In this paper we review the resonance conditions of periodic indentations in metallic layers and evaluate their potential for surface sensing of analytes. A review of significant contributions of nanohole arrays for sensing is presented in a first section. It is then followed by a theoretical analysis of their optical properties using coupled mode theory and an evaluation of their potential for sensing. The sensitivity, resolution, and field distribution are presented as a function of the different parameters of the metal film (periodicity, hole size, and thickness) to determine the optimal design for sensing. The focus of this paper is made on 1-D nanoslit arrays and 2-D square nanohole arrays to identify general considerations regarding sensing experiments using these types of structure. We include a MATLAB user interface, also available as a standalone application, that plots the transmission and reflection spectrum as well as the field distribution of nanohole arrays.
{"title":"Sensing with periodic nanohole arrays","authors":"André-Pierre Blanchard-Dionne, M. Meunier","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000891","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we review the resonance conditions of periodic indentations in metallic layers and evaluate their potential for surface sensing of analytes. A review of significant contributions of nanohole arrays for sensing is presented in a first section. It is then followed by a theoretical analysis of their optical properties using coupled mode theory and an evaluation of their potential for sensing. The sensitivity, resolution, and field distribution are presented as a function of the different parameters of the metal film (periodicity, hole size, and thickness) to determine the optimal design for sensing. The focus of this paper is made on 1-D nanoslit arrays and 2-D square nanohole arrays to identify general considerations regarding sensing experiments using these types of structure. We include a MATLAB user interface, also available as a standalone application, that plots the transmission and reflection spectrum as well as the field distribution of nanohole arrays.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"891-940"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46206251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
High- and ultrahigh-Q whispering-gallery mode resonators have the capability to trap photons by total internal reflection for a duration ranging from nanoseconds to milliseconds. These exceptionally long photon lifetimes enhance the light–matter interactions at all scales, namely at the electronic, molecular, and lattice levels. As a consequence, nonlinear photon scattering can be triggered with very low threshold powers, down to a few microwatts. The possibility to efficiently harness photon–photon interactions with a system optimizing size, weight, power, and cost constraints has created a new, quickly thriving research area in photonics science and technology. This topic is inherently cross-disciplinary, as it stands at the intersection of nonlinear and quantum optics, crystallography, optoelectronics, and microwave photonics. From a fundamental perspective, high-Q whispering-gallery mode resonators have emerged as an ideal platform to investigate light–matter interactions in nonlinear bulk materials. From an applied viewpoint, technological applications include time-metrology, aerospace engineering, coherent optical fiber communications, or nonclassical light generation, among others. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the most recent advances in this area, which is increasingly gaining importance in contemporary photonics.
{"title":"Nonlinear photonics with high-Q whispering-gallery-mode resonators","authors":"G. Lin, A. Coillet, Y. Chembo","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000828","url":null,"abstract":"High- and ultrahigh-Q whispering-gallery mode resonators have the capability to trap photons by total internal reflection for a duration ranging from nanoseconds to milliseconds. These exceptionally long photon lifetimes enhance the light–matter interactions at all scales, namely at the electronic, molecular, and lattice levels. As a consequence, nonlinear photon scattering can be triggered with very low threshold powers, down to a few microwatts. The possibility to efficiently harness photon–photon interactions with a system optimizing size, weight, power, and cost constraints has created a new, quickly thriving research area in photonics science and technology. This topic is inherently cross-disciplinary, as it stands at the intersection of nonlinear and quantum optics, crystallography, optoelectronics, and microwave photonics. From a fundamental perspective, high-Q whispering-gallery mode resonators have emerged as an ideal platform to investigate light–matter interactions in nonlinear bulk materials. From an applied viewpoint, technological applications include time-metrology, aerospace engineering, coherent optical fiber communications, or nonclassical light generation, among others. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the most recent advances in this area, which is increasingly gaining importance in contemporary photonics.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"828-890"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43729332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Composites consisting of metal nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in dielectric media may present large nonlinear optical response due to electronic transitions in the NPs. When the metal NPs are suspended in liquids or embedded in solid substrates, the obtained composites may present high-order optical nonlinearities (HON) beyond the third-order nonlinearity, usually studied for most materials. Moreover, it is observed that the magnitude and phase of the effective high-order susceptibilities can be controlled by adjusting the light intensity, I, and the volume filling fraction, f, occupied by the NPs. Therefore, the sensitivity to the values of I and f allowed the development of a nonlinearity management procedure for investigation and control of various phenomena, such as self- and cross-phase modulation, spatial modulation instability, as well as bright and vortex solitons stabilization, in media presenting relevant third-, fifth-, and seventh-order susceptibilities. As a consequence, it is reviewed in this paper how the exploitation of HON in metal–dielectric nanocomposites may reveal new ways for optimization of all-optical switching devices, light-by-light guiding, as well as the control of solitons propagation for long distances. Also, theoretical proposals and experimental works by several authors are reviewed that may open the possibility to identify new high-order phenomena by applying the nonlinearity management procedure. Therefore, the paper is focused on the properties of metal nanocomposites and demonstrates that these plasmonic composites are versatile platforms for high-order nonlinear optical studies.
{"title":"High-order optical nonlinearities in plasmonic nanocomposites—a review","authors":"Albert S. Reyna, C. Araújo","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000720","url":null,"abstract":"Composites consisting of metal nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in dielectric media may present large nonlinear optical response due to electronic transitions in the NPs. When the metal NPs are suspended in liquids or embedded in solid substrates, the obtained composites may present high-order optical nonlinearities (HON) beyond the third-order nonlinearity, usually studied for most materials. Moreover, it is observed that the magnitude and phase of the effective high-order susceptibilities can be controlled by adjusting the light intensity, I, and the volume filling fraction, f, occupied by the NPs. Therefore, the sensitivity to the values of I and f allowed the development of a nonlinearity management procedure for investigation and control of various phenomena, such as self- and cross-phase modulation, spatial modulation instability, as well as bright and vortex solitons stabilization, in media presenting relevant third-, fifth-, and seventh-order susceptibilities. As a consequence, it is reviewed in this paper how the exploitation of HON in metal–dielectric nanocomposites may reveal new ways for optimization of all-optical switching devices, light-by-light guiding, as well as the control of solitons propagation for long distances. Also, theoretical proposals and experimental works by several authors are reviewed that may open the possibility to identify new high-order phenomena by applying the nonlinearity management procedure. Therefore, the paper is focused on the properties of metal nanocomposites and demonstrates that these plasmonic composites are versatile platforms for high-order nonlinear optical studies.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"720-774"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000720","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47209942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The procedure of stimulated-Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), one of many well-established techniques for quantum-state manipulation, finds widespread application in chemistry, physics, and information processing. Numerous reviews discuss these applications, the history of its development, and some of the underlying physics. This tutorial supplies material useful as background for the STIRAP reviews as well as related techniques for adiabatic manipulation of quantum structures, with emphasis on the theory and simulation rather than on experimental results. It particularly emphasizes the picturing of behavior in various abstract vector spaces, wherein torque equations offer intuition about adiabatic changes. Appendices provide brief explanations of related coherent-excitation topics and useful evaluations of relative strengths of coherent transitions—the Rabi frequencies—involving Zeeman sublevels.
{"title":"Picturing stimulated Raman adiabatic passage: a STIRAP tutorial","authors":"B. Shore","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000563","url":null,"abstract":"The procedure of stimulated-Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), one of many well-established techniques for quantum-state manipulation, finds widespread application in chemistry, physics, and information processing. Numerous reviews discuss these applications, the history of its development, and some of the underlying physics. This tutorial supplies material useful as background for the STIRAP reviews as well as related techniques for adiabatic manipulation of quantum structures, with emphasis on the theory and simulation rather than on experimental results. It particularly emphasizes the picturing of behavior in various abstract vector spaces, wherein torque equations offer intuition about adiabatic changes. Appendices provide brief explanations of related coherent-excitation topics and useful evaluations of relative strengths of coherent transitions—the Rabi frequencies—involving Zeeman sublevels.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"563-719"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000563","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46483057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ellis, M. McCarthy, M. Al-Khateeb, M. Sorokina, N. Doran
In this paper, we review the historical evolution of predictions of the performance of optical communication systems. We will describe how such predictions were made from the outset of research in laser based optical communications and how they have evolved to their present form, accurately predicting the performance of coherently detected communication systems.
{"title":"Performance limits in optical communications due to fiber nonlinearity","authors":"A. Ellis, M. McCarthy, M. Al-Khateeb, M. Sorokina, N. Doran","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000429","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we review the historical evolution of predictions of the performance of optical communication systems. We will describe how such predictions were made from the outset of research in laser based optical communications and how they have evolved to their present form, accurately predicting the performance of coherently detected communication systems.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"429-503"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000429","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41817848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Negative curvature fibers: publisher’s note","authors":"Chengli Wei, R. J. Weiblen, C. Menyuk, Jonathan Hu","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000562","url":null,"abstract":"This publisher’s note corrects a sentence in the second paragraph of p. 528 [Adv. Opt. Photon.9, 504 (2017)AOPAC71943-820610.1364/AOP.9.000504].","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"562-562"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45323631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-30DOI: 10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.C.3840838.V1
Chengli Wei, R. J. Weiblen, C. Menyuk, Jonathan Hu
We describe the history, guiding mechanism, recent advances, applications, and future prospects for hollow-core negative curvature fibers. We first review one-dimensional slab waveguides, two-dimensional annular core fibers, and negative curvature tube lattice fibers to illustrate the inhibited coupling guiding mechanism. Antiresonance in the glass at the core boundary and a wavenumber mismatch between the core and cladding modes inhibit coupling between the modes and have led to remarkably low loss in negative curvature fibers. We also summarize recent advances in negative curvature fibers that improve the performance of the fibers, including negative curvature that increases confinement, gaps between tubes that increase confinement and bandwidth, additional tubes that decrease mode coupling, tube structures that suppress higher-order modes, nested tubes that increase guidance, and tube parameters that decrease bend loss. Recent applications of negative curvature fibers are also presented, including mid-infrared fiber lasers, micromachining, and surgical procedures. At the end, we discuss the future prospects for negative curvature fibers.
{"title":"Negative curvature fibers","authors":"Chengli Wei, R. J. Weiblen, C. Menyuk, Jonathan Hu","doi":"10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.C.3840838.V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.C.3840838.V1","url":null,"abstract":"We describe the history, guiding mechanism, recent advances, applications, and future prospects for hollow-core negative curvature fibers. We first review one-dimensional slab waveguides, two-dimensional annular core fibers, and negative curvature tube lattice fibers to illustrate the inhibited coupling guiding mechanism. Antiresonance in the glass at the core boundary and a wavenumber mismatch between the core and cladding modes inhibit coupling between the modes and have led to remarkably low loss in negative curvature fibers. We also summarize recent advances in negative curvature fibers that improve the performance of the fibers, including negative curvature that increases confinement, gaps between tubes that increase confinement and bandwidth, additional tubes that decrease mode coupling, tube structures that suppress higher-order modes, nested tubes that increase guidance, and tube parameters that decrease bend loss. Recent applications of negative curvature fibers are also presented, including mid-infrared fiber lasers, micromachining, and surgical procedures. At the end, we discuss the future prospects for negative curvature fibers.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"504-561"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41381306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raman spectroscopy is an increasingly popular technique in many areas, including biology and medicine. It is based on Raman scattering, a phenomenon in which incident photons lose or gain energy via interactions with vibrating molecules in a sample. These energy shifts can be used to obtain information regarding molecular composition of the sample with very high accuracy. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in the life sciences have included quantification of biomolecules, hyperspectral molecular imaging of cells and tissue, medical diagnosis, and others. This review briefly presents the physical origin of Raman scattering, explaining the key classical and quantum mechanical concepts. Variations of the Raman effect will also be considered, including resonance, coherent, and enhanced Raman scattering. We discuss the molecular origins of prominent bands often found in the Raman spectra of biological samples. Finally, we examine several variations of Raman spectroscopy techniques in practice, looking at their applications, strengths, and challenges. This review is intended to be a starting resource for scientists new to Raman spectroscopy, providing theoretical background and practical examples as the foundation for further study and exploration.
{"title":"Raman spectroscopy: techniques and applications in the life sciences","authors":"Dustin W. Shipp, F. Sinjab, I. Notingher","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000315","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000315","url":null,"abstract":"Raman spectroscopy is an increasingly popular technique in many areas, including biology and medicine. It is based on Raman scattering, a phenomenon in which incident photons lose or gain energy via interactions with vibrating molecules in a sample. These energy shifts can be used to obtain information regarding molecular composition of the sample with very high accuracy. Applications of Raman spectroscopy in the life sciences have included quantification of biomolecules, hyperspectral molecular imaging of cells and tissue, medical diagnosis, and others. This review briefly presents the physical origin of Raman scattering, explaining the key classical and quantum mechanical concepts. Variations of the Raman effect will also be considered, including resonance, coherent, and enhanced Raman scattering. We discuss the molecular origins of prominent bands often found in the Raman spectra of biological samples. Finally, we examine several variations of Raman spectroscopy techniques in practice, looking at their applications, strengths, and challenges. This review is intended to be a starting resource for scientists new to Raman spectroscopy, providing theoretical background and practical examples as the foundation for further study and exploration.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"315-428"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000315","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46612391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flexibility in engineering holey structures and controlling the wave guiding properties in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) has enabled a wide variety of PCF-based plasmonic structures and devices with attractive application potential. Metal thin films, nanowires, and nanoparticles are embedded for achieving surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized SPR within PCF structures. This paper begins with an outline of plasmonic sensing principles. This is followed by an overview of fabrication and experimental investigation of plasmonic PCFs. Reported plasmonic PCF designs are categorized based on their target application areas, including optical/biochemical sensors, polarization splitters, and couplers. Finally, design and fabrication considerations, as well as limitations due to the structural features of PCFs, are discussed.
{"title":"Recent advances in plasmonic photonic crystal fibers: design, fabrication and applications","authors":"D. Hu, H. Ho","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000257","url":null,"abstract":"Flexibility in engineering holey structures and controlling the wave guiding properties in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) has enabled a wide variety of PCF-based plasmonic structures and devices with attractive application potential. Metal thin films, nanowires, and nanoparticles are embedded for achieving surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized SPR within PCF structures. This paper begins with an outline of plasmonic sensing principles. This is followed by an overview of fabrication and experimental investigation of plasmonic PCFs. Reported plasmonic PCF designs are categorized based on their target application areas, including optical/biochemical sensors, polarization splitters, and couplers. Finally, design and fabrication considerations, as well as limitations due to the structural features of PCFs, are discussed.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"257-314"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000257","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44289767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Authentication of encoded information is a popular current trend in optical security. Recent research has proposed the production of secure unclonable ID tags and devices with the use of nanoscale encoding and thin-film deposition fabrication techniques, which are nearly impossible to counterfeit but can be verified using optics and photonics instruments. Present procedures in optical encryption provide secure access to the information, and these techniques are improving daily. Nevertheless, a rightful recipient with access to the decryption key may not be able to validate the authenticity of the message. In other words, there is no simple way to check whether the information has been counterfeited. Metallic nanoparticles may be used in the fabrication process because they provide distinctive polarimetric signatures that can be used for validation. The data is encoded in the optical domain, which can be verified using physical properties with speckle analysis or ellipsometry. Signals obtained from fake and genuine samples are complex and can be difficult to distinguish. For this reason, machine-learning classification algorithms are required in order to determine the authenticity of the encoded data and verify the security of unclonable nanoparticle encoded or thin-film-based ID tags. In this paper, we review recent research on optical validation of messages, ID tags, and codes using nanostructures, thin films, and 3D optical codes. We analyze several case scenarios where optically encoded devices have to be authenticated. Validation requires the combined use of a variety of multi-disciplinary approaches in optical and statistical techniques, and for this reason, the first five sections of this paper are organized as a tutorial.
{"title":"Optical security and authentication using nanoscale and thin-film structures","authors":"A. Carnicer, B. Javidi","doi":"10.1364/AOP.9.000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.9.000218","url":null,"abstract":"Authentication of encoded information is a popular current trend in optical security. Recent research has proposed the production of secure unclonable ID tags and devices with the use of nanoscale encoding and thin-film deposition fabrication techniques, which are nearly impossible to counterfeit but can be verified using optics and photonics instruments. Present procedures in optical encryption provide secure access to the information, and these techniques are improving daily. Nevertheless, a rightful recipient with access to the decryption key may not be able to validate the authenticity of the message. In other words, there is no simple way to check whether the information has been counterfeited. Metallic nanoparticles may be used in the fabrication process because they provide distinctive polarimetric signatures that can be used for validation. The data is encoded in the optical domain, which can be verified using physical properties with speckle analysis or ellipsometry. Signals obtained from fake and genuine samples are complex and can be difficult to distinguish. For this reason, machine-learning classification algorithms are required in order to determine the authenticity of the encoded data and verify the security of unclonable nanoparticle encoded or thin-film-based ID tags. In this paper, we review recent research on optical validation of messages, ID tags, and codes using nanostructures, thin films, and 3D optical codes. We analyze several case scenarios where optically encoded devices have to be authenticated. Validation requires the combined use of a variety of multi-disciplinary approaches in optical and statistical techniques, and for this reason, the first five sections of this paper are organized as a tutorial.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"9 1","pages":"218-256"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2017-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.9.000218","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42001960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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