J. Gedir, B. Millsap, Paige E. Howell, Thomas W. Wittig, H. White, Emily R. Bjerre
Anthropogenic pressures on the global landscape are rapidly increasing, with well-documented negative impacts on avian populations. As an encouraging counterexample to general declines, the bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus population in the United States has continued to grow dramatically since its 20th century decline, with breeding pairs now colonizing areas with high levels of human activity. Evidence of the impact of human activity on nesting bald eagles is mixed, with some studies reporting declines in reproduction, while others suggest reproduction is comparatively unaffected. We assessed the effects of anthropogenic activities on bald eagle nest success by compiling data from bald eagle incidental take permits issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for unintentional disturbance of breeding bald eagles. We used generalized linear logistic regression models in a Bayesian framework to evaluate the relationship between types of human activity (n = 6), levels of human development in the environment around nests (n = 5), and whether or not the activity resulted in a significant alteration of the surrounding habitat. There were more permits issued for nests in suburban (40%) than in natural (12%) or industrial (9%) environments and nearly half (47%) of the permits were for building activities; there was a similar number of permits where the habitat was altered (46%) or unaltered (54%). Overall mean nest success during authorized activities from 103 nest-seasons was 84% (95% credible interval: 76–90%) and nest success rates were similarly high (77–100%) for all categories within covariates (p > 0.6). The top model was without fixed effects, accounting for 47% of the model set weight, and the next three models, the only other models with widely applicable information criterion weight, included the activity type and habitat alteration covariates. The only parameters with 95% credible intervals encompassing zero were infrastructure and landscape modification activities, for which all nests exposed to these activities were successful; however, these estimates also had very high uncertainty. This indicates that the covariates we tested were weak predictors of nest success. Some permitted nests were monitored prior to or following years of authorized activity, and there was no significant difference in nest success between activity and non-activity years. We provide further evidence that the growing contingent of bald eagles nesting in human-developed environments tolerate anthropogenic activities to a degree that they are able to nest successfully at rates comparable to the general U.S. population. This study improves our understanding of bald eagle reproductive performance when exposed to human activities and will provide better guidance for managing this species.
{"title":"Nest Success of Bald Eagles Exposed to Anthropogenic Activities in the United States","authors":"J. Gedir, B. Millsap, Paige E. Howell, Thomas W. Wittig, H. White, Emily R. Bjerre","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-23-007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-23-007","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropogenic pressures on the global landscape are rapidly increasing, with well-documented negative impacts on avian populations. As an encouraging counterexample to general declines, the bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus population in the United States has continued to grow dramatically since its 20th century decline, with breeding pairs now colonizing areas with high levels of human activity. Evidence of the impact of human activity on nesting bald eagles is mixed, with some studies reporting declines in reproduction, while others suggest reproduction is comparatively unaffected. We assessed the effects of anthropogenic activities on bald eagle nest success by compiling data from bald eagle incidental take permits issued by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for unintentional disturbance of breeding bald eagles. We used generalized linear logistic regression models in a Bayesian framework to evaluate the relationship between types of human activity (n = 6), levels of human development in the environment around nests (n = 5), and whether or not the activity resulted in a significant alteration of the surrounding habitat. There were more permits issued for nests in suburban (40%) than in natural (12%) or industrial (9%) environments and nearly half (47%) of the permits were for building activities; there was a similar number of permits where the habitat was altered (46%) or unaltered (54%). Overall mean nest success during authorized activities from 103 nest-seasons was 84% (95% credible interval: 76–90%) and nest success rates were similarly high (77–100%) for all categories within covariates (p > 0.6). The top model was without fixed effects, accounting for 47% of the model set weight, and the next three models, the only other models with widely applicable information criterion weight, included the activity type and habitat alteration covariates. The only parameters with 95% credible intervals encompassing zero were infrastructure and landscape modification activities, for which all nests exposed to these activities were successful; however, these estimates also had very high uncertainty. This indicates that the covariates we tested were weak predictors of nest success. Some permitted nests were monitored prior to or following years of authorized activity, and there was no significant difference in nest success between activity and non-activity years. We provide further evidence that the growing contingent of bald eagles nesting in human-developed environments tolerate anthropogenic activities to a degree that they are able to nest successfully at rates comparable to the general U.S. population. This study improves our understanding of bald eagle reproductive performance when exposed to human activities and will provide better guidance for managing this species.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48722116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Steven J. Ingram, Joshua D. Grant, Zachary S. Beard, Nathan D. Berg, Anna M. Ringelman, S. Bonar
Age and growth data are frequently used to monitor and manage important North American sport fishes like Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. Continental and regional growth standards have been developed for the species to assess fish growth over time and across space. However, Largemouth Bass age and growth data are infrequently collected in Arizona and the reliability of age estimates derived from typical structures (e.g., scales, otoliths) in the Southwest is uncertain. Our objectives were to 1) compare precision and bias of age estimates from scales with those from otoliths and 2) estimate Largemouth Bass growth in several southwestern warmwater reservoirs using otoliths. We collected Largemouth Bass from three Arizona reservoirs (Alamo, Peña Blanca, and Roosevelt) using boat electrofishing in spring 2021. Scales and sagittal otoliths were removed from fish, prepared, and independently aged three times. Differences in precision and bias between scales and otoliths were compared using reader agreement percentages, confidence ratings, average coefficient of variation, and age-bias plots. We used age estimates from Largemouth Bass otoliths to calculate mean lengths-at-age at capture and relative growth indices based on published growth standards in each reservoir. Largemouth Bass scale age estimates were less precise, overestimated ages of younger fish, and underestimated age of older fish compared to otoliths. Growth was lower in Peña Blanca Lake than in the other two reservoirs according to mean length-at-age estimates, and relative growth indices suggested that Largemouth Bass growth in all three reservoirs was above average at younger ages, but less so at older ages. The results from this study add to a growing body of literature supporting the use of otoliths for estimating age and growth of Largemouth Bass.
{"title":"Estimating Age and Growth of Largemouth Bass in Southwestern Reservoirs Using Otoliths and Scales","authors":"Steven J. Ingram, Joshua D. Grant, Zachary S. Beard, Nathan D. Berg, Anna M. Ringelman, S. Bonar","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-23-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-23-006","url":null,"abstract":"Age and growth data are frequently used to monitor and manage important North American sport fishes like Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides. Continental and regional growth standards have been developed for the species to assess fish growth over time and across space. However, Largemouth Bass age and growth data are infrequently collected in Arizona and the reliability of age estimates derived from typical structures (e.g., scales, otoliths) in the Southwest is uncertain. Our objectives were to 1) compare precision and bias of age estimates from scales with those from otoliths and 2) estimate Largemouth Bass growth in several southwestern warmwater reservoirs using otoliths. We collected Largemouth Bass from three Arizona reservoirs (Alamo, Peña Blanca, and Roosevelt) using boat electrofishing in spring 2021. Scales and sagittal otoliths were removed from fish, prepared, and independently aged three times. Differences in precision and bias between scales and otoliths were compared using reader agreement percentages, confidence ratings, average coefficient of variation, and age-bias plots. We used age estimates from Largemouth Bass otoliths to calculate mean lengths-at-age at capture and relative growth indices based on published growth standards in each reservoir. Largemouth Bass scale age estimates were less precise, overestimated ages of younger fish, and underestimated age of older fish compared to otoliths. Growth was lower in Peña Blanca Lake than in the other two reservoirs according to mean length-at-age estimates, and relative growth indices suggested that Largemouth Bass growth in all three reservoirs was above average at younger ages, but less so at older ages. The results from this study add to a growing body of literature supporting the use of otoliths for estimating age and growth of Largemouth Bass.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48899078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.3996/1944-687x-14.1.2
{"title":"Special Thanks to Reviewers and Editors","authors":"","doi":"10.3996/1944-687x-14.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/1944-687x-14.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136249105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kimberly L. Dibble, C. Yackulic, Kevin R. Bestgen, K. Gido, M. T. Jones, M. McKinstry, D. Osmundson, D. Ryden, Robert C. Schelly
Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, the Colorado River’s top native predatory fish, was historically distributed from the Gulf of California delta to the upper reaches of the Green, Colorado, and San Juan rivers in the Colorado River basin in the Southwestern US. In recent decades Colorado Pikeminnow population abundance has declined, primarily due to predation by warmwater nonnative fish and habitat modification following dam construction. Small, reproducing populations remain in the Green and upper Colorado rivers, but their current population trajectory is declining and the San Juan River population is maintained primarily through stocking. As such, establishment of an additional population could aid recovery efforts and increase the species’ resilience and population redundancy. The Colorado River in Grand Canyon once supported Colorado Pikeminnow, but until recently habitat suitability in this altered reach was considered low due to a depressed thermal regime and abundant nonnative predators. Climate change and ongoing drought has presented an opportunity to evaluate the feasibility of native fish restoration in a system where declining reservoir storage has led to warmer releases and re-emergence of riverine habitat. These changes in the physical attributes of the river have occurred in concert with a system-wide decline in nonnative predators. Conditions ten years ago were not compatible with reintroduction feasibility in Grand Canyon; however, due to rapidly changing conditions an expert Science Panel was convened to evaluate whether the physical and biological attributes of this reach could now support various life stages of Colorado Pikeminnow. Here, we report on the evaluation process and outcome from the Science Panel, which developed a science-based recommendation to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on reintroduction feasibility. The Science Panel concluded that current habitat attributes in Grand Canyon could satisfy some, but perhaps not all, Colorado Pikeminnow life history requirements. This reach has the potential to support adult and sub-adult growth, foraging, migrations, and spawning, but low juvenile survival may limit recruitment. However, populations of other native species are successfully reproducing and increasing in western Grand Canyon, even in areas once considered suboptimal habitat. Should managers decide to move to the next phase of this process, actions such as experimental stocking and monitoring, telemetry studies, bioenergetics modeling, and laboratory-based research may provide additional information to further evaluate a potential reintroduction effort in this rapidly changing but highly altered system.
{"title":"Assessment of Potential Recovery Viability for Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon","authors":"Kimberly L. Dibble, C. Yackulic, Kevin R. Bestgen, K. Gido, M. T. Jones, M. McKinstry, D. Osmundson, D. Ryden, Robert C. Schelly","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-031","url":null,"abstract":"Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius, the Colorado River’s top native predatory fish, was historically distributed from the Gulf of California delta to the upper reaches of the Green, Colorado, and San Juan rivers in the Colorado River basin in the Southwestern US. In recent decades Colorado Pikeminnow population abundance has declined, primarily due to predation by warmwater nonnative fish and habitat modification following dam construction. Small, reproducing populations remain in the Green and upper Colorado rivers, but their current population trajectory is declining and the San Juan River population is maintained primarily through stocking. As such, establishment of an additional population could aid recovery efforts and increase the species’ resilience and population redundancy. The Colorado River in Grand Canyon once supported Colorado Pikeminnow, but until recently habitat suitability in this altered reach was considered low due to a depressed thermal regime and abundant nonnative predators. Climate change and ongoing drought has presented an opportunity to evaluate the feasibility of native fish restoration in a system where declining reservoir storage has led to warmer releases and re-emergence of riverine habitat. These changes in the physical attributes of the river have occurred in concert with a system-wide decline in nonnative predators. Conditions ten years ago were not compatible with reintroduction feasibility in Grand Canyon; however, due to rapidly changing conditions an expert Science Panel was convened to evaluate whether the physical and biological attributes of this reach could now support various life stages of Colorado Pikeminnow. Here, we report on the evaluation process and outcome from the Science Panel, which developed a science-based recommendation to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on reintroduction feasibility. The Science Panel concluded that current habitat attributes in Grand Canyon could satisfy some, but perhaps not all, Colorado Pikeminnow life history requirements. This reach has the potential to support adult and sub-adult growth, foraging, migrations, and spawning, but low juvenile survival may limit recruitment. However, populations of other native species are successfully reproducing and increasing in western Grand Canyon, even in areas once considered suboptimal habitat. Should managers decide to move to the next phase of this process, actions such as experimental stocking and monitoring, telemetry studies, bioenergetics modeling, and laboratory-based research may provide additional information to further evaluate a potential reintroduction effort in this rapidly changing but highly altered system.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49611339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catostomidae (catostomids) are suckers of the order Cyprinifores and the majority of species are native to North America; however, species in this group are understudied and rarely managed. The popularity in bowfishing and gigging for suckers in the United States has increased concerns related to overfishing. Little information exists about the relative gear effectiveness for sampling catostomids. Our study objective was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of boat electrofishing for sampling Black Redhorse Moxostoma duquesnei, Golden Redhorse M. erythrurum, Northern Hogsucker Hypentelium nigricans, White Sucker, and Spotted Sucker populations in Lake Eucha, OK. We used an information theoretic approach to determine the abiotic variables related to sucker catch per effort (C/f). Our analysis indicated that sucker C/f was highest during night and decreased with increasing water temperature. Sucker size structure was significantly different between daytime and nighttime samples; however, effect size estimates for size structure comparisons indicated size distributions exhibited moderate overlap. Distributional comparisons indicated daytime and nighttime samples were similar for fish >180 mm total length (TL). Effect size estimates also indicated little association between the proportion of each species captured and time of day or water temperature. Night electrofishing in reservoirs at water temperatures from 16-25 ⁰C yielded the most precise C/f estimates, with the highest numbers of suckers collected at water temperatures from 6-15⁰C. Further study of the relationship between abiotic variables and catostomid catchability using various gears would be beneficial to agencies interested in these populations.
{"title":"Effects of Environmental Factors on Sucker Catch Rate, Size Structure, Species Composition, and Precision from Boat Electrofishing","authors":"D. Zentner, S. Brewer, D. Shoup","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-052","url":null,"abstract":"Catostomidae (catostomids) are suckers of the order Cyprinifores and the majority of species are native to North America; however, species in this group are understudied and rarely managed. The popularity in bowfishing and gigging for suckers in the United States has increased concerns related to overfishing. Little information exists about the relative gear effectiveness for sampling catostomids. Our study objective was to evaluate the relative effectiveness of boat electrofishing for sampling Black Redhorse Moxostoma duquesnei, Golden Redhorse M. erythrurum, Northern Hogsucker Hypentelium nigricans, White Sucker, and Spotted Sucker populations in Lake Eucha, OK. We used an information theoretic approach to determine the abiotic variables related to sucker catch per effort (C/f). Our analysis indicated that sucker C/f was highest during night and decreased with increasing water temperature. Sucker size structure was significantly different between daytime and nighttime samples; however, effect size estimates for size structure comparisons indicated size distributions exhibited moderate overlap. Distributional comparisons indicated daytime and nighttime samples were similar for fish >180 mm total length (TL). Effect size estimates also indicated little association between the proportion of each species captured and time of day or water temperature. Night electrofishing in reservoirs at water temperatures from 16-25 ⁰C yielded the most precise C/f estimates, with the highest numbers of suckers collected at water temperatures from 6-15⁰C. Further study of the relationship between abiotic variables and catostomid catchability using various gears would be beneficial to agencies interested in these populations.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41462252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Quist, M. E. Ulaski, Kristy M. Manuell, Z. Jackson, Tim Gatewood
Obtaining reliable information on the age structure of fish populations is important for making conservation and management decisions. We sought to evaluate precision and reader confidence in age estimates from scales (two body locations), sectioned fin rays (pectoral, pelvic, anal), and sectioned sagittal otoliths from Apache Trout Oncorhynchus apache (n = 78 fish) sampled from the East Fork White River, Arizona, in 2017. Structures were aged independently by two experienced readers without prior knowledge of fish length. Each reader provided a confidence rating of zero (no confidence) to three (completely confident) as a measure of readability. Both readers were unable to estimate age from scales collected from the area just posterior to the insertion of the pectoral fin. Scales removed from an area just dorsal to the lateral line and posterior to the dorsal fin were used in all analyses. Percent exact agreement between readers was highest for scales and otoliths (> 72.0%) and lowest for fin rays (31.8–58.1%). Average confidence rating was highest for sectioned otoliths (mean ± SE; 2.1 ± 0.07), and lowest for anal fin rays (0.3 ± 0.06) and scales (0.7 ± 0.05). Consensus ages from otoliths were compared to the other structures. Percent exact agreement with otolith age was low and varied from 21.6–35.7% among structures. Similarly, percent agreement within one year was also low among structures (58.0–70.2%). Scales consistently underestimated age of age-4 and older fish (based on otolith age); whereas fin rays tended to overestimate age of younger fish and underestimate age of older Apache Trout. Although sectioned otoliths require lethal sampling, they produced the most precise age estimates for Apache Trout with the highest reader confidence. Dorsal scales may be a suitable non-lethal alternative to otoliths if ages for only young fish (age-3 and younger) meet study objectives.
获得有关鱼类种群年龄结构的可靠信息对于作出保护和管理决策非常重要。我们试图评估2017年从亚利桑那州东叉白河(East Fork White River)采集的阿帕奇鳟鱼(n = 78条鱼)的鳞片(两个身体位置)、鳍片切片(胸、骨盆、肛门)和矢状耳石切片对年龄估计的准确性和读者信心。结构是由两名经验丰富的读者独立老化没有事先了解鱼的长度。每个读者都给出了从0(不自信)到3(完全自信)的信心等级，作为可读性的衡量标准。两位读者都无法从胸鳍插入后方区域收集的鳞片来估计年龄。所有分析都使用了从侧线和背鳍后方区域取出的鳞片。读者对鳞片和耳石的准确一致性百分比最高(72.0%)，对鳍片的准确一致性百分比最低(31.8-58.1%)。切片耳石的平均置信度最高(平均值±SE;2.1±0.07)，最低的是肛鳍(0.3±0.06)和鳞片(0.7±0.05)。耳石的一致年龄与其他结构进行了比较。与耳石年龄的吻合率较低，各结构的吻合率在21.6 ~ 35.7%之间。1年内达成协议的比率也很低(58.0 ~ 70.2%)。鳞片一直低估了4岁和更大的鱼的年龄(基于耳石年龄);而鳍鱼倾向于高估年轻鱼的年龄，低估老阿帕奇鳟鱼的年龄。虽然切片耳石需要致命的采样，但它们为阿帕奇鳟鱼提供了最精确的年龄估计，读者的信心最高。如果只有幼鱼(3岁及以下)的年龄符合研究目标，背鳞可能是耳石的一种合适的非致命性替代品。
{"title":"Precision of Structures Used to Estimate Age and Growth of Apache Trout from the White Mountains of Arizona","authors":"M. Quist, M. E. Ulaski, Kristy M. Manuell, Z. Jackson, Tim Gatewood","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-021","url":null,"abstract":"Obtaining reliable information on the age structure of fish populations is important for making conservation and management decisions. We sought to evaluate precision and reader confidence in age estimates from scales (two body locations), sectioned fin rays (pectoral, pelvic, anal), and sectioned sagittal otoliths from Apache Trout Oncorhynchus apache (n = 78 fish) sampled from the East Fork White River, Arizona, in 2017. Structures were aged independently by two experienced readers without prior knowledge of fish length. Each reader provided a confidence rating of zero (no confidence) to three (completely confident) as a measure of readability. Both readers were unable to estimate age from scales collected from the area just posterior to the insertion of the pectoral fin. Scales removed from an area just dorsal to the lateral line and posterior to the dorsal fin were used in all analyses. Percent exact agreement between readers was highest for scales and otoliths (> 72.0%) and lowest for fin rays (31.8–58.1%). Average confidence rating was highest for sectioned otoliths (mean ± SE; 2.1 ± 0.07), and lowest for anal fin rays (0.3 ± 0.06) and scales (0.7 ± 0.05). Consensus ages from otoliths were compared to the other structures. Percent exact agreement with otolith age was low and varied from 21.6–35.7% among structures. Similarly, percent agreement within one year was also low among structures (58.0–70.2%). Scales consistently underestimated age of age-4 and older fish (based on otolith age); whereas fin rays tended to overestimate age of younger fish and underestimate age of older Apache Trout. Although sectioned otoliths require lethal sampling, they produced the most precise age estimates for Apache Trout with the highest reader confidence. Dorsal scales may be a suitable non-lethal alternative to otoliths if ages for only young fish (age-3 and younger) meet study objectives.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41983541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bioacoustic monitoring can reveal aspects of animal behavior as many species vocalize in association with certain behaviors. Despite this, bioacoustics remain infrequently used to monitor animal behavior due to lack of knowledge of how vocalizations relate to behavior and the challenge of efficiently analyzing the large acoustic datasets necessary to capture relevant behaviors. Vocalizations and associated behaviors have been previously established for the colonial tricolored blackbird Agelaius tricolor, but efficient analysis of the acoustic data remains a challenge. Previous work with tricolored blackbird acoustic data relied on manually listening to recordings, which is not practical on large scales. Using software to automatically detect vocalizations of interest has potential to reduce analysis time. However, automated detection is prone to errors often caused by faint vocalizations, overlapping calls, and background noise. Thus, incorporating components of manual and automated analysis of acoustic datasets remains essential. To address these challenges, we deployed autonomous recording units at three tricolored blackbird colonies from 2019 to 2021 and analyzed acoustic data using a manual and a semi-automated analysis method. Specifically, we used tricolored blackbird male song, male chorus, female song, hatchling call, nestling call, and fledgling call to determine the approximate timing of breeding stages and number of breeding attempts, or pulses, for each colony. We found that using a semi-automated approach was more time efficient than manual analysis, while using comparable numbers of recordings and obtaining equivalent information from the colonies. The odds of correct detections of vocalizations using the semi-automated method were generally lower for fainter vocalizations and colonies with high background noise. Overall, the semi-automated approach had tolerable rates of recall, precision, false positives, and false negatives. Our methodology adds to a growing body of literature addressing acoustic analysis, especially for colonial species and where questions of breeding phenology are important.
{"title":"Manual Versus Semi-Automated Bioacoustic Analysis Methods of Multiple Vocalizations in Tricolored Blackbird Colonies","authors":"Meredith Honig, Wendy Schackwitz","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-065","url":null,"abstract":"Bioacoustic monitoring can reveal aspects of animal behavior as many species vocalize in association with certain behaviors. Despite this, bioacoustics remain infrequently used to monitor animal behavior due to lack of knowledge of how vocalizations relate to behavior and the challenge of efficiently analyzing the large acoustic datasets necessary to capture relevant behaviors. Vocalizations and associated behaviors have been previously established for the colonial tricolored blackbird Agelaius tricolor, but efficient analysis of the acoustic data remains a challenge. Previous work with tricolored blackbird acoustic data relied on manually listening to recordings, which is not practical on large scales. Using software to automatically detect vocalizations of interest has potential to reduce analysis time. However, automated detection is prone to errors often caused by faint vocalizations, overlapping calls, and background noise. Thus, incorporating components of manual and automated analysis of acoustic datasets remains essential. To address these challenges, we deployed autonomous recording units at three tricolored blackbird colonies from 2019 to 2021 and analyzed acoustic data using a manual and a semi-automated analysis method. Specifically, we used tricolored blackbird male song, male chorus, female song, hatchling call, nestling call, and fledgling call to determine the approximate timing of breeding stages and number of breeding attempts, or pulses, for each colony. We found that using a semi-automated approach was more time efficient than manual analysis, while using comparable numbers of recordings and obtaining equivalent information from the colonies. The odds of correct detections of vocalizations using the semi-automated method were generally lower for fainter vocalizations and colonies with high background noise. Overall, the semi-automated approach had tolerable rates of recall, precision, false positives, and false negatives. Our methodology adds to a growing body of literature addressing acoustic analysis, especially for colonial species and where questions of breeding phenology are important.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43895333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The ratio of female to male Walleye Sander vitreus across the spatial scale of large reservoirs and during non-spawning times receives little attention, even though standardized sampling occurs during this time. This study evaluated whether the proportion of female Walleye collected from seasonal sampling at different spatial areas within a large reservoir fell within the 0.450-0.550 range, which would closely reflect a 1:1 female-to-male sex ratio. We used a Bayesian generalized linear mixed effects model with a binomial likelihood to assess the proportion of Walleye using season (spring and fall) and reservoir zone (riverine, transitional, and lacustrine) as fixed effects and year (2015 and 2016) as random effects. We collected a total of 2,163 Walleye using standardized Nebraska Game and Parks Commission gill netting methodology, and sex was determined on a random subsample of fish (n = 989) collected throughout each reservoir zone. There was no meaningful deviation from the 0.450-0.550 range in the mean posterior estimate of the proportion of female Walleye caught in the riverine and transitional zones during either spring or fall. The mean (SD) posterior estimate of the proportion of female Walleye in the lacustrine zone was 0.182 (0.024) in the spring and 0.621 (0.032) in the fall. These results are consistent with previous observations of increased male presence near spawning locations in the spring and demonstrate that increased fall female catch in the lacustrine zone could potentially bias sampling results. This study provides further insight into the distribution of sexes across the spatial gradient of a large Great Plains reservoir and demonstrates a need to sex Walleye during standardized fall surveys.
在大型水库的空间尺度和非产卵期，尽管在此期间进行了标准化采样，但雌性与雄性的比例却很少受到关注。本研究评估了在一个大型水库内不同空间区域的季节性采样中，雌性白眼鱼的比例是否在0.450-0.550之间，这与1:1的雌雄比例密切相关。我们使用具有二项似然的贝叶斯广义线性混合效应模型，以季节(春季和秋季)和库区(河流、过渡带和湖泊)为固定效应，年份(2015年和2016年)为随机效应来评估白眼鱼的比例。我们使用标准化的内布拉斯加州狩猎和公园委员会(Nebraska Game and Parks Commission)的gill - net方法共收集了2163条瓦利眼鱼，并在每个水库区收集了随机的鱼子样本(n = 989)来确定性别。春季和秋季在河流和过渡带捕获的雌眼鱼比例的平均后验估计值在0.450-0.550范围内无显著偏差。春季湖盆带雌眼鱼比例的后验均值(SD)为0.182(0.024)，秋季为0.621(0.032)。这些结果与之前观察到的春季产卵地点附近雄性增加的现象一致，并表明湖区秋季雌性捕捞量的增加可能会影响采样结果。这项研究进一步深入了解了大平原水库的性别分布，并证明了在标准化的秋季调查中需要对瓦利耶鱼进行性别区分。
{"title":"Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of Walleye Sex Ratios in a Large Nebraska Reservoir","authors":"B. J. Schall, C. Schoenebeck, K. Koupal","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-043","url":null,"abstract":"The ratio of female to male Walleye Sander vitreus across the spatial scale of large reservoirs and during non-spawning times receives little attention, even though standardized sampling occurs during this time. This study evaluated whether the proportion of female Walleye collected from seasonal sampling at different spatial areas within a large reservoir fell within the 0.450-0.550 range, which would closely reflect a 1:1 female-to-male sex ratio. We used a Bayesian generalized linear mixed effects model with a binomial likelihood to assess the proportion of Walleye using season (spring and fall) and reservoir zone (riverine, transitional, and lacustrine) as fixed effects and year (2015 and 2016) as random effects. We collected a total of 2,163 Walleye using standardized Nebraska Game and Parks Commission gill netting methodology, and sex was determined on a random subsample of fish (n = 989) collected throughout each reservoir zone. There was no meaningful deviation from the 0.450-0.550 range in the mean posterior estimate of the proportion of female Walleye caught in the riverine and transitional zones during either spring or fall. The mean (SD) posterior estimate of the proportion of female Walleye in the lacustrine zone was 0.182 (0.024) in the spring and 0.621 (0.032) in the fall. These results are consistent with previous observations of increased male presence near spawning locations in the spring and demonstrate that increased fall female catch in the lacustrine zone could potentially bias sampling results. This study provides further insight into the distribution of sexes across the spatial gradient of a large Great Plains reservoir and demonstrates a need to sex Walleye during standardized fall surveys.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48369900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During winter in the southeastern United States cavernicolous bats, many species of which are susceptible to white-nose syndrome, periodically arouse from torpor and occasionally leave hibernacula. We investigated the winter movements and habitat use of two bat species persisting during the white-nose syndrome epizootic, the gray bat, Myotis grisescens, and the eastern small-footed bat, M. leibii. We deployed very high frequency radio transmitters on individual bats captured outside hibernacula to investigate activity, which may include foraging, during winter. Bats were tracked from release at the cave entrance until their transmitter signal was lost or they remained stationary for >15 minutes. Gray bats (n = 12) had a core range of 1.92 km2 and an overall range of 30.93 km2. Eastern small-footed (n = 5) bats had a core range of 1.98 km2 and an overall range of 20.22 km2. Gray bats used open landcover types more than expected based on availability in the core range, but selected water and forest cover types in their overall range (P < 0.001). Eastern small-footed bats used available landcover types as expected in the core range (P = 0.1988) but selected for developed and open landcover types within the overall range (P < 0.001). Both species remained close to the hibernaculum and used roads when flying (P < 0.005), with gray bats also flying near waterways (P < 0.001). Habitat management and the enhancement of year-round prey availability adjacent to hibernacula may benefit bat populations, especially during winter when prey resources are low and bats are physiologically stressed due to hibernation and white-nose syndrome.
{"title":"Movement Patterns of Two Bat Species Active during Winter in the Southeastern United States","authors":"","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-049","url":null,"abstract":"During winter in the southeastern United States cavernicolous bats, many species of which are susceptible to white-nose syndrome, periodically arouse from torpor and occasionally leave hibernacula. We investigated the winter movements and habitat use of two bat species persisting during the white-nose syndrome epizootic, the gray bat, Myotis grisescens, and the eastern small-footed bat, M. leibii. We deployed very high frequency radio transmitters on individual bats captured outside hibernacula to investigate activity, which may include foraging, during winter. Bats were tracked from release at the cave entrance until their transmitter signal was lost or they remained stationary for >15 minutes. Gray bats (n = 12) had a core range of 1.92 km2 and an overall range of 30.93 km2. Eastern small-footed (n = 5) bats had a core range of 1.98 km2 and an overall range of 20.22 km2. Gray bats used open landcover types more than expected based on availability in the core range, but selected water and forest cover types in their overall range (P < 0.001). Eastern small-footed bats used available landcover types as expected in the core range (P = 0.1988) but selected for developed and open landcover types within the overall range (P < 0.001). Both species remained close to the hibernaculum and used roads when flying (P < 0.005), with gray bats also flying near waterways (P < 0.001). Habitat management and the enhancement of year-round prey availability adjacent to hibernacula may benefit bat populations, especially during winter when prey resources are low and bats are physiologically stressed due to hibernation and white-nose syndrome.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44357059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Collins, Matthew A. Boggie, D. Collins, S. Carleton
The Middle Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico overwinters the majority of the Rocky Mountain Population of greater sandhill cranes Antigone canadensis tabida as well as numerous Mid-continent Population lesser sandhill cranes A. c. canadensis, light geese (i.e., snow Anser caerulescens and Ross’s geese Anser rossii), and dabbling ducks (i.e, Anas spp.). Stemming from changes in agricultural practices and loss of habitat, these species have become largely dependent on public lands where corn is used to supplement natural foraging resources providing a key dietary component while also discouraging crop depredation on private lands. To evaluate if supplemental corn provides a sufficient resource base, we estimated energy available in corn resources and seasonal energy requirements of the sandhill cranes, which was comprised of Rocky Mountain Population and Mid-continent Population. Additionally, we considered energetic requirements for two other wintering guilds, light geese and dabbling ducks. Depletion rates of post-mowed corn increased throughout winter from 3,673 ± 843 kg/ha/day (mean ± SE) in December to 7,014 ± 1,884 kg/ha/day in February. Estimated seasonal energetic requirements of the Rocky Mountain Population and Mid-continent Population were 1.14 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 1.07 × 109 – 1.21 × 109 kcal). Combined, seasonal energetic demands of the Rocky Mountain Population, Mid-continent Population, light geese, and dabbling ducks was 4.23 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 3.81 × 109 – 4.53 × 109 kcal) or 911,813 kg of corn (95% CI = 820,821-1,006,894 kg). From 2014-2017, corn production on public lands in the Middle Rio Grande Valley was 1,052,006 ± 58,965 kg grown on an average of 76 ha, sufficient for winter energetic requirements of all guilds. Interagency collaboration, effective planning during the growing season and strategic schedules for mowing supplemental corn crops that integrate population abundances and their respective energy demands should further promote success of the supplemental corn program in the Middle Rio Grande Valley.
{"title":"Availability of Supplemental Corn for Sandhill Cranes, Light Geese, and Dabbling Ducks Wintering in New Mexico","authors":"D. Collins, Matthew A. Boggie, D. Collins, S. Carleton","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-013","url":null,"abstract":"The Middle Rio Grande Valley of central New Mexico overwinters the majority of the Rocky Mountain Population of greater sandhill cranes Antigone canadensis tabida as well as numerous Mid-continent Population lesser sandhill cranes A. c. canadensis, light geese (i.e., snow Anser caerulescens and Ross’s geese Anser rossii), and dabbling ducks (i.e, Anas spp.). Stemming from changes in agricultural practices and loss of habitat, these species have become largely dependent on public lands where corn is used to supplement natural foraging resources providing a key dietary component while also discouraging crop depredation on private lands. To evaluate if supplemental corn provides a sufficient resource base, we estimated energy available in corn resources and seasonal energy requirements of the sandhill cranes, which was comprised of Rocky Mountain Population and Mid-continent Population. Additionally, we considered energetic requirements for two other wintering guilds, light geese and dabbling ducks. Depletion rates of post-mowed corn increased throughout winter from 3,673 ± 843 kg/ha/day (mean ± SE) in December to 7,014 ± 1,884 kg/ha/day in February. Estimated seasonal energetic requirements of the Rocky Mountain Population and Mid-continent Population were 1.14 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 1.07 × 109 – 1.21 × 109 kcal). Combined, seasonal energetic demands of the Rocky Mountain Population, Mid-continent Population, light geese, and dabbling ducks was 4.23 × 109 kcal (95% CI = 3.81 × 109 – 4.53 × 109 kcal) or 911,813 kg of corn (95% CI = 820,821-1,006,894 kg). From 2014-2017, corn production on public lands in the Middle Rio Grande Valley was 1,052,006 ± 58,965 kg grown on an average of 76 ha, sufficient for winter energetic requirements of all guilds. Interagency collaboration, effective planning during the growing season and strategic schedules for mowing supplemental corn crops that integrate population abundances and their respective energy demands should further promote success of the supplemental corn program in the Middle Rio Grande Valley.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48993838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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