Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083952
Eóin O'Hara, André L A Neves, Yang Song, Le Luo Guan
Ruminant production systems face significant challenges currently, driven by heightened awareness of their negative environmental impact and the rapidly rising global population. Recent findings have underscored how the composition and function of the rumen microbiome are associated with economically valuable traits, including feed efficiency and methane emission. Although omics-based technological advances in the last decade have revolutionized our understanding of host-associated microbial communities, there remains incongruence over the correct approach for analysis of large omic data sets. A global approach that examines host/microbiome interactions in both the rumen and the lower digestive tract is required to harness the full potential of the gastrointestinal microbiome for sustainable ruminant production. This review highlights how the ruminant animal production community may identify and exploit the causal relationships between the gut microbiome and host traits of interest for a practical application of omic data to animal health and production.
{"title":"The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cattle Production and Health: Driver or Passenger?","authors":"Eóin O'Hara, André L A Neves, Yang Song, Le Luo Guan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083952","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ruminant production systems face significant challenges currently, driven by heightened awareness of their negative environmental impact and the rapidly rising global population. Recent findings have underscored how the composition and function of the rumen microbiome are associated with economically valuable traits, including feed efficiency and methane emission. Although omics-based technological advances in the last decade have revolutionized our understanding of host-associated microbial communities, there remains incongruence over the correct approach for analysis of large omic data sets. A global approach that examines host/microbiome interactions in both the rumen and the lower digestive tract is required to harness the full potential of the gastrointestinal microbiome for sustainable ruminant production. This review highlights how the ruminant animal production community may identify and exploit the causal relationships between the gut microbiome and host traits of interest for a practical application of omic data to animal health and production.</p>","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083952","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37653581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083634
O. Ortega-Recalde, A. Goikoetxea, T. Hore, E. Todd, N. Gemmell
Fish show extraordinary sexual plasticity, changing sex naturally as part of their life cycle or reversing sex because of environmental stressors. This plasticity shows that sexual fate is not an irreversible process but the result of an ongoing tug-of-war for supremacy between male and female signaling networks. The behavioral, gonadal, and morphological changes involved in this process are well described, yet the molecular events that underpin those changes remain poorly understood. Epigenetic modifications emerge as a critical link between environmental stimuli, the onset of sex change, and subsequent maintenance of sexual phenotype. Here we synthesize current knowledge of sex change, focusing on the genetic and epigenetic processes that are likely involved in the initiation and regulation of sex change. We anticipate that better understanding of sex change in fish will shed new light on sex determination and development in vertebrates and on how environmental perturbations affect sexual fate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"The Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Change in Fish.","authors":"O. Ortega-Recalde, A. Goikoetxea, T. Hore, E. Todd, N. Gemmell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083634","url":null,"abstract":"Fish show extraordinary sexual plasticity, changing sex naturally as part of their life cycle or reversing sex because of environmental stressors. This plasticity shows that sexual fate is not an irreversible process but the result of an ongoing tug-of-war for supremacy between male and female signaling networks. The behavioral, gonadal, and morphological changes involved in this process are well described, yet the molecular events that underpin those changes remain poorly understood. Epigenetic modifications emerge as a critical link between environmental stimuli, the onset of sex change, and subsequent maintenance of sexual phenotype. Here we synthesize current knowledge of sex change, focusing on the genetic and epigenetic processes that are likely involved in the initiation and regulation of sex change. We anticipate that better understanding of sex change in fish will shed new light on sex determination and development in vertebrates and on how environmental perturbations affect sexual fate. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083634","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47953713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115142
Douglas Burrin, Per Torp Sangild, Barbara Stoll, Thomas Thymann, Randal Buddington, Juan Marini, Oluyinka Olutoye, Robert J Shulman
Pigs are increasingly important animals for modeling human pediatric nutrition and gastroenterology and complementing mechanistic studies in rodents. The comparative advantages in size and physiology of the neonatal pig have led to new translational and clinically relevant models of important diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in premature infants. Studies in pigs have established the essential roles of prematurity, microbial colonization, and enteral nutrition in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Studies in neonatal pigs have demonstrated the intestinal trophic effects of akey gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), and its role in the intestinal adaptation process and efficacy in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Further, pigs have been instrumental in elucidating the physiology of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and the means by which phytosterols, fibroblast growth factor 19, and a new generation of lipid emulsions may modify disease. The premature pig will continue to be a valuable model in the development of optimal infant diets (donor human milk, colostrum), specific milk bioactives (arginine, growth factors), gut microbiota modifiers (pre-, pro-, and antibiotics), pharmaceutical drugs (GLP-2 analogs, FXR agonists), and novel diagnostic tools (near-infrared spectroscopy) to prevent and treat these pediatric diseases.
{"title":"Translational Advances in Pediatric Nutrition and Gastroenterology: New Insights from Pig Models.","authors":"Douglas Burrin, Per Torp Sangild, Barbara Stoll, Thomas Thymann, Randal Buddington, Juan Marini, Oluyinka Olutoye, Robert J Shulman","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pigs are increasingly important animals for modeling human pediatric nutrition and gastroenterology and complementing mechanistic studies in rodents. The comparative advantages in size and physiology of the neonatal pig have led to new translational and clinically relevant models of important diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver in premature infants. Studies in pigs have established the essential roles of prematurity, microbial colonization, and enteral nutrition in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis. Studies in neonatal pigs have demonstrated the intestinal trophic effects of akey gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), and its role in the intestinal adaptation process and efficacy in the treatment of short bowel syndrome. Further, pigs have been instrumental in elucidating the physiology of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease and the means by which phytosterols, fibroblast growth factor 19, and a new generation of lipid emulsions may modify disease. The premature pig will continue to be a valuable model in the development of optimal infant diets (donor human milk, colostrum), specific milk bioactives (arginine, growth factors), gut microbiota modifiers (pre-, pro-, and antibiotics), pharmaceutical drugs (GLP-2 analogs, FXR agonists), and novel diagnostic tools (near-infrared spectroscopy) to prevent and treat these pediatric diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37653582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083944
S. O’Brien
This narrative is a personal view of adventures in genetic science and society that have blessed my life and career across five decades. The advances I enjoyed and the lessons I learned derive from educational training, substantial collaboration, and growing up in the genomics age. I parse the stories into six research disciplines my students, fellows, and colleagues have entered and, in some cases, made an important difference. The first is comparative genetics, where evolutionary inference is applied to genome organization, from building gene maps in the 1970s to building whole genome sequences today. The second area tracks the progression of molecular evolutionary advances and applications to resolve the hierarchical relationship among living species in the silence of prehistory. The third endeavor outlines the birth and maturation of genetic studies and application to species conservation. The fourth theme discusses how emerging viruses studied in a genomic sense opened our eyes to host-pathogen interaction and interdependence. The fifth research emphasis outlines the population genetic-based search and discovery of human restriction genes that influence the epidemiological outcome of abrupt outbreaks, notably HIV-AIDS and several cancers. Finally, the last arena explored illustrates how genetic individualization in human and animals has improved forensic evidence in capital crimes. Each discipline has intuitive and technological overlaps, and each has benefitted from the contribution of genetic and genomic principles I learned so long ago from Drosophila. The journey continues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"A Beautiful Life: High Risk-High Payoff in Genetic Science.","authors":"S. O’Brien","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083944","url":null,"abstract":"This narrative is a personal view of adventures in genetic science and society that have blessed my life and career across five decades. The advances I enjoyed and the lessons I learned derive from educational training, substantial collaboration, and growing up in the genomics age. I parse the stories into six research disciplines my students, fellows, and colleagues have entered and, in some cases, made an important difference. The first is comparative genetics, where evolutionary inference is applied to genome organization, from building gene maps in the 1970s to building whole genome sequences today. The second area tracks the progression of molecular evolutionary advances and applications to resolve the hierarchical relationship among living species in the silence of prehistory. The third endeavor outlines the birth and maturation of genetic studies and application to species conservation. The fourth theme discusses how emerging viruses studied in a genomic sense opened our eyes to host-pathogen interaction and interdependence. The fifth research emphasis outlines the population genetic-based search and discovery of human restriction genes that influence the epidemiological outcome of abrupt outbreaks, notably HIV-AIDS and several cancers. Finally, the last arena explored illustrates how genetic individualization in human and animals has improved forensic evidence in capital crimes. Each discipline has intuitive and technological overlaps, and each has benefitted from the contribution of genetic and genomic principles I learned so long ago from Drosophila. The journey continues. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083944","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45620668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-19DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083741
L. Dixon, K. Ståhl, F. Jori, L. Vial, D. Pfeiffer
African swine fever is a devastating disease that can result in death in almost all infected pigs. The continuing spread of African swine fever from Africa to Europe and recently to the high-pig production countries of China and others in Southeast Asia threatens global pork production and food security. The African swine fever virus is an unusual complex DNA virus and is not related to other viruses. This has presented challenges for vaccine development, and currently none is available. The virus is extremely well adapted to replicate in its hosts in the sylvatic cycle in East and South Africa. Its spread to other regions, with different wildlife hosts, climatic conditions, and pig production systems, has revealed unexpected epidemiological scenarios and different challenges for control. Here we review the epidemiology of African swine fever in these different scenarios and methods used for control. We also discuss progress toward vaccine development and research priorities to better understand this complex disease and improve control. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"African Swine Fever Epidemiology and Control.","authors":"L. Dixon, K. Ståhl, F. Jori, L. Vial, D. Pfeiffer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083741","url":null,"abstract":"African swine fever is a devastating disease that can result in death in almost all infected pigs. The continuing spread of African swine fever from Africa to Europe and recently to the high-pig production countries of China and others in Southeast Asia threatens global pork production and food security. The African swine fever virus is an unusual complex DNA virus and is not related to other viruses. This has presented challenges for vaccine development, and currently none is available. The virus is extremely well adapted to replicate in its hosts in the sylvatic cycle in East and South Africa. Its spread to other regions, with different wildlife hosts, climatic conditions, and pig production systems, has revealed unexpected epidemiological scenarios and different challenges for control. Here we review the epidemiology of African swine fever in these different scenarios and methods used for control. We also discuss progress toward vaccine development and research priorities to better understand this complex disease and improve control. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083741","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45076347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083913
M. Hanigan, V. L. Daley
To feed people in the coming decades, an increase in sustainable animal food production is required. The efficiency of the global food production system is dependent on the knowledge and improvement of its submodels, such as food animal production. Scientists use statistical models to interpret their data, but models are also used to understand systems and to integrate their components. However, empirical models cannot explain systems. Mechanistic models yield insight into the mechanism and provide guidance regarding the exploration of the system. This review offers an overview of models, from simple empirical to more mechanistic models. We demonstrate their applications to amino acid transport, mass balance, whole-tissue metabolism, digestion and absorption, growth curves, lactation, and nutrient excretion. These mechanistic models need to be integrated into a full model using big data from sensors, which represents a new challenge. Soon, training in quantitative and computer science skills will be required to develop, test, and maintain advanced food system models. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Use of Mechanistic Nutrition Models to Identify Sustainable Food Animal Production.","authors":"M. Hanigan, V. L. Daley","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083913","url":null,"abstract":"To feed people in the coming decades, an increase in sustainable animal food production is required. The efficiency of the global food production system is dependent on the knowledge and improvement of its submodels, such as food animal production. Scientists use statistical models to interpret their data, but models are also used to understand systems and to integrate their components. However, empirical models cannot explain systems. Mechanistic models yield insight into the mechanism and provide guidance regarding the exploration of the system. This review offers an overview of models, from simple empirical to more mechanistic models. We demonstrate their applications to amino acid transport, mass balance, whole-tissue metabolism, digestion and absorption, growth curves, lactation, and nutrient excretion. These mechanistic models need to be integrated into a full model using big data from sensors, which represents a new challenge. Soon, training in quantitative and computer science skills will be required to develop, test, and maintain advanced food system models. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45288788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083841
R. Alberio
Early embryogenesis is characterized by the segregation of cell lineages that fulfill critical roles in the establishment of pregnancy and development of the fetus. The formation of the blastocyst marks the emergence of extraembryonic precursors, needed for implantation, and of pluripotent cells, which differentiate toward the major lineages of the adult organism. The coordinated emergence of these cell types shows that these processes are broadly conserved in mammals. However, developmental heterochrony and changes in gene regulatory networks highlight unique evolutionary adaptations that may explain the diversity in placentation and in the mechanisms controlling pluripotency in mammals. The incorporation of new technologies, including single-cell omics, imaging, and gene editing, is instrumental for comparative embryology. Broadening the knowledge of mammalian embryology will provide new insights into the mechanisms driving evolution and development. This knowledge can be readily translated into biomedical and biotechnological applications in humans and livestock, respectively. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Regulation of Cell Fate Decisions in Early Mammalian Embryos.","authors":"R. Alberio","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083841","url":null,"abstract":"Early embryogenesis is characterized by the segregation of cell lineages that fulfill critical roles in the establishment of pregnancy and development of the fetus. The formation of the blastocyst marks the emergence of extraembryonic precursors, needed for implantation, and of pluripotent cells, which differentiate toward the major lineages of the adult organism. The coordinated emergence of these cell types shows that these processes are broadly conserved in mammals. However, developmental heterochrony and changes in gene regulatory networks highlight unique evolutionary adaptations that may explain the diversity in placentation and in the mechanisms controlling pluripotency in mammals. The incorporation of new technologies, including single-cell omics, imaging, and gene editing, is instrumental for comparative embryology. Broadening the knowledge of mammalian embryology will provide new insights into the mechanisms driving evolution and development. This knowledge can be readily translated into biomedical and biotechnological applications in humans and livestock, respectively. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47998518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083617
R. Waples, Kerry A. Naish, C. Primmer
Salmon were among the first nonmodel species for which systematic population genetic studies of natural populations were conducted, often to support management and conservation. The genomics revolution has improved our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of salmon in two major ways: (a) Large increases in the numbers of genetic markers (from dozens to 104-106) provide greater power for traditional analyses, such as the delineation of population structure, hybridization, and population assignment, and (b) qualitatively new insights that were not possible with traditional genetic methods can be achieved by leveraging detailed information about the structure and function of the genome. Studies of the first type have been more common to date, largely because it has taken time for the necessary tools to be developed to fully understand the complex salmon genome. We expect that the next decade will witness many new studies that take full advantage of salmonid genomic resources. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Conservation and Management of Salmon in the Age of Genomics.","authors":"R. Waples, Kerry A. Naish, C. Primmer","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083617","url":null,"abstract":"Salmon were among the first nonmodel species for which systematic population genetic studies of natural populations were conducted, often to support management and conservation. The genomics revolution has improved our understanding of the evolutionary ecology of salmon in two major ways: (a) Large increases in the numbers of genetic markers (from dozens to 104-106) provide greater power for traditional analyses, such as the delineation of population structure, hybridization, and population assignment, and (b) qualitatively new insights that were not possible with traditional genetic methods can be achieved by leveraging detailed information about the structure and function of the genome. Studies of the first type have been more common to date, largely because it has taken time for the necessary tools to be developed to fully understand the complex salmon genome. We expect that the next decade will witness many new studies that take full advantage of salmonid genomic resources. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083617","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42885481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-08DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083626
C. Modahl, R. K. Brahma, C. Koh, N. Shioi, N. Shioi, R. Kini
Snake venoms are primarily composed of proteins and peptides, and these toxins have developed high selectivity to their biological targets. This makes venoms interesting for exploration into protein evolution and structure-function relationships. A single venom protein superfamily can exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects; these variations in activity originate from differences in functional sites, domains, posttranslational modifications, and the formations of toxin complexes. In this review, we discuss examples of how the major venom protein superfamilies have diversified, as well as how newer technologies in the omics fields, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, can be used to characterize both known and unknown toxins. Because toxins are bioactive molecules with a rich diversity of activities, they can be useful as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and successful examples of toxin applications in these areas are also reviewed. With the current rapid pace of technology, snake venom research and its applications will only continue to expand. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"Omics Technologies for Profiling Toxin Diversity and Evolution in Snake Venom: Impacts on the Discovery of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents.","authors":"C. Modahl, R. K. Brahma, C. Koh, N. Shioi, N. Shioi, R. Kini","doi":"10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083626","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083626","url":null,"abstract":"Snake venoms are primarily composed of proteins and peptides, and these toxins have developed high selectivity to their biological targets. This makes venoms interesting for exploration into protein evolution and structure-function relationships. A single venom protein superfamily can exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects; these variations in activity originate from differences in functional sites, domains, posttranslational modifications, and the formations of toxin complexes. In this review, we discuss examples of how the major venom protein superfamilies have diversified, as well as how newer technologies in the omics fields, such as genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, can be used to characterize both known and unknown toxins. Because toxins are bioactive molecules with a rich diversity of activities, they can be useful as therapeutic and diagnostic agents, and successful examples of toxin applications in these areas are also reviewed. With the current rapid pace of technology, snake venom research and its applications will only continue to expand. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 8 is February 15, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-animal-021419-083626","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45303228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-02-15DOI: 10.1146/annurev-av-07-120518-100001
R Michael Roberts, Harris Lewin
{"title":"Introduction.","authors":"R Michael Roberts, Harris Lewin","doi":"10.1146/annurev-av-07-120518-100001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-av-07-120518-100001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":48953,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Animal Biosciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-av-07-120518-100001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37124097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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