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Structure of G protein-coupled receptor GPR1 bound to full-length chemerin adipokine reveals a chemokine-like reverse binding mode. 与全长螯合素脂肪因子结合的 G 蛋白偶联受体 GPR1 的结构揭示了一种类似于趋化因子的反向结合模式。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-28 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002838
Aijun Liu, Yezhou Liu, Geng Chen, Wenping Lyu, Fang Ye, Junlin Wang, Qiwen Liao, Lizhe Zhu, Yang Du, Richard D Ye

Chemerin is an adipokine with chemotactic activity to a subset of leukocytes. Chemerin binds to 3 G protein-coupled receptors, including chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPR1), and C-C chemokine receptor-like 2 (CCRL2). Here, we report that GPR1 is capable of Gi signaling when stimulated with full-length chemerin or its C-terminal nonapeptide (C9, YFPGQFAFS). We present high-resolution cryo-EM structures of Gi-coupled GPR1 bound to full-length chemerin and to the C9 peptide, respectively. C9 insertion into the transmembrane (TM) binding pocket is both necessary and sufficient for GPR1 signaling, whereas the full-length chemerin uses its bulky N-terminal core for interaction with a β-strand located at the N-terminus of GPR1. This interaction involves multiple β-strands of full-length chemerin, forming a β-sheet that serves as a "lid" for the TM binding pocket and is energetically expensive to remove as indicated by molecular dynamics simulations with free energy landscape analysis. Combining results from functional assays, our structural model explains why C9 is an activating peptide at GPR1 and how the full-length chemerin uses a "two-site" model for enhanced interaction with GPR1.

螯合素是一种脂肪因子,对部分白细胞具有趋化活性。螯合素与 3 种 G 蛋白偶联受体结合,包括趋化因子样受体 1(CMKLR1)、G 蛋白偶联受体 1(GPR1)和 C-C 趋化因子样受体 2(CCRL2)。在这里,我们报告了 GPR1 在全长螯合素或其 C 端非肽(C9,YFPGQFAFS)的刺激下能够发出 Gi 信号。我们展示了分别与全长螯合素和 C9 肽结合的 Gi 偶联 GPR1 的高分辨率冷冻电镜结构。C9 插入跨膜(TM)结合口袋对于 GPR1 信号传导是必要且充分的,而全长螯合素则利用其笨重的 N 端核心与位于 GPR1 N 端的 β 链相互作用。这种相互作用涉及到全长螯合素的多条 β 链,形成了一个 β 片层,作为 TM 结合袋的 "盖子",根据分子动力学模拟和自由能谱分析,去除它的能量代价很高。结合功能测试的结果,我们的结构模型解释了为什么 C9 是 GPR1 的激活肽,以及全长螯合素如何使用 "双位点 "模型来增强与 GPR1 的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Object color knowledge representation occurs in the macaque brain despite the absence of a developed language system. 尽管猕猴大脑中没有发达的语言系统,但却存在物体颜色知识表征。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-28 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002863
Minghui Zhao, Yumeng Xin, Haoyun Deng, Zhentao Zuo, Xiaoying Wang, Yanchao Bi, Ning Liu

Animals guide their behaviors through internal representations of the world in the brain. We aimed to understand how the macaque brain stores such general world knowledge, focusing on object color knowledge. Three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments were conducted in macaque monkeys: viewing chromatic and achromatic gratings, viewing grayscale images of their familiar fruits and vegetables (e.g., grayscale strawberry), and viewing true- and false-colored objects (e.g., red strawberry and green strawberry). We observed robust object knowledge representations in the color patches, especially the one located around TEO: the activity patterns could classify grayscale pictures of objects based on their memory color and response patterns in these regions could translate between chromatic grating viewing and grayscale object viewing (e.g., red grating-grayscale images of strawberry), such that classifiers trained by viewing chromatic gratings could successfully classify grayscale object images according to their memory colors. Our results showed direct positive evidence of object color memory in macaque monkeys. These results indicate the perceptually grounded knowledge representation as a conservative memory mechanism and open a new avenue to study this particular (semantic) memory representation with macaque models.

动物通过大脑中的内部世界表征来指导自己的行为。我们的目的是了解猕猴大脑是如何存储这种一般世界知识的,重点是物体颜色知识。我们在猕猴身上进行了三项功能磁共振成像(fMRI)实验:观看色光和消色光光栅、观看它们熟悉的水果和蔬菜的灰度图像(如灰度草莓)以及观看真色和假色物体(如红色草莓和绿色草莓)。我们在颜色斑块中观察到了强大的物体知识表征,尤其是位于TEO周围的颜色斑块:这些活动模式可以根据物体的记忆颜色对灰度图片进行分类,而且这些区域的反应模式可以在观看色光栅和观看灰度物体之间进行转换(例如,红色光栅-灰度草莓图像),因此通过观看色光栅训练的分类器可以根据物体的记忆颜色成功地对灰度物体图像进行分类。我们的研究结果显示了猕猴对物体颜色记忆的直接正面证据。这些结果表明,以知觉为基础的知识表征是一种保守的记忆机制,并为利用猕猴模型研究这种特殊的(语义)记忆表征开辟了一条新途径。
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引用次数: 0
Monitoring of activity-driven trafficking of endogenous synaptic proteins through proximity labeling. 通过近距离标记监测活动驱动的内源性突触蛋白迁移。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-28 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002860
Carlos Pascual-Caro, Jaime de Juan-Sanz

To enable transmission of information in the brain, synaptic vesicles fuse to presynaptic membranes, liberating their content and exposing transiently a myriad of vesicular transmembrane proteins. However, versatile methods for quantifying the synaptic translocation of endogenous proteins during neuronal activity remain unavailable, as the fast dynamics of synaptic vesicle cycling difficult specific isolation of trafficking proteins during such a transient surface exposure. Here, we developed a novel approach using synaptic cleft proximity labeling to capture and quantify activity-driven trafficking of endogenous synaptic proteins at the synapse. We show that accelerating cleft biotinylation times to match the fast dynamics of vesicle exocytosis allows capturing endogenous proteins transiently exposed at the synaptic surface during neural activity, enabling for the first time the study of the translocation of nearly every endogenous synaptic protein. As proof-of-concept, we further applied this technology to obtain direct evidence of the surface translocation of noncanonical trafficking proteins, such as ATG9A and NPTX1, which had been proposed to traffic during activity but for which direct proof had not yet been shown. The technological advancement presented here will facilitate future studies dissecting the molecular identity of proteins exocytosed at the synapse during activity, helping to define the molecular machinery that sustains neurotransmission in the mammalian brain.

为了能够在大脑中传递信息,突触小泡与突触前膜融合,释放其内容物,并使无数囊泡跨膜蛋白短暂暴露。然而,由于突触小泡循环的快速动态性,很难在这种短暂的表面暴露过程中特异性地分离出贩运蛋白,因此目前还没有多功能的方法来量化神经元活动过程中内源性蛋白的突触转移。在这里,我们开发了一种新方法,利用突触裂隙接近标记来捕获和量化活动驱动的突触内源性突触蛋白的贩运。我们的研究表明,加速突触裂生物素化时间以匹配囊泡外排的快速动态,可以捕获神经活动期间在突触表面短暂暴露的内源性蛋白质,从而首次实现了对几乎所有内源性突触蛋白质转运的研究。作为概念验证,我们进一步应用这项技术,获得了非规范贩运蛋白(如 ATG9A 和 NPTX1)表面转运的直接证据,这些蛋白曾被认为在活动期间进行贩运,但尚未得到直接证明。本文介绍的技术进步将促进未来的研究,剖析活动过程中突触外排蛋白的分子特征,帮助确定维持哺乳动物大脑神经递质的分子机制。
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引用次数: 0
Why does invasive brain stimulation sometimes improve memory and sometimes impair it? 为什么侵入式脑刺激有时能改善记忆,有时却会损害记忆?
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-25 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002894
Uma R Mohan, Joshua Jacobs

Invasive brain stimulation is used to treat individuals with episodic memory loss; however, studies to date report both enhancement and impairment of memory. This Essay discusses the sources of this variability, and suggests a path towards developing customized stimulation protocols for more consistent memory enhancement.

侵入性脑部刺激被用于治疗偶发性记忆丧失患者;然而,迄今为止的研究报告显示,记忆既有增强,也有受损。本文讨论了造成这种差异的原因,并提出了开发定制化刺激方案的途径,以实现更一致的记忆增强。
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引用次数: 0
Advances and challenges in the development of visual prostheses. 视觉义肢开发的进展与挑战。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-24 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002896
Eduardo Fernandez, Jose Antonio Robles

The past 20 years have witnessed significant advancements in the field of visual prostheses, with developments spanning from early retinal implants to recent cortical approaches. This Perspective looks at some of the remaining challenges to achieve the ambitious clinical goals that these technologies could enable.

从早期的视网膜植入到最近的皮质方法,过去20年见证了视觉义肢领域的重大进展。本视角审视了这些技术在实现宏伟临床目标方面仍然面临的一些挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Individualistic reward-seeking strategies that predict response to nicotine emerge among isogenic male mice living in a micro-society. 生活在微型社会中的同源雄性小鼠出现了可预测对尼古丁反应的个体化奖励追求策略。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-24 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002850
Sophie L Fayad, Lauren M Reynolds, Nicolas Torquet, Stefania Tolu, Sarah Mondoloni, Claire Nguyen, Amy Siriphanh, Robin Justo, Steve Didienne, Nicolas Debray, Cécile Viollet, Louis Raynaud, Yasmine Layadi, Coralie Fouquet, Bernadette Hannesse, Ana-Marta Capaz, Thomas Topilko, Nicolas Renier, Alexandre Mourot, Fabio Marti, Philippe Faure

Individual animals differ in their traits and preferences, which shape their social interactions, survival, and susceptibility to disease, including addiction. Nicotine use is highly heterogenous and has been linked to the expression of personality traits. Although these relationships are well documented, we have limited understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms that give rise to distinct behavioral profiles and their connection to nicotine susceptibility. To address this question, we conducted a study using a semi-natural and social environment called "Souris-City" to observe the long-term behavior of individual male mice. Souris-City provided both a communal living area and a separate test area where mice engaged in a reward-seeking task isolated from their peers. Mice developed individualistic reward-seeking strategies when choosing between water and sucrose in the test compartment, which, in turn, predicted how they adapted to the introduction of nicotine as a reinforcer. Moreover, the profiles mice developed while isolated in the test area correlated with their behavior within the social environment, linking decision-making strategies to the expression of behavioral traits. Neurophysiological markers of adaptability within the dopamine system were apparent upon nicotine challenge and were associated with specific profiles. Our findings suggest that environmental adaptations influence behavioral traits and sensitivity to nicotine by acting on dopaminergic reactivity in the face of nicotine exposure, potentially contributing to addiction susceptibility. These results further emphasize the importance of understanding interindividual variability in behavior to gain insight into the mechanisms of decision-making and addiction.

动物个体的特质和偏好各不相同,这些特质和偏好决定了它们的社会互动、生存以及对疾病(包括成瘾)的易感性。尼古丁的使用具有高度的异质性,并且与人格特质的表达有关。虽然这些关系都有据可查,但我们对导致不同行为特征的神经生理机制及其与尼古丁易感性的联系了解有限。为了解决这个问题,我们利用名为 "苏里斯城 "的半自然社会环境进行了一项研究,以观察雄性小鼠个体的长期行为。苏里斯城 "既提供了一个公共生活区,也提供了一个独立的测试区,让小鼠在该测试区进行与同伴隔离的奖励寻求任务。当小鼠在测试区的水和蔗糖之间做出选择时,它们形成了个体化的奖励寻求策略,这反过来又预测了它们如何适应尼古丁作为强化剂的引入。此外,小鼠在测试区隔离时形成的特征与它们在社会环境中的行为相关,这将决策策略与行为特征的表达联系了起来。尼古丁挑战时,多巴胺系统内适应性的神经生理学标记明显,并且与特定的特征相关。我们的研究结果表明,面对尼古丁暴露,环境适应性通过作用于多巴胺能反应性来影响行为特征和对尼古丁的敏感性,从而可能导致成瘾易感性。这些结果进一步强调了了解行为的个体间变异性以深入了解决策和成瘾机制的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of sex differences in cooperation can be explained by trade-offs with dispersal. 合作中的性别差异的进化可以用分散的权衡来解释。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-24 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002859
Pablo Capilla-Lasheras, Nina Bircher, Antony M Brown, Xavier Harrison, Thomas Reed, Jennifer E York, Dominic L Cram, Christian Rutz, Lindsay Walker, Marc Naguib, Andrew J Young

Explaining the evolution of sex differences in cooperation remains a major challenge. Comparative studies highlight that offspring of the more philopatric sex tend to be more cooperative within their family groups than those of the more dispersive sex but we do not understand why. The leading "Philopatry hypothesis" proposes that the more philopatric sex cooperates more because their higher likelihood of natal breeding increases the direct fitness benefits of natal cooperation. However, the "Dispersal trade-off hypothesis" proposes that the more dispersive sex cooperates less because preparations for dispersal, such as extra-territorial prospecting, trade-off against natal cooperation. Here, we test both hypotheses in cooperatively breeding white-browed sparrow weavers (Plocepasser mahali), using a novel high-resolution automated radio-tracking method. First, we show that males are the more dispersive sex (a rare reversal of the typical avian sex difference in dispersal) and that, consistent with the predictions of both hypotheses, females contribute substantially more than males to cooperative care while within the natal group. However, the Philopatry hypothesis cannot readily explain this female-biased cooperation, as females are not more likely than males to breed within their natal group. Instead, our radio-tracking findings support the Dispersal trade-off hypothesis: males conduct pre-dispersal extra-territorial prospecting forays at higher rates than females and prospecting appears to trade-off against natal cooperation. Our findings thus highlight that the evolution of sex differences in cooperation could be widely attributable to trade-offs between cooperation and dispersal; a potentially general explanation that does not demand that cooperation yields direct fitness benefits.

解释合作中性别差异的进化仍然是一个重大挑战。比较研究突出表明,与较分散的性别相比,较集邮的性别的后代在其家庭群体中往往更善于合作,但我们并不了解其中的原因。主要的 "亲缘假说 "认为,亲缘性较强的性别之所以更愿意合作,是因为他们更有可能在出生地繁衍后代,从而增加了出生地合作所带来的直接健康益处。然而,"散布权衡假说 "则认为,散布性较强的雌雄个体合作较少,因为散布前的准备工作(如域外勘探)会对产地合作产生权衡。在这里,我们使用一种新的高分辨率自动无线电跟踪方法,在合作繁殖的白眉麻雀(Plocepasser mahali)中检验了这两种假说。首先,我们发现雄性的散布能力更强(这是典型的鸟类散布性别差异的罕见逆转),而且与这两种假说的预测一致,雌性在产仔群体中的合作照料贡献远远大于雄性。然而,"雌雄同体 "假说并不能轻易解释这种雌性偏向的合作,因为雌性并不比雄性更有可能在出生地群体内繁殖。相反,我们的无线电追踪结果支持散布权衡假说:雄性在散布前进行域外勘探的比率高于雌性,而勘探似乎是对产地合作的权衡。因此,我们的研究结果突出表明,合作中的性别差异的演化可广泛归因于合作与散布之间的权衡;这是一种潜在的普遍解释,并不要求合作产生直接的适应益处。
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引用次数: 0
The development of hepatic steatosis depends on the presence of liver-innervating parasympathetic cholinergic neurons in mice fed a high-fat diet. 高脂饮食小鼠肝脏脂肪变性的发生取决于肝脏中是否存在支配肝脏的副交感神经胆碱能神经元。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-22 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002865
Jiyeon Hwang, Junichi Okada, Li Liu, Jeffrey E Pessin, Gary J Schwartz, Young-Hwan Jo

Hepatic lipid metabolism is regulated by the autonomic nervous system of the liver, with the sympathetic innervation being extensively studied, while the parasympathetic efferent innervation is less understood despite its potential importance. In this study, we investigate the consequences of disrupted brain-liver communication on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice exposed to obesogenic conditions. We found that a subset of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes are innervated by parasympathetic nerve terminals originating from the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The elimination of the brain-liver axis by deleting parasympathetic cholinergic neurons innervating the liver prevents hepatic steatosis and promotes browning of inguinal white adipose tissue (ingWAT). The loss of liver-innervating cholinergic neurons increases hepatic Cyp7b1 expression and fasting serum bile acid levels. Furthermore, knockdown of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 gene in ingWAT reverses the beneficial effects of the loss of liver-innervating cholinergic neurons, leading to the reappearance of hepatic steatosis. Deleting liver-innervating cholinergic neurons has a small but significant effect on body weight, which is accompanied by an increase in energy expenditure. Taken together, these data suggest that targeting the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation of the liver is a potential therapeutic approach for enhancing hepatic lipid metabolism in obesity and diabetes.

肝脏脂质代谢受肝脏自主神经系统的调节,其中交感神经支配已被广泛研究,而副交感神经传出神经支配尽管具有潜在的重要性,但人们对其了解较少。在这项研究中,我们研究了在肥胖条件下,大脑与肝脏之间的交流中断对小鼠肝脏脂质代谢的影响。我们发现,一部分肝细胞和胆管细胞受到源自迷走神经背运动核的副交感神经终端的支配。通过删除支配肝脏的副交感神经胆碱能神经元来消除脑-肝轴,可防止肝脏脂肪变性,并促进腹股沟白色脂肪组织(ingWAT)褐变。失去支配肝脏的胆碱能神经元会增加肝脏 Cyp7b1 的表达和空腹血清胆汁酸水平。此外,敲除ingWAT中的G蛋白偶联胆汁酸受体1基因可逆转失去肝脏支配胆碱能神经元的有益影响,从而导致肝脏脂肪变性的再次出现。删除支配肝脏的胆碱能神经元对体重的影响很小,但却很显著,同时还增加了能量消耗。总之,这些数据表明,针对肝脏的副交感神经胆碱能神经支配是一种潜在的治疗方法,可促进肥胖症和糖尿病患者的肝脏脂质代谢。
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引用次数: 0
Disruption of tRNA biogenesis enhances proteostatic resilience, improves later-life health, and promotes longevity. 破坏 tRNA 的生物发生可增强蛋白静态复原力,改善晚年生活健康,促进长寿。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-22 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002853
Yasir Malik, Yavuz Kulaberoglu, Shajahan Anver, Sara Javidnia, Gillian Borland, Rene Rivera, Stephen Cranwell, Danel Medelbekova, Tatiana Svermova, Jackie Thomson, Susan Broughton, Tobias von der Haar, Colin Selman, Jennifer M A Tullet, Nazif Alic

tRNAs are evolutionarily ancient molecular decoders essential for protein translation. In eukaryotes, tRNAs and other short, noncoding RNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase (Pol) III, an enzyme that promotes ageing in yeast, worms, and flies. Here, we show that a partial reduction in Pol III activity specifically disrupts tRNA levels. This effect is conserved across worms, flies, and mice, where computational models indicate that it impacts mRNA decoding. In all 3 species, reduced Pol III activity increases proteostatic resilience. In worms, it activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and direct disruption of tRNA metabolism is sufficient to recapitulate this. In flies, decreasing Pol III's transcriptional initiation on tRNA genes by a loss-of-function in the TFIIIC transcription factor robustly extends lifespan, improves proteostatic resilience and recapitulates the broad-spectrum benefits to late-life health seen following partial Pol III inhibition. We provide evidence that a partial reduction in Pol III activity impacts translation, quantitatively or qualitatively, in both worms and flies, indicating a potential mode of action. Our work demonstrates a conserved and previously unappreciated role of tRNAs in animal ageing.

tRNA 是蛋白质翻译所必需的古老分子解码器。在真核生物中,tRNA 和其他短的非编码 RNA 由 RNA 聚合酶(Pol)III 转录,这种酶促进了酵母、蠕虫和苍蝇的老化。在这里,我们发现 Pol III 活性的部分降低会特异性地破坏 tRNA 水平。这种效应在蠕虫、苍蝇和小鼠中是一致的,计算模型表明它影响了 mRNA 的解码。在所有 3 个物种中,Pol III 活性的降低都会增加蛋白静态复原力。在蠕虫中,它激活了未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),而直接破坏 tRNA 代谢足以重现这种情况。在苍蝇中,通过 TFIIIC 转录因子的功能缺失来减少 Pol III 对 tRNA 基因的转录启动,可以有力地延长寿命、提高蛋白质恢复能力,并再现了部分抑制 Pol III 后对晚年健康的广泛益处。我们提供的证据表明,部分降低 Pol III 活性会对蠕虫和苍蝇的翻译产生定量或定性影响,这表明了一种潜在的作用模式。我们的工作证明了 tRNA 在动物衰老过程中的作用是一致的,而且是以前未曾认识到的。
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引用次数: 0
Functional reorganization of brain regions supporting artificial grammar learning across the first half year of life. 出生后半年内支持人工语法学习的大脑区域功能重组。
IF 9.8 1区 生物学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-10-22 eCollection Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002610
Lin Cai, Takeshi Arimitsu, Naomi Shinohara, Takao Takahashi, Yoko Hakuno, Masahiro Hata, Ei-Ichi Hoshino, Stuart K Watson, Simon W Townsend, Jutta L Mueller, Yasuyo Minagawa

Pre-babbling infants can track nonadjacent dependencies (NADs) in the auditory domain. While this forms a crucial prerequisite for language acquisition, the neurodevelopmental origins of this ability remain unknown. We applied functional near-infrared spectroscopy in neonates and 6- to 7-month-old infants to investigate the neural substrate supporting NAD learning and detection using tone sequences in an artificial grammar learning paradigm. Detection of NADs was indicated by left prefrontal activation in neonates while by left supramarginal gyrus (SMG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), and inferior frontal gyrus activation in 6- to 7-month-olds. Functional connectivity analyses further indicated that the neonate activation pattern during the test phase benefited from a brain network consisting of prefrontal regions, left SMG and STG during the rest and learning phases. These findings suggest a left-hemispheric learning-related functional brain network may emerge at birth and serve as the foundation for the later engagement of these regions for NAD detection, thus, providing a neural basis for language acquisition.

咿呀学语前的婴儿可以在听觉领域追踪非相邻依存关系(NAD)。虽然这构成了语言习得的重要前提,但这种能力的神经发育起源仍然未知。我们在新生儿和 6 到 7 个月大的婴儿身上应用了功能性近红外光谱技术,在人工语法学习范式中使用音调序列来研究支持 NAD 学习和检测的神经基质。新生儿的左前额叶激活显示了对 NAD 的检测,而 6 到 7 个月大的婴儿的左侧边际上回(SMG)、颞上回(STG)和额下回激活显示了对 NAD 的检测。功能连接分析进一步表明,新生儿在测试阶段的激活模式在休息和学习阶段受益于由前额叶区、左侧SMG和STG组成的大脑网络。这些研究结果表明,与学习相关的左半球脑功能网络可能在新生儿出生时就已出现,并为这些区域日后参与NAD检测奠定了基础,从而为语言习得提供了神经基础。
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引用次数: 0
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