Da Xu, X. Xiong, Lin Wu, Xifeng Ren, C. Png, G. Guo, Q. Gong, Yun-Feng Xiao
Surface plasmons allow electromagnetic fields to be confined to subwavelength scale, well beyond the classical optical diffraction limit. With continuous reduction of optical mode volume into the deep subwavelength scale, a new era of quantum plasmonics opens up that investigates the quantum behavior of surface plasmons and their interactions with matter. This emerging and exciting field creates many new opportunities in advancing the boundaries of fundamental science and applied quantum technology. This review covers recent breakthroughs from three unique and important perspectives: the fundamental quantum properties of plasmon-polaritons, plasmon-polaritons interacting with quantum emitters, and plasmon-polaritons stepping into quantum technology. A clear development map of quantum plasmonics is also established for the reader.
{"title":"Quantum plasmonics: new opportunity in fundamental and applied photonics","authors":"Da Xu, X. Xiong, Lin Wu, Xifeng Ren, C. Png, G. Guo, Q. Gong, Yun-Feng Xiao","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000703","url":null,"abstract":"Surface plasmons allow electromagnetic fields to be confined to subwavelength scale, well beyond the classical optical diffraction limit. With continuous reduction of optical mode volume into the deep subwavelength scale, a new era of quantum plasmonics opens up that investigates the quantum behavior of surface plasmons and their interactions with matter. This emerging and exciting field creates many new opportunities in advancing the boundaries of fundamental science and applied quantum technology. This review covers recent breakthroughs from three unique and important perspectives: the fundamental quantum properties of plasmon-polaritons, plasmon-polaritons interacting with quantum emitters, and plasmon-polaritons stepping into quantum technology. A clear development map of quantum plasmonics is also established for the reader.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42580640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been great interest in researching and implementing effective technologies for the capture, processing, and display of 3D images. This broad interest is evidenced by widespread international research and activities on 3D technologies. There is a large number of journal and conference papers on 3D systems, as well as research and development efforts in government, industry, and academia on this topic for broad applications including entertainment, manufacturing, security and defense, and biomedical applications. Among these technologies, integral imaging is a promising approach for its ability to work with polychromatic scenes and under incoherent or ambient light for scenarios from macroscales to microscales. Integral imaging systems and their variations, also known as plenoptics or light-field systems, are applicable in many fields, and they have been reported in many applications, such as entertainment (TV, video, movies), industrial inspection, security and defense, and biomedical imaging and displays. This tutorial is addressed to the students and researchers in different disciplines who are interested to learn about integral imaging and light-field systems and who may or may not have a strong background in optics. Our aim is to provide the readers with a tutorial that teaches fundamental principles as well as more advanced concepts to understand, analyze, and implement integral imaging and light-field-type capture and display systems. The tutorial is organized to begin with reviewing the fundamentals of imaging, and then it progresses to more advanced topics in 3D imaging and displays. More specifically, this tutorial begins by covering the fundamentals of geometrical optics and wave optics tools for understanding and analyzing optical imaging systems. Then, we proceed to use these tools to describe integral imaging, light-field, or plenoptics systems, the methods for implementing the 3D capture procedures and monitors, their properties, resolution, field of view, performance, and metrics to assess them. We have illustrated with simple laboratory setups and experiments the principles of integral imaging capture and display systems. Also, we have discussed 3D biomedical applications, such as integral microscopy.
{"title":"Fundamentals of 3D imaging and displays: a tutorial on integral imaging, light-field, and plenoptic systems","authors":"M. Martínez-Corral, B. Javidi","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000512","url":null,"abstract":"There has been great interest in researching and implementing effective technologies for the capture, processing, and display of 3D images. This broad interest is evidenced by widespread international research and activities on 3D technologies. There is a large number of journal and conference papers on 3D systems, as well as research and development efforts in government, industry, and academia on this topic for broad applications including entertainment, manufacturing, security and defense, and biomedical applications. Among these technologies, integral imaging is a promising approach for its ability to work with polychromatic scenes and under incoherent or ambient light for scenarios from macroscales to microscales. Integral imaging systems and their variations, also known as plenoptics or light-field systems, are applicable in many fields, and they have been reported in many applications, such as entertainment (TV, video, movies), industrial inspection, security and defense, and biomedical imaging and displays. This tutorial is addressed to the students and researchers in different disciplines who are interested to learn about integral imaging and light-field systems and who may or may not have a strong background in optics. Our aim is to provide the readers with a tutorial that teaches fundamental principles as well as more advanced concepts to understand, analyze, and implement integral imaging and light-field-type capture and display systems. The tutorial is organized to begin with reviewing the fundamentals of imaging, and then it progresses to more advanced topics in 3D imaging and displays. More specifically, this tutorial begins by covering the fundamentals of geometrical optics and wave optics tools for understanding and analyzing optical imaging systems. Then, we proceed to use these tools to describe integral imaging, light-field, or plenoptics systems, the methods for implementing the 3D capture procedures and monitors, their properties, resolution, field of view, performance, and metrics to assess them. We have illustrated with simple laboratory setups and experiments the principles of integral imaging capture and display systems. Also, we have discussed 3D biomedical applications, such as integral microscopy.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"512-566"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000512","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42528444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Trumper, P. Hallibert, Jonathan, W., Arenberg, H. Kunieda, O. Guyon, H., Philip Stahl, Dae Wook Kim
This review paper addresses topics of fabrication, testing, alignment, and as-built performance of reflective space optics for the next generation of telescopes across the x-ray to far-infrared spectrum. The technology presented in the manuscript represents the most promising methods to enable a next level of astronomical observation capabilities for space-based telescopes as motivated by the science community. While the technology to produce the proposed telescopes does not exist in its final form, the optics industry is making steady and impressive progress toward these goals across all disciplines. We hope that through sharing these developments in context of the science objectives, further connections and improvements are enabled to push the envelope of the technology.
{"title":"Optics technology for large-aperture space telescopes: from fabrication to final acceptance tests","authors":"I. Trumper, P. Hallibert, Jonathan, W., Arenberg, H. Kunieda, O. Guyon, H., Philip Stahl, Dae Wook Kim","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000644","url":null,"abstract":"This review paper addresses topics of fabrication, testing, alignment, and as-built performance of reflective space optics for the next generation of telescopes across the x-ray to far-infrared spectrum. The technology presented in the manuscript represents the most promising methods to enable a next level of astronomical observation capabilities for space-based telescopes as motivated by the science community. While the technology to produce the proposed telescopes does not exist in its final form, the optics industry is making steady and impressive progress toward these goals across all disciplines. We hope that through sharing these developments in context of the science objectives, further connections and improvements are enabled to push the envelope of the technology.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000644","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45422015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We review recent developments in directly modulated lasers (DMLs) with low operating energy for datacom and computercom applications. Key issues are their operating energy and the cost for employing them in these applications. To decrease the operating energy, it is important to reduce the active volume of the laser while maintaining the cavity Q-factor or photon lifetime in the cavity. Therefore, how to achieve high-reflectivity mirrors has been the main challenge in reducing the operating energy. In terms of the required output power from the lasers, the required input power into the photodetector and the transmission distance determine the lower limit of laser active volume. Therefore, the operating energy and output power are in a trade-off relationship. In designing the lasers, the cavity volume, quantum well number, and optical confinement factor are critical parameters. For reducing the cost, it is important to fabricate a large-scale photonic integrated circuit (PIC) comprising DMLs, an optical multiplexer, and monitor photodetectors because the lower assembly cost reduces the overall cost. In this context, silicon (Si) photonics technology plays a key role in fabricating large-scale PICs with low cost, and heterogeneous integration of DMLs and Si photonics devices has attracted much attention. We will describe fabrication technologies for heterogeneous integration and experimental results for DMLs on a Si substrate.
{"title":"Low-operating-energy directly modulated lasers for short-distance optical interconnects","authors":"S. Matsuo, T. Kakitsuka","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000567","url":null,"abstract":"We review recent developments in directly modulated lasers (DMLs) with low operating energy for datacom and computercom applications. Key issues are their operating energy and the cost for employing them in these applications. To decrease the operating energy, it is important to reduce the active volume of the laser while maintaining the cavity Q-factor or photon lifetime in the cavity. Therefore, how to achieve high-reflectivity mirrors has been the main challenge in reducing the operating energy. In terms of the required output power from the lasers, the required input power into the photodetector and the transmission distance determine the lower limit of laser active volume. Therefore, the operating energy and output power are in a trade-off relationship. In designing the lasers, the cavity volume, quantum well number, and optical confinement factor are critical parameters. For reducing the cost, it is important to fabricate a large-scale photonic integrated circuit (PIC) comprising DMLs, an optical multiplexer, and monitor photodetectors because the lower assembly cost reduces the overall cost. In this context, silicon (Si) photonics technology plays a key role in fabricating large-scale PICs with low cost, and heterogeneous integration of DMLs and Si photonics devices has attracted much attention. We will describe fabrication technologies for heterogeneous integration and experimental results for DMLs on a Si substrate.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41743068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonimaging optics is the theory of thermodynamically efficient optics and as such, depends more on thermodynamics than on optics. Historically, nonimaging optics that work as ideal concentrators have been discovered through such heuristic ideas as “edge ray involutes,” “string method,” “simultaneous multiple surface,” and “tailored edge ray concentrator,” without a consistent theoretical definition of what “ideal” means. In this tutorial, we provide a thermodynamic perspective of nonimaging optical designs to shine light on the commonality of all these designing ideas, or what “ideal” nonimaging design means. Hence, in this paper, a condition for the “best” design is proposed based purely on thermodynamic arguments, which we believe have profound consequences. Thermodynamics may also be the most intuitive way for a reader who is new to this subject to understand or study it within a certain framework, instead of learning from sporadic designing methodologies. This way of looking at the problem of efficient concentration and illumination depends on probabilities, the ingredients of entropy, and information theory, while “optics” in the conventional sense recedes into the background. We attempt to link the key concept of nonimaging optics, etendue, with the radiative heat transfer concept of view factor, which may be more familiar to some readers. However, we do not want to limit the readers to a single thermodynamic understanding of this subject. Therefore, two alternative perspectives of nonimaging optics will also be introduced and used throughout the tutorial: the definition of a nonimaging optics design according to the Hilbert integral, and the phase space analysis of the ideal design. The tutorial will be organized as follows: Section 1 highlights the difference between nonimaging and imaging optics, Section 2 describes the thermodynamic understanding of nonimaging optics, Section 3 presents the alternative phase space representation of nonimaging optics, Section 4 describes the most basic nonimaging designs using Hottel’s strings, Section 5 discusses the geometric flow line designing method, and Section 6 summarizes the various concepts of nonimaging optics.
{"title":"Nonimaging optics: a tutorial","authors":"R. Winston, Lun Jiang, Melissa N. Ricketts","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000484","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000484","url":null,"abstract":"Nonimaging optics is the theory of thermodynamically efficient optics and as such, depends more on thermodynamics than on optics. Historically, nonimaging optics that work as ideal concentrators have been discovered through such heuristic ideas as “edge ray involutes,” “string method,” “simultaneous multiple surface,” and “tailored edge ray concentrator,” without a consistent theoretical definition of what “ideal” means. In this tutorial, we provide a thermodynamic perspective of nonimaging optical designs to shine light on the commonality of all these designing ideas, or what “ideal” nonimaging design means. Hence, in this paper, a condition for the “best” design is proposed based purely on thermodynamic arguments, which we believe have profound consequences. Thermodynamics may also be the most intuitive way for a reader who is new to this subject to understand or study it within a certain framework, instead of learning from sporadic designing methodologies. This way of looking at the problem of efficient concentration and illumination depends on probabilities, the ingredients of entropy, and information theory, while “optics” in the conventional sense recedes into the background. We attempt to link the key concept of nonimaging optics, etendue, with the radiative heat transfer concept of view factor, which may be more familiar to some readers. However, we do not want to limit the readers to a single thermodynamic understanding of this subject. Therefore, two alternative perspectives of nonimaging optics will also be introduced and used throughout the tutorial: the definition of a nonimaging optics design according to the Hilbert integral, and the phase space analysis of the ideal design. The tutorial will be organized as follows: Section 1 highlights the difference between nonimaging and imaging optics, Section 2 describes the thermodynamic understanding of nonimaging optics, Section 3 presents the alternative phase space representation of nonimaging optics, Section 4 describes the most basic nonimaging designs using Hottel’s strings, Section 5 discusses the geometric flow line designing method, and Section 6 summarizes the various concepts of nonimaging optics.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"484-511"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000484","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44100261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first generation of hyperbolic metamaterials, metasurfaces, and naturally hyperbolic materials (HMMs) utilized the static and passive properties of their constituent metallic and dielectric components to achieve intriguing macroscopic behavior, such as imaging and focusing of light below the diffraction limit and the broadband modification to the rate of spontaneous emission. While promising, and operating from RF frequencies to the ultraviolet, many potential applications of early HMMs were spoiled by inflexible operation and dissipation losses. Recently, the use of dynamically tunable and active constituent materials has increased, guiding HMMs into more functional regimes. In this review we survey the state-of-the-art of tunable and active electromagnetic HMMs. Based on a firm theoretical foundation, we review the most recent experimental work on hyperbolic dispersion endowed with a tunable or active character. Additionally, we review proposed ideas that may inspire new experimental work and offer a comparison to other photonic platforms.
{"title":"Dynamically tunable and active hyperbolic metamaterials","authors":"J. Smalley, F. Vallini, Xiang Zhang, Y. Fainman","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000354","url":null,"abstract":"The first generation of hyperbolic metamaterials, metasurfaces, and naturally hyperbolic materials (HMMs) utilized the static and passive properties of their constituent metallic and dielectric components to achieve intriguing macroscopic behavior, such as imaging and focusing of light below the diffraction limit and the broadband modification to the rate of spontaneous emission. While promising, and operating from RF frequencies to the ultraviolet, many potential applications of early HMMs were spoiled by inflexible operation and dissipation losses. Recently, the use of dynamically tunable and active constituent materials has increased, guiding HMMs into more functional regimes. In this review we survey the state-of-the-art of tunable and active electromagnetic HMMs. Based on a firm theoretical foundation, we review the most recent experimental work on hyperbolic dispersion endowed with a tunable or active character. Additionally, we review proposed ideas that may inspire new experimental work and offer a comparison to other photonic platforms.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"354-408"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48850890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Omar E. Olarte, J. Andilla, E. Gualda, P. Loza-Álvarez
This paper is intended to give a comprehensive review of light-sheet (LS) microscopy from an optics perspective. As such, emphasis is placed on the advantages that LS microscope configurations present, given the degree of freedom gained by uncoupling the excitation and detection arms. The new imaging properties are first highlighted in terms of optical parameters and how these have enabled several biomedical applications. Then, the basics are presented for understanding how a LS microscope works. This is followed by a presentation of a tutorial for LS microscope designs, each working at different resolutions and for different applications. Then, based on a numerical Fourier analysis and given the multiple possibilities for generating the LS in the microscope (using Gaussian, Bessel, and Airy beams in the linear and nonlinear regimes), a systematic comparison of their optical performance is presented. Finally, based on advances in optics and photonics, the novel optical implementations possible in a LS microscope are highlighted.
{"title":"Light-sheet microscopy: a tutorial","authors":"Omar E. Olarte, J. Andilla, E. Gualda, P. Loza-Álvarez","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000111","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is intended to give a comprehensive review of light-sheet (LS) microscopy from an optics perspective. As such, emphasis is placed on the advantages that LS microscope configurations present, given the degree of freedom gained by uncoupling the excitation and detection arms. The new imaging properties are first highlighted in terms of optical parameters and how these have enabled several biomedical applications. Then, the basics are presented for understanding how a LS microscope works. This is followed by a presentation of a tutorial for LS microscope designs, each working at different resolutions and for different applications. Then, based on a numerical Fourier analysis and given the multiple possibilities for generating the LS in the microscope (using Gaussian, Bessel, and Airy beams in the linear and nonlinear regimes), a systematic comparison of their optical performance is presented. Finally, based on advances in optics and photonics, the novel optical implementations possible in a LS microscope are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"111-179"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49644416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AlGaN-based materials own direct transition energy bands and wide bandgap and thus can be used in high-efficiency ultraviolet (UV) emitters and detectors. Over the past two decades, AlGaN-based materials and devices experienced rapid development. Deep ultraviolet AlGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with improved efficiency of 20.3% (at 275 nm) have been produced. An electron beam (EB)-pumped AlGaN-based UV light source at 238 nm, output power of 100 mW, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 40% has also been fabricated. UV stimulated emission from AlGaN multiple-quantum-wells laser diodes (LDs) using electrical pumping at room temperature has also been achieved at a wavelength of 336 nm. Compared with GaN-based blue and green LEDs and LDs, the efficiency of AlGaN-based UV LEDs and LDs is lower. Further optimization and improvements in both structure and fabrication are required to realize high-performance devices. In AlGaN-based UV photodetectors (PDs), gain as high as 104 orders of magnitude has been reported using the separated absorption and multiplication region avalanche photodiode structure but is still far from detecting the weak signal, and thus UV single-photon detectors with high detectivity is challenging. Recently, there has been extensive work in the nonlinear optical properties of AlGaN and AlGaN-based passive devices, such as waveguides and resonators. However, how to minimize the scattering and defect-related absorption needs to be further studied. In this review, first, approaches used to grow an AlGaN epilayer and p-type doping are introduced. Second, progress in AlGaN-based UV LEDs, EB-pumped light sources, LDs, PDs, passive devices, and the nonlinear optical properties are presented. Finally, an overview of potential future trends in AlGaN-based materials and UV devices is given.
{"title":"AlGaN photonics: recent advances in materials and ultraviolet devices","authors":"Dabing Li, J. Ke, Xiaojuan Sun, Chunlei Guo","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000043","url":null,"abstract":"AlGaN-based materials own direct transition energy bands and wide bandgap and thus can be used in high-efficiency ultraviolet (UV) emitters and detectors. Over the past two decades, AlGaN-based materials and devices experienced rapid development. Deep ultraviolet AlGaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with improved efficiency of 20.3% (at 275 nm) have been produced. An electron beam (EB)-pumped AlGaN-based UV light source at 238 nm, output power of 100 mW, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 40% has also been fabricated. UV stimulated emission from AlGaN multiple-quantum-wells laser diodes (LDs) using electrical pumping at room temperature has also been achieved at a wavelength of 336 nm. Compared with GaN-based blue and green LEDs and LDs, the efficiency of AlGaN-based UV LEDs and LDs is lower. Further optimization and improvements in both structure and fabrication are required to realize high-performance devices. In AlGaN-based UV photodetectors (PDs), gain as high as 104 orders of magnitude has been reported using the separated absorption and multiplication region avalanche photodiode structure but is still far from detecting the weak signal, and thus UV single-photon detectors with high detectivity is challenging. Recently, there has been extensive work in the nonlinear optical properties of AlGaN and AlGaN-based passive devices, such as waveguides and resonators. However, how to minimize the scattering and defect-related absorption needs to be further studied. In this review, first, approaches used to grow an AlGaN epilayer and p-type doping are introduced. Second, progress in AlGaN-based UV LEDs, EB-pumped light sources, LDs, PDs, passive devices, and the nonlinear optical properties are presented. Finally, an overview of potential future trends in AlGaN-based materials and UV devices is given.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"43-110"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44302238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nonpolar and semipolar III-nitride-based blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been extensively investigated as potential replacements for current polar c-plane LEDs. High-power and low-efficiency-droop blue LEDs have been demonstrated on nonpolar and semipolar planes III-nitride due to the advantages of eliminated or reduced polarization-related electric field and homoepitaxial growth. Semipolar (202¯1) and (202¯1¯) LEDs have contributed to bridging “green gap” (low efficiency in green spectral region) by incorporating high indium compositions, reducing polarization effects, and suppressing defects. Other properties, such as low thermal droop, narrow spectral linewidth, small wavelength shift, and polarized emission, have also been reported for nonpolar and semipolar LEDs. In this paper we review the theoretical background, device performance, material properties, and physical mechanisms for nonpolar and semipolar III-nitride semiconductors and associated blue and green LEDs. The latest progress on topics including efficiency droop, thermal droop, green-gap, and three-dimensional nanostructures is detailed. Future challenges, potential solutions, and applications will also be covered.
{"title":"Toward ultimate efficiency: progress and prospects on planar and 3D nanostructured nonpolar and semipolar InGaN light-emitting diodes","authors":"Yuji Zhao, H. Fu, George T. Wang, S. Nakamura","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000246","url":null,"abstract":"Nonpolar and semipolar III-nitride-based blue and green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been extensively investigated as potential replacements for current polar c-plane LEDs. High-power and low-efficiency-droop blue LEDs have been demonstrated on nonpolar and semipolar planes III-nitride due to the advantages of eliminated or reduced polarization-related electric field and homoepitaxial growth. Semipolar (202¯1) and (202¯1¯) LEDs have contributed to bridging “green gap” (low efficiency in green spectral region) by incorporating high indium compositions, reducing polarization effects, and suppressing defects. Other properties, such as low thermal droop, narrow spectral linewidth, small wavelength shift, and polarized emission, have also been reported for nonpolar and semipolar LEDs. In this paper we review the theoretical background, device performance, material properties, and physical mechanisms for nonpolar and semipolar III-nitride semiconductors and associated blue and green LEDs. The latest progress on topics including efficiency droop, thermal droop, green-gap, and three-dimensional nanostructures is detailed. Future challenges, potential solutions, and applications will also be covered.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"246-308"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48516120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mussot, M. Conforti, S. Trillo, F. Copie, A. Kudlinski
In this review we present recent theoretical and experimental progress on modulation instability and parametric amplification processes in dispersion oscillating fibers. These optical fibers are characterized by longitudinal periodic variations of their outer diameter engineered over the meter-long scale, which provides an additional degree of freedom to the system and leads to the generation of multiple MI sideband pairs. The main results published in single-pass configurations and in passive cavities are summarized in this review.
{"title":"Modulation instability in dispersion oscillating fibers","authors":"A. Mussot, M. Conforti, S. Trillo, F. Copie, A. Kudlinski","doi":"10.1364/AOP.10.000001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000001","url":null,"abstract":"In this review we present recent theoretical and experimental progress on modulation instability and parametric amplification processes in dispersion oscillating fibers. These optical fibers are characterized by longitudinal periodic variations of their outer diameter engineered over the meter-long scale, which provides an additional degree of freedom to the system and leads to the generation of multiple MI sideband pairs. The main results published in single-pass configurations and in passive cavities are summarized in this review.","PeriodicalId":48960,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Optics and Photonics","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-42"},"PeriodicalIF":27.1,"publicationDate":"2018-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1364/AOP.10.000001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44376070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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