclear whether and how these individual benefits extend to plant community processes and ecosystem functioning. Here we investigated how plant Si content is associated with plant community properties and the ecosystem structure of herbaceous communities in Israel. We sampled 15 sites across the Mediterranean and desert ecosystems and built models to evaluate how plant silicon content (community-weighted mean and standard variation) is associated with variables such as species richness, biomass production, plant cover, and functional diversity. Finally, we used model selection techniques to test whether models depicting plant Si content perform better than models using data on soil Si instead. Sites with lower susceptibility to drought had significantly more Si-accumulating grass species and higher soils Si content. Models with plant Si content instead of soil Si, always performed better, although those considering Si content variation had overall stronger associations with community properties than only mean Si content. For instance, up to 51% of plant Si content variation was explained by climate, biomass production, and species richness, combined. Still, mean plant Si content and plant cover combined explained up to 42% of plant functional diversity. Our results suggest the that plant Si content serves as a proxy for understanding the ecological properties and functioning of arid and Mediterranean ecosystems. Nevertheless, the significance of Si has not been fully explored in other ecosystem types, where its influence may be less pronounced compared with the ecosystems examined in this study. In light of various global change scenarios, enhancing our understanding of Si as a plant functional trait could help bridge existing knowledge gaps and improve ecological modeling, thus enabling more accurate forecasts of changes in plant distributions.

植物组织中的硅(Si)含量被认为是一种功能性特征,可为植物个体带来多种形态-生理益处。然而,这些个体益处是否以及如何扩展到植物群落过程和生态系统功能,目前仍不清楚。在此,我们研究了植物硅含量与植物群落特性和以色列草本群落生态系统结构的关系。我们对地中海和沙漠生态系统的 15 个地点进行了采样,并建立了模型来评估植物硅含量(群落加权平均值和标准变异)与物种丰富度、生物量产量、植物覆盖率和功能多样性等变量之间的关联。最后,我们使用模型选择技术来检验描述植物硅含量的模型是否比使用土壤硅数据的模型表现更好。干旱易感性较低的地点具有明显更多的硅积累草种和更高的土壤硅含量。使用植物含硅量而非土壤含硅量建立的模型总是表现更好,尽管考虑含硅量变化的模型与群落属性的关联性总体上比仅考虑平均含硅量的模型更强。例如,高达 51% 的植物含硅量变化是由气候、生物量产量和物种丰富度共同解释的。不过,植物平均含硅量和植物覆盖度加起来最多只能解释 42% 的植物功能多样性。我们的研究结果表明,植物含硅量可作为了解干旱和地中海生态系统生态特性和功能的替代物。然而,在其他生态系统类型中,硅的重要性还没有得到充分探讨,与本研究中的生态系统相比,硅在这些生态系统中的影响可能没有那么明显。鉴于各种全球变化情景,加强我们对作为植物功能特性的硅的了解有助于弥补现有的知识差距和改进生态建模,从而更准确地预测植物分布的变化。
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引用次数: 0
Decoupled shifts of dominant and rarer fish species as a response to warming and extreme events in a large estuary 大型河口中优势鱼种和稀有鱼种的脱钩变化是对气候变暖和极端事件的反应
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-25 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4876
J. D. Anadón, O. Piñeiro, A. Ruhi, J. Hornstein, J. R. Waldman

Disentangling community responses to multiple stressors in a warming context is one of the most challenging tasks ecologists face. Taking advantage of a long-term (1989–2017) and intensive fish monitoring survey (N = ~900K from 804 seines-day), we present a comprehensive analysis on the dynamics of coastal fish communities in Jamaica Bay, New York, by addressing multiple dimensions of community change that although closely related are rarely considered in a single work. Specifically, we tested hypotheses about changes in composition, composition variability and community functional attributes, and the role of environmental drivers acting at different temporal scales. Our analyses suggest two decoupled community dynamics triggered by two different extreme events. First, the 1999 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation phase switch caused an abrupt shift from a single-species dominance to intermittent co-dominance, with species preferring higher temperatures, a shift that has persisted in time but that may be cyclical at a multidecadal scale. Second, the 2012 heat wave promoted an abrupt collapse of rare and cold-water species, and the sudden arrival of warmer-water species in a portion of the community that was already increasingly variable due to long-term warming. Functionally, the entire community subtly shifted toward species with faster turnover and lower trophic levels. Our work sheds light on the complex responses of biological communities to warming in terms of the impacts on composition, its temporal variability, and its functional dimension, by disentangling the interplay of long-term environmental trends such as warming, multidecadal cycles, and extreme events on different portions (i.e., dominant and rare thermal species) of the community.

在气候变暖的背景下,厘清群落对多重压力因素的反应是生态学家面临的最具挑战性的任务之一。我们利用长期(1989-2017 年)密集的鱼类监测调查(来自 804 个围网日的约 90 万尾鱼类),对纽约牙买加湾沿海鱼类群落的动态进行了全面分析,探讨了群落变化的多个方面,尽管这些方面密切相关,但很少在一项研究中得到考虑。具体来说,我们检验了有关组成、组成变异性和群落功能属性变化的假设,以及在不同时间尺度上发挥作用的环境驱动因素的作用。我们的分析表明,两个不同的极端事件引发了两种脱钩的群落动态。首先,1999年大西洋多年代涛动的阶段转换导致单一物种优势突然转变为间歇性共优势,物种更喜欢较高的温度,这种转变在时间上持续存在,但在多年代尺度上可能是周期性的。其次,2012 年的热浪导致稀有的冷水物种突然消失,暖水物种突然出现在群落的一部分,而由于长期变暖,这部分群落的变化已经越来越大。从功能上看,整个群落微妙地向更新速度更快、营养级更低的物种转变。我们的研究从对生物群落组成的影响、其时间变异性及其功能维度,阐明了生物群落对气候变暖的复杂反应,揭示了长期环境趋势(如气候变暖)、十年周期和极端事件对群落不同部分(即优势热物种和稀有热物种)的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating mountain lion diet before and after a removal of feral horses in a semiarid environment 评估半干旱环境中野马迁移前后山狮的饮食情况
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4919
Peter C. Iacono, Kathryn A. Schoenecker, Kezia R. Manlove, Pat J. Jackson, David C. Stoner

Non-native species can affect ecosystems by influencing native predator-prey dynamics. Therefore, management interventions designed to remove non-natives may inadvertently lead to increased predation on native species. Feral horses are widely distributed throughout the arid parts of western North America. A growing body of research indicates that horses can be an important prey species to mountain lions in ecosystems where they overlap. In December 2020, the Bureau of Land Management removed 455 horses from the Delamar Mountains, Nevada, USA. We leveraged this management intervention to implement a before–after–control–impact study to test hypotheses about predation on horses and native ungulates. We predicted (1) that horses would comprise an important part of the diet in this mixed-prey community, (2) following removal, the proportion of horses in the diet would decrease and native ungulates would increase, and (3) mountain lion home ranges overlapping the treatment areas would increase in response to decreased prey availability. From 2018 to 2022, we investigated 1360 clusters from 29 GPS-collared lions and identified 1056 prey items. To model the probability of a predation event (a kill), we fit a mixed-effects logistic regression model for ungulate prey as a function of lion sex, treatment area (in/out), and treatment period (pre-/post-removal). We used a log-linear regression model to evaluate changes in home range size. The most common prey were mule deer (55%), feral horses (32%), and coyotes (4%). Twenty-two of 29 lions consumed horses, although the rate of horse consumption was highly variable across individuals. Horses of both sexes and all age classes were predated. In contrast to predictions, our models detected no effect of removals on diet composition (βinteraction = 0.30 ± 1.1), nor did the removal influence home range size (βinteraction = 0.02 ± 0.02). Despite a 46% reduction in horse abundance, we found no evidence for prey-switching following the horse removal treatment. Removal magnitude, rapid horse immigration, and/or behavioral specialization of individual mountain lions may help explain these results. Our findings have important implications for mountain lion and feral horse management in arid environments characterized by high prey diversity, but low prey abundance.

非本地物种可通过影响本地捕食者与猎物之间的动态关系来影响生态系统。因此,旨在清除非本地物种的管理干预措施可能会无意中导致本地物种捕食量的增加。野马广泛分布于北美西部的干旱地区。越来越多的研究表明,在两者重叠的生态系统中,马可能是山狮的重要捕食物种。2020 年 12 月,美国内华达州德拉马尔山脉的土地管理局移除了 455 匹马。我们利用这一管理干预措施,实施了一项控制影响前后的研究,以检验有关马匹和本地有蹄类动物捕食的假设。我们预测:(1)在这一混合猎物群落中,马匹将成为食物的重要组成部分;(2)移除马匹后,马匹在食物中的比例将下降,而本地有蹄类动物的比例将上升;(3)与处理区域重叠的山狮家园范围将随着猎物可用性的下降而扩大。从 2018 年到 2022 年,我们调查了 29 只 GPS 定位的山狮的 1360 个集群,确定了 1056 种猎物。为了模拟捕食事件(猎杀)发生的概率,我们拟合了一个混合效应逻辑回归模型,将ungulate猎物作为狮子性别、处理区域(内/外)和处理时期(清除前/后)的函数。我们使用对数线性回归模型来评估家园范围大小的变化。最常见的猎物是骡鹿(55%)、野马(32%)和郊狼(4%)。29 头狮子中有 22 头食用马,但不同个体食用马的比例差异很大。被捕食的马有性别之分,也有年龄之分。与预测不同的是,我们的模型没有检测到迁移对食物组成的影响(β交互作用 = 0.30 ± 1.1),也没有检测到迁移对家园范围大小的影响(β交互作用 = 0.02 ± 0.02)。尽管马的数量减少了 46%,但我们没有发现马被移除后猎物发生变化的证据。移除马的程度、马的快速迁移和/或山狮个体的行为特化可能有助于解释这些结果。我们的研究结果对于在猎物多样性高但猎物丰度低的干旱环境中管理山狮和野马具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
Adapting to changing methodology in a long-term experiment 在长期实验中适应方法的变化
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4951
Katherine McNamara Manning, Julia Perrone, Stephanie Petrycki, Douglas A. Landis, Christie A. Bahlai

Long-term experiments are critical for understanding ecological processes, but their management comes with unique challenges. As time passes, projects may encounter unavoidable changes due to external factors, like availability of materials, affecting aspects of their research methodology. At the Kellogg Biological Station Long-Term Ecological Research Site, one of the many National Science Foundation-funded long-term research stations, a three-decade project recently experienced a supply-chain-induced change in insect sampling methodology in their lady beetle observation study. Since 1989, lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) have been sampled weekly over the growing season using yellow sticky cards. In 2021, the original sticky traps were discontinued by the manufacturer and replaced with a similar, but not identical trap. We conducted a 3-year study while the new traps were phased in to examine how the trap change would impact the observed biodiversity patterns at the site. We examined community metrics and individual taxa captures to examine within-year and between-year differences in performance between the card types. Overall, we noted several small but statistically detectable differences in capture patterns between the two trap types. After accounting for other sources of variation, we observed a difference in Shannon diversity of insects captured on the two card types, but not richness or abundance, for the overall insect community. Yet, these differences were dwarfed by the magnitude of difference observed between years within card types. For individual taxa, similar patterns held: between trap differences could be detected statistically, but the number of differences in capture rate between trap types was less than the number of differences observed for the same trap, between years. Thus, we conclude that while subtle changes in methodology could impact data produced in long-term experiments; in this case, the magnitude of this change is smaller than other factors such as time and plant treatment. However, if sustained changes in the capture rates of focal taxa are observed, future data users may use our observations to specifically quantify and correct for these shifting patterns related to the protocol change.

长期实验对于了解生态过程至关重要,但其管理也面临着独特的挑战。随着时间的推移,项目可能会遇到一些不可避免的变化,如材料供应等外部因素会影响其研究方法的各个方面。凯洛格生物站(Kellogg Biological Station)长期生态研究站是美国国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation)资助的众多长期研究站之一,最近,一个历时三十年的项目在瓢虫观察研究中经历了一次由供应链引起的昆虫取样方法的改变。自 1989 年以来,该项目在生长季节每周使用黄色粘卡对瓢虫(鞘翅目:茧甲科)进行取样。2021 年,生产商停止使用原来的粘性诱捕器,取而代之的是一种类似但不完全相同的诱捕器。在新诱捕器逐步投入使用期间,我们开展了一项为期 3 年的研究,以考察诱捕器的更换将如何影响该地点观察到的生物多样性模式。我们检查了群落指标和单个分类群的捕获量,以研究不同类型诱捕器在年内涵和年际涵上的性能差异。总体而言,我们注意到两种捕集器之间在捕获模式上存在一些微小但可统计检测的差异。在考虑了其他变异来源后,我们观察到两种捕虫卡捕获的昆虫香农多样性存在差异,但整体昆虫群落的丰富度或丰度并不存在差异。然而,与卡片类型中不同年份之间的差异相比,这些差异相形见绌。对于单个分类群而言,也存在类似的模式:从统计学角度可以发现不同捕集器之间存在差异,但不同捕集器之间捕获率的差异数量要少于同一捕集器在不同年份之间的差异数量。因此,我们得出结论:虽然方法上的细微变化可能会影响长期实验中产生的数据,但在这种情况下,这种变化的幅度要小于时间和植物处理等其他因素。不过,如果观察到重点类群的捕获率持续变化,未来的数据用户可以利用我们的观察结果,对这些与方法变化相关的变化模式进行具体量化和校正。
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引用次数: 0
The sunflower sea star reduces grazing rates of purple sea urchins dependent upon urchin starvation state 向日葵海星降低紫海胆的捕食率取决于海胆的饥饿状态
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4948
Ross Whippo, Sarah Gravem, Ethan Porter-Hughes, Aaron W. E. Galloway

Ecosystem function is maintained in part by direct species interactions, but indirect interactions and non-consumptive effects may be of equal ecological importance. Along the west coast of North America, the recent population collapse of the predatory sunflower sea star Pycnopodia helianthoides has been implicated in the proliferation of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, and a concurrent decline in kelp canopy cover in several locales. Recent work began to quantify the predation rates effects (i.e., direct consumptive effects) of Pycnopodia on sea urchins that may lead to density-mediated indirect effects on kelp. However, the importance of non-consumptive effects on urchin behavior and the possible trait-mediated indirect effects of Pycnopodia on kelp are not well understood. This leaves a critical gap in our knowledge about how these predators may be controlling grazer populations and, indirectly, primary production by macroalgae in nearshore habitats. We measured the non-consumptive behavioral effects of Pycnopodia on S. purpuratus in the laboratory including grazing rates, feeding behavior, and movement of starved versus fed urchins, the latter simulating urchin metabolic conditions within urchin barrens. We found that the presence of a waterborne Pycnopodia cue reduced the grazing rate of fed urchins by 50% over short (~24 h) time scales. In contrast, starved urchins consumed kelp and did not exhibit an escape response in the presence of a Pycnopodia cue. This study highlights a trait-mediated indirect interaction between Pycnopodia, S. purpuratus, and kelp, showing how the urchin response to a predator cue may differ based on urchin metabolic conditions or ecosystem state, and helps clarify the positive role of Pycnopodia on kelp forest health.

生态系统的功能部分是通过直接的物种相互作用来维持的,但间接的相互作用和非消耗性影响可能具有同等的生态重要性。在北美西海岸,捕食性向日葵海星(Pycnopodia helianthoides)最近的种群崩溃与紫海胆(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)的大量繁殖以及多个地区海带冠层覆盖率的同时下降有关。最近的工作开始量化 Pycnopodia 对海胆的捕食率效应(即直接消耗效应),这可能会导致密度对海带的间接影响。然而,我们对海胆行为的非消耗性效应的重要性以及 Pycnopodia 可能对海带产生的性状介导的间接效应还不甚了解。这使我们对这些掠食者可能如何控制食草动物种群以及间接控制近岸栖息地大型藻类初级生产的认识存在重大空白。我们在实验室测量了 Pycnopodia 对 S. purpuratus 的非消耗性行为影响,包括食草率、摄食行为以及饥饿海胆与摄食海胆的运动,后者模拟了海胆荒地中海胆的新陈代谢条件。我们发现,在短时间内(约 24 小时),水上 Pycnopodia 的存在会使吃饱的海胆的吃草率降低 50%。与此相反,饥饿的海胆在Pycnopodia的提示下食用海带,并没有表现出逃跑反应。这项研究强调了Pycnopodia、S. purpuratus和海带之间由性状介导的间接相互作用,显示了海胆对捕食者提示的反应可能因海胆代谢条件或生态系统状态而异,并有助于阐明Pycnopodia对海藻林健康的积极作用。
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引用次数: 0
Short-term grazing reduced community stability by decreasing community-wide asynchrony and dominant species stability 短期放牧降低了整个群落的不同步性和优势物种的稳定性,从而降低了群落的稳定性
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-21 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4872
Jie Hao, Huajie Diao, Yuan Su, Peidong Xu, Kuanhu Dong, Changhui Wang

The effects of grazing on natural grasslands' plant composition, diversity, and productivity depend on the intensity of grazing. Besides grazing intensity, animal composition is also important. However, whether and how sheep grazing intensity affects the temporal biomass stability of plant communities is unclear. Here, we conducted a 5-year grazing experiment to evaluate the effects of four grazing intensities on community biomass stability and the underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that the higher grazing intensity significantly decreased community biomass stability, community-wide asynchrony, functional groups asynchrony, dominant species stability, and species dominance, but did not affect species richness. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that grazing decreased community biomass stability by decreasing dominant species stability and community-wide asynchrony, which was attributable to the reduction in plant functional group asynchrony. Our results highlight the importance of functional group composition and dynamics in predicting the changes in community function in sheep grazing grassland ecosystems. Under continuous seasonal grazing conditions, the sustainable function and human services of grasslands in the agropastoral ecotone might decrease in the future.

放牧对天然草地植物组成、多样性和生产力的影响取决于放牧强度。除了放牧强度,动物组成也很重要。然而,绵羊的放牧强度是否以及如何影响植物群落的时间生物量稳定性尚不清楚。在此,我们进行了为期 5 年的放牧实验,以评估四种放牧强度对群落生物量稳定性的影响及其内在机制。结果表明,放牧强度越高,群落生物量稳定性、群落整体异步性、功能群异步性、优势种稳定性和物种优势度均显著降低,但不影响物种丰富度。结构方程模型的结果表明,放牧通过降低优势种稳定性和整个群落的异步性来降低群落生物量稳定性,而优势种稳定性和整个群落的异步性则归因于植物功能群异步性的降低。我们的研究结果凸显了功能群组成和动态对预测羊放牧草原生态系统群落功能变化的重要性。在持续季节性放牧条件下,未来农牧生态区草原的可持续功能和人类服务功能可能会下降。
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引用次数: 0
Trade-offs in habitat use and occupancy of bats across the gradient of urbanization and seasons 城市化和季节梯度对蝙蝠栖息地使用和占用的权衡
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4884
Jessie M. Dwyer, Marianne S. Moore, Jesse S. Lewis

Urbanization that occurs across a gradient from low- to high-density development, is a primary driver of landscape change that can affect biodiversity. Animals balance trade-offs in obtaining resources and avoiding anthropogenic disturbances across the gradient of urbanization to maximize their fitness. However, additional research is necessary to understand seasonal variations in how animals respond to urbanization, particularly in arid regions, where resource availability shifts drastically across seasons. Our objective was to evaluate the response of a suite of bat species to urbanization and whether species shift their response to urbanization across seasons. We predicted that the response of bats to urbanization would differ among species, with some species being more sensitive to urbanization than others. We also predicted that bat species would increase the use of moderate and highly urbanized areas in the summer season where food and water resources were assumed to be greater compared with wildland areas. To evaluate these predictions, we used a stratified random sampling design to sample 50 sites with stationary acoustic bat monitors across the gradient of urbanization in the Phoenix metropolitan area, Arizona, USA during four seasons. We identified a total of 14 bat species during 1000 survey nights. Consistent with predictions, bat species exhibited different responses to urbanization, with most species exhibiting a negative relationship with urbanization, and some species exhibiting a quadratic or positive relationship with urbanization. Counter to predictions, most species did not appear to shift their response to urbanization across seasons. Consistent with predictions, plant productivity and water were important for some species in the summer season. Differences in the response of bat species to urbanization was likely related to species traits (e.g., wing morphology and echolocation call characteristics) and behavioral strategies that influence a species' sensitivity to anthropogenic disturbances and ability to access available resources in urbanized areas. Ultimately, to promote the management and conservation of bats, it is likely important to maintain resources in urbanized areas for bats that are more tolerant of urbanization and to conserve areas of undeveloped high-quality habitat with low anthropogenic disturbance in wildland areas for bats that are sensitive to urbanization.

从低密度发展到高密度发展的梯度城市化是影响生物多样性的景观变化的主要驱动力。在城市化的梯度中,动物在获取资源和避免人为干扰之间进行权衡,以最大限度地提高其适应能力。然而,要了解动物如何应对城市化的季节性变化,还需要进行更多的研究,尤其是在干旱地区,因为那里的资源可用性在不同季节会发生急剧变化。我们的目标是评估一系列蝙蝠物种对城市化的反应,以及这些物种对城市化的反应是否会在不同季节发生变化。我们预测,不同物种的蝙蝠对城市化的反应会有所不同,有些物种比其他物种对城市化更敏感。我们还预测,在夏季,蝙蝠物种会增加对中度和高度城市化地区的使用,因为与野外地区相比,这些地区的食物和水资源被认为更丰富。为了评估这些预测,我们采用了分层随机抽样设计,在美国亚利桑那州凤凰城都市区的城市化梯度上,在四个季节对 50 个安装了固定声学蝙蝠监测器的地点进行了抽样调查。在 1000 个调查夜中,我们共发现了 14 种蝙蝠。与预测一致,蝙蝠物种对城市化表现出不同的反应,大多数物种表现出与城市化的负相关,一些物种表现出与城市化的二次或正相关。与预测相反,大多数物种对城市化的反应在不同季节似乎没有变化。与预测一致的是,植物生产力和水对某些物种来说在夏季很重要。蝙蝠物种对城市化反应的差异可能与物种特征(如翅膀形态和回声定位呼叫特征)和行为策略有关,这些特征和策略会影响物种对人为干扰的敏感性以及在城市化地区获取可用资源的能力。最终,为了促进蝙蝠的管理和保护,重要的可能是在城市化地区为更能忍受城市化的蝙蝠保留资源,在野外为对城市化敏感的蝙蝠保留未开发的、人为干扰少的高质量栖息地。
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引用次数: 0
A cautionary message on combining physiological thermal limits with macroclimatic data to predict species distribution 将生理热极限与宏观气候数据结合起来预测物种分布的警示信息
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4931
Mathieu Chevalier, Vincent Pignard, Olivier Broennimann, Antoine Guisan

Macroclimatic data are widely used to estimate the realized environmental niche of species and predict the current or the future spatial distribution of species. Because the realized niche is a subset of the fundamental niche—constrained by biotic interactions and dispersal limitations—proxies of the fundamental niche (e.g., thermal limits obtained from physiological experiments) are sometimes combined with macroclimatic data under the assumption that areas predicted as unsuitable from a realized niche perspective may belong to the species' fundamental niche. However, it is unclear whether this assumption is valid and whether thermal limits can be combined with macroclimatic data. Here, we explored these questions using available physiological thermal limits measured for 151 ectotherms. Specifically, we explored whether physiological thermal limits are larger than observed (realized) thermal limits measured using macroclimatic data, and what would be the effect of considering the physiological niche in addition to the realized niche for current and future predictions. Our results confirm previously raised concerns, as physiological limits can delimit a narrower range of thermal tolerance than the realized niche, particularly at the cold end of the thermal gradient where adaptive and/or facilitative mechanisms could allow species to survive in temperatures below physiological limits. These findings show that combining data on physiological thermal limits with macroclimatic data is dubious and that spatial predictions should be interpreted with caution because data on physiological thermal limits do not fit well with macroclimatic data that do not capture the conditions that organisms experience in the wild. While estimated physiological thermal limits are likely of value to complement species distribution studies, they are likely more useful in biophysical models that account for additional processes including the animal's behavior.

宏观气候数据被广泛用于估算物种的实际环境生态位和预测物种当前或未来的空间分布。由于已实现的生态位是基本生态位的一个子集--受到生物相互作用和扩散限制的制约--基本生态位的代用指标(如从生理实验中获得的热极限)有时会与宏观气候数据相结合,其假设是,从已实现的生态位角度预测为不适宜的区域可能属于物种的基本生态位。然而,目前还不清楚这一假设是否成立,也不清楚热极限是否可以与宏观气候数据相结合。在此,我们利用现有的 151 种外温带动物的生理热极限数据对这些问题进行了探讨。具体来说,我们探讨了生理热极限是否大于利用宏观气候数据测得的观测(实现)热极限,以及在当前和未来预测中除了考虑实现热极限外,还考虑生理生态位会产生什么影响。我们的研究结果证实了之前提出的担忧,因为生理极限可以划定比实际生态位更窄的热耐受范围,特别是在热梯度的低温端,适应和/或促进机制可以使物种在低于生理极限的温度下生存。这些研究结果表明,将生理热极限数据与宏观气候数据结合起来是值得怀疑的,空间预测应谨慎解释,因为生理热极限数据与宏观气候数据不能很好地匹配,而宏观气候数据并不能反映生物在野外经历的条件。虽然估计的生理热极限可能对物种分布研究具有补充价值,但它们在考虑了包括动物行为在内的其他过程的生物物理模型中可能更有用。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of burrowing crabs on coastal sediments and their functions: A systematic meta-analysis 穴居蟹对沿海沉积物及其功能的影响:系统荟萃分析
IF 2.7 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4927
Shelby A. Rinehart, Jacob M. Dybiec, Janet B. Walker, Lance Simpson, Julia A. Cherry

Burrowing ecosystem engineers, such as termites, crabs, marmots, and foxes, can profoundly affect the biological structure and ecosystem functions of their environments. However, the relative importance of the effects of burrowing engineers on sediments are challenging to predict and are expected to be influenced by engineer density, engineer functional traits (e.g., burrow morphology), and environmental conditions (e.g., geomorphology, vegetation presence). To develop robust hypotheses predicting the impacts of burrowing ecosystem engineers, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis evaluating the effects of burrowing crabs on sediment properties, nutrient stocks, and ecosystem functions in soft-sediment coastal habitats (e.g., salt marshes, mangrove forests, tidal flats). Additionally, we tested the impacts of crab burrow density, burrowing crab superfamily (a proxy for crab burrow morphology and diet), and biotic conditions (i.e., vegetation) on the effects of burrowing crab engineers on coastal sediments. Burrowing crabs rework and oxygenate sediments and accelerate rates of nutrient cycling (i.e., nitrification and CO2 flux). However, the magnitude and direction of burrowing crab effects depend on burrowing crab superfamily, the presence of vegetation, and their interaction. Crab burrow density did not consistently predict burrowing engineer effects on sediments. Future efforts need to focus on implementing rigorous manipulative experiments to assess crab ecosystem engineering effects, since methodological variation has hindered efforts to generalize their effects. Our findings suggest that crab engineering effects are predictable across environmental contexts, and understanding the context dependency of crab engineering effects may promote the management and restoration of the critical ecosystem services that are mediated by crab engineers.

穴居生态系统工程师,如白蚁、螃蟹、旱獭和狐狸,可对其所处环境的生物结构和生态系统功能产生深远影响。然而,穴居工程动物对沉积物影响的相对重要性很难预测,预计会受到工程动物密度、工程动物功能特征(如穴居形态)和环境条件(如地貌、植被)的影响。为了提出预测穴居生态系统工程师影响的可靠假设,我们进行了系统的荟萃分析,评估了穴居蟹对软沉积物沿岸生境(如盐沼、红树林、滩涂)的沉积物性质、营养物质储量和生态系统功能的影响。此外,我们还测试了螃蟹洞穴密度、螃蟹超科(螃蟹洞穴形态和食性的代表)和生物条件(即植被)对螃蟹工程师对沿岸沉积物的影响。穴居蟹能使沉积物再加工和充氧,并加速营养循环(即硝化作用和二氧化碳通量)。然而,穴居蟹效应的大小和方向取决于穴居蟹超科、植被的存在以及它们之间的相互作用。螃蟹洞穴密度并不能一致地预测穴居工程师对沉积物的影响。由于方法上的差异阻碍了对螃蟹生态系统工程效应的推广,因此未来的工作需要侧重于实施严格的操作实验来评估螃蟹生态系统工程效应。我们的研究结果表明,河蟹工程效应在不同的环境背景下都是可预测的,了解河蟹工程效应的环境依赖性可促进对河蟹工程介导的关键生态系统服务的管理和恢复。
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引用次数: 0
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Ecosphere
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