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Nest Success of Bald Eagles Exposed to Anthropogenic Activities in the United States 美国暴露于人为活动的秃鹰筑巢成功
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-23-007
J. Gedir, B. Millsap, Paige E. Howell, Thomas W. Wittig, H. White, Emily R. Bjerre
Anthropogenic pressures on the global landscape are rapidly increasing, with well-documented negative impacts on avian populations. As an encouraging counterexample to general declines, the bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus population in the United States has continued to grow dramatically since its 20th century decline, with breeding pairs now colonizing areas with high levels of human activity. Evidence of the impact of human activity on nesting bald eagles is mixed, with some studies reporting declines in reproduction, while others suggest reproduction is comparatively unaffected. We assessed the effects of anthropogenic activities on bald eagle nest success by compiling data from bald eagle incidental take permits issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for unintentional disturbance of breeding bald eagles. We used generalized linear logistic regression models in a Bayesian framework to evaluate the relationship between types of human activity (n = 6), levels of human development in the environment around nests (n = 5), and whether or not the activity resulted in a significant alteration of the surrounding habitat. There were more permits issued for nests in suburban (40%) than in natural (12%) or industrial (9%) environments and nearly half (47%) of the permits were for building activities; there was a similar number of permits where the habitat was altered (46%) or unaltered (54%). Overall mean nest success during authorized activities from 103 nest-seasons was 84% (95% credible interval: 76–90%) and nest success rates were similarly high (77–100%) for all categories within covariates (p > 0.6). The top model was without fixed effects, accounting for 47% of the model set weight, and the next three models, the only other models with widely applicable information criterion weight, included the activity type and habitat alteration covariates. The only parameters with 95% credible intervals encompassing zero were infrastructure and landscape modification activities, for which all nests exposed to these activities were successful; however, these estimates also had very high uncertainty. This indicates that the covariates we tested were weak predictors of nest success. Some permitted nests were monitored prior to or following years of authorized activity, and there was no significant difference in nest success between activity and non-activity years. We provide further evidence that the growing contingent of bald eagles nesting in human-developed environments tolerate anthropogenic activities to a degree that they are able to nest successfully at rates comparable to the general U.S. population. This study improves our understanding of bald eagle reproductive performance when exposed to human activities and will provide better guidance for managing this species.
对全球景观的人为压力正在迅速增加,对鸟类种群的负面影响有充分记录。美国白头海鹰(halaeetus leucocephalus)的数量自20世纪下降以来,一直在急剧增长,这是一个令人鼓舞的反例,它们现在在人类活动频繁的地区繁衍生息。人类活动对筑巢秃鹰影响的证据好坏参半,一些研究报告称繁殖减少,而另一些研究表明繁殖相对不受影响。我们通过收集美国鱼类和野生动物管理局颁发的白头鹰偶然捕获许可证的数据,评估了人为活动对白头鹰巢成功的影响。我们在贝叶斯框架中使用广义线性逻辑回归模型来评估人类活动类型(n = 6)与巢周围环境中人类发展水平(n = 5)之间的关系,以及人类活动是否导致周围栖息地的显著改变。郊区发放的筑巢许可证(40%)多于自然环境(12%)或工业环境(9%),近一半(47%)的许可证用于建筑活动;栖息地被改变(46%)或未改变(54%)的许可数量相似。在103个筑巢季节的授权活动中,总体平均筑巢成功率为84%(95%可信区间:76-90%),在协变量内的所有类别中,筑巢成功率同样高(77-100%)(p > 0.6)。最上面的模型没有固定效应,占模型集权重的47%,接下来的三个模型包括活动类型和栖息地变化协变量,是其他具有广泛适用信息标准权重的模型。唯一95%可信区间为零的参数是基础设施和景观改造活动,所有暴露于这些活动的巢穴都是成功的;然而,这些估计也有很高的不确定性。这表明我们测试的协变量是巢成功的弱预测因子。在一些获准筑巢的年份之前或之后进行了监测,在活动年份和非活动年份之间筑巢成功率没有显著差异。我们提供了进一步的证据,证明在人类开发的环境中筑巢的秃头鹰的数量越来越多,在一定程度上容忍了人为活动,它们能够以与美国一般人口相当的速度成功筑巢。该研究提高了我们对秃鹰在人类活动下繁殖性能的认识,并将为该物种的管理提供更好的指导。
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引用次数: 0
Estimating Age and Growth of Largemouth Bass in Southwestern Reservoirs Using Otoliths and Scales 利用耳石和尺度估算西南水库Largemouth Bass的年龄和生长
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-07-25 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-23-006
Steven J. Ingram, Joshua D. Grant, Zachary S. Beard, Nathan D. Berg, Anna M. Ringelman, S. Bonar
Age and growth data are frequently used to monitor and manage important North American sport fishes like Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. Continental and regional growth standards have been developed for the species to assess fish growth over time and across space. However, Largemouth Bass age and growth data are infrequently collected in Arizona and the reliability of age estimates derived from typical structures (e.g., scales, otoliths) in the Southwest is uncertain. Our objectives were to 1) compare precision and bias of age estimates from scales with those from otoliths and 2) estimate Largemouth Bass growth in several southwestern warmwater reservoirs using otoliths. We collected Largemouth Bass from three Arizona reservoirs (Alamo, Peña Blanca, and Roosevelt) using boat electrofishing in spring 2021. Scales and sagittal otoliths were removed from fish, prepared, and independently aged three times. Differences in precision and bias between scales and otoliths were compared using reader agreement percentages, confidence ratings, average coefficient of variation, and age-bias plots. We used age estimates from Largemouth Bass otoliths to calculate mean lengths-at-age at capture and relative growth indices based on published growth standards in each reservoir. Largemouth Bass scale age estimates were less precise, overestimated ages of younger fish, and underestimated age of older fish compared to otoliths. Growth was lower in Peña Blanca Lake than in the other two reservoirs according to mean length-at-age estimates, and relative growth indices suggested that Largemouth Bass growth in all three reservoirs was above average at younger ages, but less so at older ages. The results from this study add to a growing body of literature supporting the use of otoliths for estimating age and growth of Largemouth Bass.
年龄和生长数据经常用于监测和管理重要的北美运动鱼类,如Largemouth Bass Microterus salmoides。已经为该物种制定了大陆和区域生长标准,以评估鱼类在时间和空间上的生长情况。然而,亚利桑那州很少收集Largemouth Bass的年龄和生长数据,西南部典型结构(如鳞片、耳石)得出的年龄估计的可靠性也不确定。我们的目标是:1)比较规模和耳石年龄估计的准确性和偏差;2)使用耳石估计西南部几个暖水储层中Largemouth Bass的生长。2021年春季,我们使用船电捕鱼从亚利桑那州的三个水库(阿拉莫、佩尼亚布兰卡和罗斯福)收集了Largemouth Bass。从鱼身上取下鳞片和矢状耳石,制备并独立老化三次。使用读者一致性百分比、置信度、平均变异系数和年龄偏差图,比较量表和耳石之间的精度和偏差差异。我们使用Largemouth-Bass耳石的年龄估计值来计算捕获时年龄的平均长度和基于每个储层公布的生长标准的相对生长指数。与耳石相比,Largemouth Bass鳞的年龄估计不太准确,高估了较年轻鱼类的年龄,低估了较年长鱼类的年龄。根据年龄估计的平均长度,佩尼亚布兰卡湖的增长率低于其他两个水库,相对增长指数表明,所有三个水库的Largemouth Bass增长率在年轻时都高于平均水平,但在老年时则低于平均水平。这项研究的结果增加了越来越多的文献,支持使用耳石来估计Largemouth Bass的年龄和生长。
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引用次数: 0
Special Thanks to Reviewers and Editors 特别感谢审稿人和编辑
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.3996/1944-687x-14.1.2
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of Potential Recovery Viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon 科罗拉多Pikeminow Ptychocheilus lucius在大峡谷科罗拉多河的潜在恢复可行性评估
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-26 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-031
Kimberly L. Dibble, C. Yackulic, Kevin R. Bestgen, K. Gido, M. T. Jones, M. McKinstry, D. Osmundson, D. Ryden, Robert C. Schelly
Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, the Colorado River’s top native predatory fish, was historically distributed from the Gulf of California delta to the upper reaches of the Green, Colorado, and San Juan rivers in the Colorado River basin in the Southwestern US. In recent decades Colorado Pikeminnow population abundance has declined, primarily due to predation by warmwater nonnative fish and habitat modification following dam construction. Small, reproducing populations remain in the Green and upper Colorado rivers, but their current population trajectory is declining and the San Juan River population is maintained primarily through stocking. As such, establishment of an additional population could aid recovery efforts and increase the species’ resilience and population redundancy. The Colorado River in Grand Canyon once supported Colorado Pikeminnow, but until recently habitat suitability in this altered reach was considered low due to a depressed thermal regime and abundant nonnative predators. Climate change and ongoing drought has presented an opportunity to evaluate the feasibility of native fish restoration in a system where declining reservoir storage has led to warmer releases and re-emergence of riverine habitat. These changes in the physical attributes of the river have occurred in concert with a system-wide decline in nonnative predators. Conditions ten years ago were not compatible with reintroduction feasibility in Grand Canyon; however, due to rapidly changing conditions an expert Science Panel was convened to evaluate whether the physical and biological attributes of this reach could now support various life stages of Colorado Pikeminnow. Here, we report on the evaluation process and outcome from the Science Panel, which developed a science-based recommendation to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on reintroduction feasibility. The Science Panel concluded that current habitat attributes in Grand Canyon could satisfy some, but perhaps not all, Colorado Pikeminnow life history requirements. This reach has the potential to support adult and sub-adult growth, foraging, migrations, and spawning, but low juvenile survival may limit recruitment. However, populations of other native species are successfully reproducing and increasing in western Grand Canyon, even in areas once considered suboptimal habitat. Should managers decide to move to the next phase of this process, actions such as experimental stocking and monitoring, telemetry studies, bioenergetics modeling, and laboratory-based research may provide additional information to further evaluate a potential reintroduction effort in this rapidly changing but highly altered system.
科罗拉多Pikeminow Ptychocheilus lucius是科罗拉多河的顶级本土掠食性鱼类,历史上分布于美国西南部科罗拉多河流域的加利福尼亚湾三角洲至格林河、科罗拉多河和圣胡安河上游。近几十年来,科罗拉多Pikemingow种群数量有所下降,主要是由于暖水非本地鱼类的捕食和大坝建设后栖息地的改变。格林河和科罗拉多河上游仍有少量繁殖种群,但它们目前的种群轨迹正在下降,圣胡安河的种群主要通过放养来维持。因此,建立一个额外的种群可以帮助恢复工作,增加物种的恢复力和种群冗余。大峡谷中的科罗拉多河曾经支持科罗拉多Pikeminow,但直到最近,由于气候低迷和大量的非本土捕食者,这一变化河段的栖息地适宜性一直被认为很低。气候变化和持续的干旱为评估在一个水库蓄水量下降导致河流栖息地变暖和重新出现的系统中恢复本地鱼类的可行性提供了机会。河流物理特性的这些变化与全系统非本土捕食者的减少是一致的。十年前的条件与大峡谷的重新引入可行性不兼容;然而,由于条件的快速变化,一个专家科学小组被召集来评估这一地区的物理和生物特性现在是否可以支持科罗拉多Pikeminow的各个生命阶段。在这里,我们报告了科学小组的评估过程和结果,该小组就重新引入的可行性向美国鱼类和野生动物管理局提出了一项基于科学的建议。科学小组得出结论,大峡谷目前的栖息地特征可以满足科罗拉多州派克明诺生活史的一些要求,但可能不是全部。这一范围有可能支持成年和亚成年的生长、觅食、迁徙和产卵,但幼年存活率低可能会限制招募。然而,其他本土物种的种群在大峡谷西部成功繁殖并增加,即使在曾经被认为是次优栖息地的地区也是如此。如果管理者决定进入这一过程的下一阶段,实验储存和监测、遥测研究、生物能量学建模和实验室研究等行动可能会提供额外信息,以进一步评估在这个快速变化但高度变化的系统中可能的重新引入工作。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of Environmental Factors on Sucker Catch Rate, Size Structure, Species Composition, and Precision from Boat Electrofishing 环境因素对渔船电捕鱼吸盘捕获率、大小结构、物种组成和精度的影响
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-18 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-052
D. Zentner, S. Brewer, D. Shoup
Catostomidae (catostomids) are suckers of the order Cyprinifores and the majority of species are native to North America; however, species in this group are understudied and rarely managed. The popularity in bowfishing and gigging for suckers in the United States has increased concerns related to overfishing. Little information exists about the relative gear effectiveness for sampling catostomids. Our study objective was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of boat electrofishing for sampling Black Redhorse Moxostoma duquesnei, Golden Redhorse M. erythrurum, Northern Hogsucker Hypentelium nigricans, White Sucker, and Spotted Sucker populations in Lake Eucha, OK. We used an information theoretic approach to determine the abiotic variables related to sucker catch per effort (C/f). Our analysis indicated that sucker C/f was highest during night and decreased with increasing water temperature. Sucker size structure was significantly different between daytime and nighttime samples; however, effect size estimates for size structure comparisons indicated size distributions exhibited moderate overlap. Distributional comparisons indicated daytime and nighttime samples were similar for fish >180 mm total length (TL). Effect size estimates also indicated little association between the proportion of each species captured and time of day or water temperature. Night electrofishing in reservoirs at water temperatures from 16-25 ⁰C yielded the most precise C/f estimates, with the highest numbers of suckers collected at water temperatures from 6-15⁰C. Further study of the relationship between abiotic variables and catostomid catchability using various gears would be beneficial to agencies interested in these populations.
鲶鱼科(鲶鱼目)是鲤鱼目的吸盘动物,大多数物种原产于北美洲;然而,这一群体中的物种研究不足,很少得到管理。在美国,弓钓和吸盘捕鱼的流行增加了人们对过度捕捞的担忧。关于猫造口术采样的相对齿轮有效性的信息很少。我们的研究目的是评估船电捕鱼对俄克拉荷马州欧几里得湖黑红马Moxostoma duquesnei、金红马M.erythrurum、北方猪笼草Hypentelium nigricans、白吸盘和斑点吸盘种群采样的相对有效性。我们使用信息论方法来确定与吸盘每次努力捕获量(C/f)相关的非生物变量。我们的分析表明,吸盘C/f在夜间最高,并随着水温的升高而降低。吸盘大小结构在日间和夜间样本之间存在显著差异;然而,尺寸结构比较的效应尺寸估计表明尺寸分布表现出适度的重叠。分布比较表明,总长度>180 mm的鱼类的日间和夜间样本相似。效应大小估计也表明,捕获的每种物种的比例与一天中的时间或水温之间几乎没有关联。16-25水温条件下的水库夜间电铸⁰C产生了最精确的C/f估计,在6-15的水温下收集的吸盘数量最高⁰C.使用各种齿轮进一步研究非生物变量与猫造口虫可捕性之间的关系,将有利于对这些种群感兴趣的机构。
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引用次数: 0
Precision of Structures Used to Estimate Age and Growth of Apache Trout from the White Mountains of Arizona 用于估计亚利桑那州怀特山脉阿帕奇鳟鱼年龄和生长的结构精度
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-16 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-021
M. Quist, M. E. Ulaski, Kristy M. Manuell, Z. Jackson, Tim Gatewood
Obtaining reliable information on the age structure of fish populations is important for making conservation and management decisions. We sought to evaluate precision and reader confidence in age estimates from scales (two body locations), sectioned fin rays (pectoral, pelvic, anal), and sectioned sagittal otoliths from Apache Trout Oncorhynchus apache (n = 78 fish) sampled from the East Fork White River, Arizona, in 2017. Structures were aged independently by two experienced readers without prior knowledge of fish length. Each reader provided a confidence rating of zero (no confidence) to three (completely confident) as a measure of readability. Both readers were unable to estimate age from scales collected from the area just posterior to the insertion of the pectoral fin. Scales removed from an area just dorsal to the lateral line and posterior to the dorsal fin were used in all analyses. Percent exact agreement between readers was highest for scales and otoliths (> 72.0%) and lowest for fin rays (31.8–58.1%). Average confidence rating was highest for sectioned otoliths (mean ± SE; 2.1 ± 0.07), and lowest for anal fin rays (0.3 ± 0.06) and scales (0.7 ± 0.05). Consensus ages from otoliths were compared to the other structures. Percent exact agreement with otolith age was low and varied from 21.6–35.7% among structures. Similarly, percent agreement within one year was also low among structures (58.0–70.2%). Scales consistently underestimated age of age-4 and older fish (based on otolith age); whereas fin rays tended to overestimate age of younger fish and underestimate age of older Apache Trout. Although sectioned otoliths require lethal sampling, they produced the most precise age estimates for Apache Trout with the highest reader confidence. Dorsal scales may be a suitable non-lethal alternative to otoliths if ages for only young fish (age-3 and younger) meet study objectives.
获得有关鱼类种群年龄结构的可靠信息对于作出保护和管理决策非常重要。我们试图评估2017年从亚利桑那州东叉白河(East Fork White River)采集的阿帕奇鳟鱼(n = 78条鱼)的鳞片(两个身体位置)、鳍片切片(胸、骨盆、肛门)和矢状耳石切片对年龄估计的准确性和读者信心。结构是由两名经验丰富的读者独立老化没有事先了解鱼的长度。每个读者都给出了从0(不自信)到3(完全自信)的信心等级,作为可读性的衡量标准。两位读者都无法从胸鳍插入后方区域收集的鳞片来估计年龄。所有分析都使用了从侧线和背鳍后方区域取出的鳞片。读者对鳞片和耳石的准确一致性百分比最高(72.0%),对鳍片的准确一致性百分比最低(31.8-58.1%)。切片耳石的平均置信度最高(平均值±SE;2.1±0.07),最低的是肛鳍(0.3±0.06)和鳞片(0.7±0.05)。耳石的一致年龄与其他结构进行了比较。与耳石年龄的吻合率较低,各结构的吻合率在21.6 ~ 35.7%之间。1年内达成协议的比率也很低(58.0 ~ 70.2%)。鳞片一直低估了4岁和更大的鱼的年龄(基于耳石年龄);而鳍鱼倾向于高估年轻鱼的年龄,低估老阿帕奇鳟鱼的年龄。虽然切片耳石需要致命的采样,但它们为阿帕奇鳟鱼提供了最精确的年龄估计,读者的信心最高。如果只有幼鱼(3岁及以下)的年龄符合研究目标,背鳞可能是耳石的一种合适的非致命性替代品。
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引用次数: 0
Manual Versus Semi-Automated Bioacoustic Analysis Methods of Multiple Vocalizations in Tricolored Blackbird Colonies 三色黑鸟群落多种发声的手动与半自动生物声学分析方法
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-16 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-065
Meredith Honig, Wendy Schackwitz
Bioacoustic monitoring can reveal aspects of animal behavior as many species vocalize in association with certain behaviors. Despite this, bioacoustics remain infrequently used to monitor animal behavior due to lack of knowledge of how vocalizations relate to behavior and the challenge of efficiently analyzing the large acoustic datasets necessary to capture relevant behaviors. Vocalizations and associated behaviors have been previously established for the colonial tricolored blackbird Agelaius tricolor, but efficient analysis of the acoustic data remains a challenge. Previous work with tricolored blackbird acoustic data relied on manually listening to recordings, which is not practical on large scales. Using software to automatically detect vocalizations of interest has potential to reduce analysis time. However, automated detection is prone to errors often caused by faint vocalizations, overlapping calls, and background noise. Thus, incorporating components of manual and automated analysis of acoustic datasets remains essential. To address these challenges, we deployed autonomous recording units at three tricolored blackbird colonies from 2019 to 2021 and analyzed acoustic data using a manual and a semi-automated analysis method. Specifically, we used tricolored blackbird male song, male chorus, female song, hatchling call, nestling call, and fledgling call to determine the approximate timing of breeding stages and number of breeding attempts, or pulses, for each colony. We found that using a semi-automated approach was more time efficient than manual analysis, while using comparable numbers of recordings and obtaining equivalent information from the colonies. The odds of correct detections of vocalizations using the semi-automated method were generally lower for fainter vocalizations and colonies with high background noise. Overall, the semi-automated approach had tolerable rates of recall, precision, false positives, and false negatives. Our methodology adds to a growing body of literature addressing acoustic analysis, especially for colonial species and where questions of breeding phenology are important.
生物声学监测可以揭示动物行为的各个方面,因为许多物种的发声与某些行为有关。尽管如此,由于缺乏发声与行为之间关系的知识,以及高效分析捕捉相关行为所需的大型声学数据集的挑战,生物声学仍然很少用于监测动物行为。以前已经为殖民地三色黑鸟Agelaius tricolor建立了发声和相关行为,但对声学数据的有效分析仍然是一个挑战。以前对三色黑鸟声学数据的研究依赖于手动收听录音,这在大范围内是不实用的。使用软件自动检测感兴趣的发声有可能减少分析时间。然而,自动检测容易出现错误,通常是由微弱的声音、重叠的呼叫和背景噪声引起的。因此,结合声学数据集的手动和自动分析的组成部分仍然至关重要。为了应对这些挑战,我们从2019年到2021年在三个三色黑鸟群落部署了自主记录单元,并使用手动和半自动分析方法分析了声学数据。具体来说,我们使用三色黑鸟的雄性鸣叫、雄性合唱、雌性鸣叫、孵化时的鸣叫、筑巢时的鸣叫和初出茅庐时的鸣叫来确定每个群体繁殖阶段的大致时间和繁殖尝试或脉冲的数量。我们发现,使用半自动化方法比手动分析更节省时间,同时使用可比较数量的记录并从菌落中获得等效信息。对于较微弱的发声和具有高背景噪声的菌落,使用半自动方法正确检测发声的几率通常较低。总体而言,半自动化方法具有可容忍的召回率、准确率、假阳性率和假阴性率。我们的方法增加了越来越多的关于声学分析的文献,特别是对于殖民地物种,以及繁殖酚学问题很重要的地方。
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引用次数: 0
Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of Walleye Sex Ratios in a Large Nebraska Reservoir 内布拉斯加州一个大型水库中白眼鱼性别比例的季节和空间分布
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-043
B. J. Schall, C. Schoenebeck, K. Koupal
The ratio of female to male Walleye Sander vitreus across the spatial scale of large reservoirs and during non-spawning times receives little attention, even though standardized sampling occurs during this time. This study evaluated whether the proportion of female Walleye collected from seasonal sampling at different spatial areas within a large reservoir fell within the 0.450-0.550 range, which would closely reflect a 1:1 female-to-male sex ratio. We used a Bayesian generalized linear mixed effects model with a binomial likelihood to assess the proportion of Walleye using season (spring and fall) and reservoir zone (riverine, transitional, and lacustrine) as fixed effects and year (2015 and 2016) as random effects. We collected a total of 2,163 Walleye using standardized Nebraska Game and Parks Commission gill netting methodology, and sex was determined on a random subsample of fish (n = 989) collected throughout each reservoir zone. There was no meaningful deviation from the 0.450-0.550 range in the mean posterior estimate of the proportion of female Walleye caught in the riverine and transitional zones during either spring or fall. The mean (SD) posterior estimate of the proportion of female Walleye in the lacustrine zone was 0.182 (0.024) in the spring and 0.621 (0.032) in the fall. These results are consistent with previous observations of increased male presence near spawning locations in the spring and demonstrate that increased fall female catch in the lacustrine zone could potentially bias sampling results. This study provides further insight into the distribution of sexes across the spatial gradient of a large Great Plains reservoir and demonstrates a need to sex Walleye during standardized fall surveys.
在大型水库的空间尺度和非产卵期,尽管在此期间进行了标准化采样,但雌性与雄性的比例却很少受到关注。本研究评估了在一个大型水库内不同空间区域的季节性采样中,雌性白眼鱼的比例是否在0.450-0.550之间,这与1:1的雌雄比例密切相关。我们使用具有二项似然的贝叶斯广义线性混合效应模型,以季节(春季和秋季)和库区(河流、过渡带和湖泊)为固定效应,年份(2015年和2016年)为随机效应来评估白眼鱼的比例。我们使用标准化的内布拉斯加州狩猎和公园委员会(Nebraska Game and Parks Commission)的gill - net方法共收集了2163条瓦利眼鱼,并在每个水库区收集了随机的鱼子样本(n = 989)来确定性别。春季和秋季在河流和过渡带捕获的雌眼鱼比例的平均后验估计值在0.450-0.550范围内无显著偏差。春季湖盆带雌眼鱼比例的后验均值(SD)为0.182(0.024),秋季为0.621(0.032)。这些结果与之前观察到的春季产卵地点附近雄性增加的现象一致,并表明湖区秋季雌性捕捞量的增加可能会影响采样结果。这项研究进一步深入了解了大平原水库的性别分布,并证明了在标准化的秋季调查中需要对瓦利耶鱼进行性别区分。
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引用次数: 0
Movement Patterns of Two Bat Species Active during Winter in the Southeastern United States 美国东南部冬季活动的两种蝙蝠的运动模式
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-049
During winter in the southeastern United States cavernicolous bats, many species of which are susceptible to white-nose syndrome, periodically arouse from torpor and occasionally leave hibernacula. We investigated the winter movements and habitat use of two bat species persisting during the white-nose syndrome epizootic, the gray bat, Myotis grisescens, and the eastern small-footed bat, M. leibii. We deployed very high frequency radio transmitters on individual bats captured outside hibernacula to investigate activity, which may include foraging, during winter. Bats were tracked from release at the cave entrance until their transmitter signal was lost or they remained stationary for >15 minutes. Gray bats (n = 12) had a core range of 1.92 km2 and an overall range of 30.93 km2. Eastern small-footed (n = 5) bats had a core range of 1.98 km2 and an overall range of 20.22 km2. Gray bats used open landcover types more than expected based on availability in the core range, but selected water and forest cover types in their overall range (P < 0.001). Eastern small-footed bats used available landcover types as expected in the core range (P = 0.1988) but selected for developed and open landcover types within the overall range (P < 0.001). Both species remained close to the hibernaculum and used roads when flying (P < 0.005), with gray bats also flying near waterways (P < 0.001). Habitat management and the enhancement of year-round prey availability adjacent to hibernacula may benefit bat populations, especially during winter when prey resources are low and bats are physiologically stressed due to hibernation and white-nose syndrome.
在美国东南部,许多易患白鼻综合症的海绵蝙蝠在冬季会周期性地从冬眠中醒来,偶尔也会离开冬眠地。研究了白鼻综合征流行期间持续存在的灰蝙蝠(Myotis grisescens)和东部小脚蝙蝠(M. leibii)的冬季活动和生境利用情况。我们在冬眠室外捕获的蝙蝠身上放置了高频无线电发射器,以调查它们在冬季的活动,其中可能包括觅食。从洞穴入口释放蝙蝠开始,研究人员对它们进行了跟踪,直到它们的发射机信号消失,或者它们静止不动了大约15分钟。灰蝠(n = 12)的核心活动范围为1.92 km2,总活动范围为30.93 km2。东部小足蝠(n = 5)的核心活动范围为1.98 km2,总活动范围为20.22 km2。灰蝙蝠在核心范围内使用开阔的土地覆盖类型多于预期,但在其整个范围内选择水和森林覆盖类型(P < 0.001)。东部小足蝙蝠在核心范围内与预期相同(P = 0.1988),但在整个范围内选择了发达和开放的土地覆盖类型(P < 0.001)。灰蝙蝠和灰蝙蝠都在靠近冬眠地的地方飞行,并使用道路飞行(P < 0.005),灰蝙蝠也在靠近水道飞行(P < 0.001)。栖息地管理和提高冬眠期附近全年猎物可得性可能有利于蝙蝠种群,特别是在冬季,当猎物资源少,蝙蝠因冬眠和白鼻综合征而受到生理压力时。
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引用次数: 0
Availability of Supplemental Corn for Sandhill Cranes, Light Geese, and Dabbling Ducks Wintering in New Mexico 在新墨西哥州越冬的沙丘鹤、轻雁和涉水鸭补充玉米的有效性
IF 0.7 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION Pub Date : 2023-04-04 DOI: 10.3996/jfwm-22-013
D. Collins, Matthew A. Boggie, D. Collins, S. Carleton
The Middle Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico overwinters the majority of the Rocky Mountain Population of greater sandhill cranes Antigone canadensis tabida as well as numerous Mid-continent Population lesser sandhill cranes A. c. canadensis, light geese (i.e., snow Anser caerulescens and Ross’s geese Anser rossii), and dabbling ducks (i.e, Anas spp.). Stemming from changes in agricultural practices and loss of habitat, these species have become largely dependent on public lands where corn is used to supplement natural foraging resources providing a key dietary component while also discouraging crop depredation on private lands. To evaluate if supplemental corn provides a sufficient resource base, we estimated energy available in corn resources and seasonal energy requirements of the sandhill cranes, which was comprised of Rocky Mountain Population and Mid-continent Population. Additionally, we considered energetic requirements for two other wintering guilds, light geese and dabbling ducks. Depletion rates of post-mowed corn increased throughout winter from 3,673 ± 843 kg/ha/day (mean ± SE) in December to 7,014 ± 1,884 kg/ha/day in February. Estimated seasonal energetic requirements of the Rocky Mountain Population and Mid-continent Population were 1.14 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 1.07 × 109 – 1.21 × 109 kcal). Combined, seasonal energetic demands of the Rocky Mountain Population, Mid-continent Population, light geese, and dabbling ducks was 4.23 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 3.81 × 109 – 4.53 × 109 kcal) or 911,813 kg of corn (95% CI = 820,821-1,006,894 kg). From 2014-2017, corn production on public lands in the Middle Rio Grande Valley was 1,052,006 ± 58,965 kg grown on an average of 76 ha, sufficient for winter energetic requirements of all guilds. Interagency collaboration, effective planning during the growing season and strategic schedules for mowing supplemental corn crops that integrate population abundances and their respective energy demands should further promote success of the supplemental corn program in the Middle Rio Grande Valley.
新墨西哥州中部的中部格兰德山谷过冬的大部分是落基山脉的大沙丘鹤Antigone canadensis tabida,以及许多中部大陆的小沙丘鹤a.c. canadensis,轻雁(即雪雁caerulescens和罗斯鹅Anser rossii)和涉水鸭(即Anas spp.)。由于农业实践的变化和栖息地的丧失,这些物种在很大程度上依赖于公共土地,在公共土地上,玉米被用来补充自然觅食资源,提供了关键的饮食成分,同时也阻止了私人土地上的作物掠夺。为了评估补充玉米是否提供了足够的资源基础,我们估算了玉米资源的可用能量和由落基山种群和中大陆种群组成的沙丘鹤的季节性能量需求。此外,我们还考虑了另外两个越冬行会的能量需求,轻型鹅和涉水鸭。刈割后玉米耗损率从12月的3673±843 kg/ha/day(平均±SE)增加到2月的7014±1884 kg/ha/day。落基山种群和中大陆种群的季节能量需要量为1.14 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 1.07 × 109 ~ 1.21 × 109 kcal)。综合计算,落基山种群、中大陆种群、轻鹅和涉水鸭的季节性能量需求为4.23 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 3.81 × 109 ~ 4.53 × 109 kcal)或911,813 kg玉米(95% CI = 820,821 ~ 1,006,894 kg)。2014-2017年,中部大河谷公共土地玉米产量为1052,2006±58,965公斤,平均种植面积76公顷,足以满足所有行会的冬季能量需求。跨部门合作、生长季节的有效规划以及综合人口丰度和各自能源需求的补种玉米割草战略时间表,将进一步促进中里约热内卢格兰德河谷补种玉米计划的成功。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management
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