Recent advances in low-cost automated recording unit (ARU) technology have made large-scale bat monitoring projects more practical, but several key features of ARUs (e.g., microphone quality, triggering thresholds) can influence their ability to detect and record bats. As such, it is important to quantify and report variation in ARU performance as new recording systems become available. We used the automated classification software SonoBat to compare the number of call files, number of echolocation pulses, and number of species recorded by a commonly used, full-spectrum bat detector—the Song Meter SM4BAT-FS—and a less expensive, open-source ARU that can detect ultrasound—the AudioMoth. We deployed paired ARUs across several forest types in Louisiana during breeding (June–August) and non-breeding (December–February) periods in 2020 and 2021. Weatherproof cases were unavailable for AudioMoths at the time of our study. Thus, we used disposable plastic bags and plastic boxes recommended by the manufacturer and other AudioMoth users to house our monitors. We lost several AudioMoths to water damage using both methods and subsequently placed these monitors in waterproof smartphone bags for the remainder of our study. We compared data collected by AudioMoths in the three enclosures and found no differences in the number of call files identified to species or species richness. We found that SM4BATs recorded more call files identifiable to species, call files with high-frequency bat calls, echolocation pulses, and higher species richness than AudioMoths. Our results likely reflected differences in microphone sensitivities, recording specifications, and enclosures between the ARUs. We recommend caution when comparing data collected by different ARUs, especially through time as firmware updates and new enclosures become available, and additional research to examine variation in monitor performance across a wide range of environmental conditions.
低成本自动记录单元（ARU）技术的最新进展使大规模蝙蝠监测项目更加实用，但ARU的几个关键特征（如麦克风质量、触发阈值）可能会影响其检测和记录蝙蝠的能力。因此，随着新的记录系统的出现，量化和报告ARU性能的变化是很重要的。我们使用自动分类软件SonoBat来比较常用的全谱蝙蝠探测器——Song Meter SM4BAT-FS——和一种价格较低的、可以检测超声波的开源ARU——AudioMoth——记录的呼叫文件数量、回声定位脉冲数量和物种数量。在2020年和2021年的繁殖期（6月至8月）和非繁殖期（12月至2月），我们在路易斯安那州的几种森林类型中部署了成对的ARU。在我们进行研究时，AudioMoths没有防风雨案例。因此，我们使用制造商和其他AudioMoth用户推荐的一次性塑料袋和塑料盒来放置我们的显示器。我们使用这两种方法都失去了几台AudioMoth，因为水损坏，随后在剩下的研究中，我们将这些显示器放在防水智能手机袋中。我们比较了AudioMoths在三个围栏中收集的数据，发现根据物种或物种丰富度确定的呼叫文件数量没有差异。我们发现，与AudioMoths相比，SM4BAT记录了更多可识别物种的呼叫文件、具有高频蝙蝠呼叫、回声定位脉冲的呼叫文件以及更高的物种丰富度。我们的结果可能反映了ARU之间麦克风灵敏度、录音规格和外壳的差异。我们建议在比较不同ARU收集的数据时要谨慎，尤其是在固件更新和新机柜可用的情况下，并进行额外的研究，以检查各种环境条件下监控器性能的变化。
{"title":"A Comparison of Bat Calls Recorded by Two Acoustic Monitors","authors":"J. Kunberger, Ashley M. Long","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-028","url":null,"abstract":"Recent advances in low-cost automated recording unit (ARU) technology have made large-scale bat monitoring projects more practical, but several key features of ARUs (e.g., microphone quality, triggering thresholds) can influence their ability to detect and record bats. As such, it is important to quantify and report variation in ARU performance as new recording systems become available. We used the automated classification software SonoBat to compare the number of call files, number of echolocation pulses, and number of species recorded by a commonly used, full-spectrum bat detector—the Song Meter SM4BAT-FS—and a less expensive, open-source ARU that can detect ultrasound—the AudioMoth. We deployed paired ARUs across several forest types in Louisiana during breeding (June–August) and non-breeding (December–February) periods in 2020 and 2021. Weatherproof cases were unavailable for AudioMoths at the time of our study. Thus, we used disposable plastic bags and plastic boxes recommended by the manufacturer and other AudioMoth users to house our monitors. We lost several AudioMoths to water damage using both methods and subsequently placed these monitors in waterproof smartphone bags for the remainder of our study. We compared data collected by AudioMoths in the three enclosures and found no differences in the number of call files identified to species or species richness. We found that SM4BATs recorded more call files identifiable to species, call files with high-frequency bat calls, echolocation pulses, and higher species richness than AudioMoths. Our results likely reflected differences in microphone sensitivities, recording specifications, and enclosures between the ARUs. We recommend caution when comparing data collected by different ARUs, especially through time as firmware updates and new enclosures become available, and additional research to examine variation in monitor performance across a wide range of environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44092034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Matthew J Buchholz, W. Conway, T. Arsuffi, Mitch L. Lockwood, Blake A. Grisham
Axis deer Axis axis have been widely introduced to new geographic ranges and in the United States, free-ranging axis deer have become well established in the Edwards Plateau ecoregion as well as other portions of Texas. However, no estimates of axis deer population density or size have been conducted since 1994. It is hypothesized that axis deer on the Edwards Plateau are potentially competing with native white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus for food, space, and habitat resources, and causing damage to important riparian habitats. Our goal was to estimate regional densities of axis deer and white-tailed deer, and provide insight about the potential impacts axis deer may have on native wildlife and their habitats. Estimated using distance sampling techniques in 2018 and 2019, average axis deer density was 19.7 (95% CI: 14.1 – 25.6) axis deer/km2 compared to 23.0 (95% CI: 18.2 – 27.5) white-tailed deer/km2, and axis deer densities ranged from 16.9 – 171.0 /km2 among eight different land cover types in Kimble County, TX, with a county wide estimate of 61,078 (95% CI: 30,407 – 100,369) axis deer. Axis deer densities were greatest in riparian habitats, and they selected for two riparian habitats and upland grasslands. Axis deer population estimates clearly indicate their population size has increased substantially since introduction to Texas in the 1930’s. Population management of axis deer is warranted to limit impacts to native wildlife from potential habitat usurpation, or damage to riparian vegetation communities, soil, and water quality.
{"title":"Density of Axis Deer in Texas: Implications for Management of Native White-tailed Deer and Associated Habitats","authors":"Matthew J Buchholz, W. Conway, T. Arsuffi, Mitch L. Lockwood, Blake A. Grisham","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-036","url":null,"abstract":"Axis deer Axis axis have been widely introduced to new geographic ranges and in the United States, free-ranging axis deer have become well established in the Edwards Plateau ecoregion as well as other portions of Texas. However, no estimates of axis deer population density or size have been conducted since 1994. It is hypothesized that axis deer on the Edwards Plateau are potentially competing with native white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus for food, space, and habitat resources, and causing damage to important riparian habitats. Our goal was to estimate regional densities of axis deer and white-tailed deer, and provide insight about the potential impacts axis deer may have on native wildlife and their habitats. Estimated using distance sampling techniques in 2018 and 2019, average axis deer density was 19.7 (95% CI: 14.1 – 25.6) axis deer/km2 compared to 23.0 (95% CI: 18.2 – 27.5) white-tailed deer/km2, and axis deer densities ranged from 16.9 – 171.0 /km2 among eight different land cover types in Kimble County, TX, with a county wide estimate of 61,078 (95% CI: 30,407 – 100,369) axis deer. Axis deer densities were greatest in riparian habitats, and they selected for two riparian habitats and upland grasslands. Axis deer population estimates clearly indicate their population size has increased substantially since introduction to Texas in the 1930’s. Population management of axis deer is warranted to limit impacts to native wildlife from potential habitat usurpation, or damage to riparian vegetation communities, soil, and water quality.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43707429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kathryn Plymesser, T. Blue, K. Kappenman, Matt Blank, J. Cahoon, David R. Dockery
Small-stream irrigation diversions are key elements of many on-farm irrigation systems but can act as barriers to aquatic species. Denil fishways have been installed at irrigation diversion structures throughout the Big Hole River watershed in Montana to provide upstream passage for a population of Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus. When stream flows are low and irrigation demand is high, irrigators look for ways to maintain adequate diversion, but doing so may reduce the effectiveness of the fishways. In response, agencies and irrigators have proposed flow control plates placed at the upstream end of fishways. We conducted laboratory-based fishway efficiency experiments with Arctic Grayling placed in an open-channel flume fitted with a Denil fishway and three flow plates. A total of 200 fish were used, 154 fish were attracted to the fishway entrance and counted as participants. The fishway was operated under varying flow conditions using three flow control plate treatments and a control to investigate a) the extent to which each treatment reduced flow compared to the control, and b) the extent to which each treatment impacted passage success of Arctic Grayling relative to the control. Passage success was measured as the ratio of the number of fish that fully ascended the fishway treatment to the number of participant fish attracted to the fishway treatment. One of the three plates, the Denil slot treatment, showed no evidence of reducing either flow or passage success. Another plate, the standard treatment, showed no evidence of reducing flow but moderate evidence of reducing passage success (p=0.03). The only treatment to significantly reduce water flow rate was the narrowed Denil slot treatment and there was no evidence this treatment reduced passage in comparison to the control. Over all trials, water flow rate through the Denil fishway had a strong positive influence on fish passage success.
{"title":"Flow Control Plates to Manage Denil Fishways in Irrigation Diversions for Upstream Passage of Arctic Grayling","authors":"Kathryn Plymesser, T. Blue, K. Kappenman, Matt Blank, J. Cahoon, David R. Dockery","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-041","url":null,"abstract":"Small-stream irrigation diversions are key elements of many on-farm irrigation systems but can act as barriers to aquatic species. Denil fishways have been installed at irrigation diversion structures throughout the Big Hole River watershed in Montana to provide upstream passage for a population of Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus. When stream flows are low and irrigation demand is high, irrigators look for ways to maintain adequate diversion, but doing so may reduce the effectiveness of the fishways. In response, agencies and irrigators have proposed flow control plates placed at the upstream end of fishways. We conducted laboratory-based fishway efficiency experiments with Arctic Grayling placed in an open-channel flume fitted with a Denil fishway and three flow plates. A total of 200 fish were used, 154 fish were attracted to the fishway entrance and counted as participants. The fishway was operated under varying flow conditions using three flow control plate treatments and a control to investigate a) the extent to which each treatment reduced flow compared to the control, and b) the extent to which each treatment impacted passage success of Arctic Grayling relative to the control. Passage success was measured as the ratio of the number of fish that fully ascended the fishway treatment to the number of participant fish attracted to the fishway treatment. One of the three plates, the Denil slot treatment, showed no evidence of reducing either flow or passage success. Another plate, the standard treatment, showed no evidence of reducing flow but moderate evidence of reducing passage success (p=0.03). The only treatment to significantly reduce water flow rate was the narrowed Denil slot treatment and there was no evidence this treatment reduced passage in comparison to the control. Over all trials, water flow rate through the Denil fishway had a strong positive influence on fish passage success.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47893355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riverine habitat mosaics, including tributaries, are an important reason the Green River subbasin supports the largest remaining population of federally endangered Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River Basin. Upstream Colorado Pikeminnow distribution is limited by Flaming Gorge Dam and few typically occurred in the reach immediately downstream of the dam, which is most affected by thermally and hydrologically altered dam releases. However, fish captures and passive integrated transponder (PIT) antenna sampling of previously tagged individuals from 2011-2021 revealed seasonal congregations of up to 75 Colorado Pikeminnow annually in the mouth of Vermillion Creek, a small tributary in the regulated reach. Approximately 11% of the entire 2017-2018 Green River basin population (N=93 individuals) were encountered in Vermillion Creek over the 11-year study, an underestimate of use considering untagged fish were not detected by antennas. Colorado Pikeminnow used Vermillion Creek primarily when Green River spring flows from Flaming Gorge Dam were high and cold in May through mid-June when the confluence was a large, deep backwater that was warmer than the main channel and supported forage fishes. Intra-annual encounters revealed seasonal residence times for individual Colorado Pikeminnow up to 91 days, and multiple inter-annual encounters indicated site fidelity. Frequent detections of individual Colorado Pikeminnow in a Yampa River spawning area soon after their detections in Vermillion Creek indicate this tributary may be an important resource for reproductive adults. The intensive and basin-wide PIT tagging and detection program for Colorado Pikeminnow enhanced our understanding of the importance of small habitat nodes such as Vermillion Creek in the Green River drainage network. Understanding and protecting these seasonally available riverine habitat mosaics used for prespawning conditioning may assist with recovery of Colorado Pikeminnow.
{"title":"A Small Warm Tributary Provides Prespawning Resources for Colorado Pikeminnow in a Cold Dam-Regulated River","authors":"Edward R. Kluender, Kevin R. Bestgen","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-025","url":null,"abstract":"Riverine habitat mosaics, including tributaries, are an important reason the Green River subbasin supports the largest remaining population of federally endangered Colorado Pikeminnow Ptychocheilus lucius in the Colorado River Basin. Upstream Colorado Pikeminnow distribution is limited by Flaming Gorge Dam and few typically occurred in the reach immediately downstream of the dam, which is most affected by thermally and hydrologically altered dam releases. However, fish captures and passive integrated transponder (PIT) antenna sampling of previously tagged individuals from 2011-2021 revealed seasonal congregations of up to 75 Colorado Pikeminnow annually in the mouth of Vermillion Creek, a small tributary in the regulated reach. Approximately 11% of the entire 2017-2018 Green River basin population (N=93 individuals) were encountered in Vermillion Creek over the 11-year study, an underestimate of use considering untagged fish were not detected by antennas. Colorado Pikeminnow used Vermillion Creek primarily when Green River spring flows from Flaming Gorge Dam were high and cold in May through mid-June when the confluence was a large, deep backwater that was warmer than the main channel and supported forage fishes. Intra-annual encounters revealed seasonal residence times for individual Colorado Pikeminnow up to 91 days, and multiple inter-annual encounters indicated site fidelity. Frequent detections of individual Colorado Pikeminnow in a Yampa River spawning area soon after their detections in Vermillion Creek indicate this tributary may be an important resource for reproductive adults. The intensive and basin-wide PIT tagging and detection program for Colorado Pikeminnow enhanced our understanding of the importance of small habitat nodes such as Vermillion Creek in the Green River drainage network. Understanding and protecting these seasonally available riverine habitat mosaics used for prespawning conditioning may assist with recovery of Colorado Pikeminnow.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46827557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Martin, Summer M. Burdick, Rachael K. Paul-Wilson, Ryan J. Bart
Populations of imperiled Lost River Deltistes luxatus, and Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris, suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon are experiencing long-term decreases in abundance due to limited recruitment of juvenile suckers into the adult populations. Researchers use estimated ages based on fin rays to study environmental factors affecting year-class formation, generate annual juvenile sucker survival indices, and study variations in early life history. Biased or imprecise age estimates can lead to erroneous conclusions and have implications for age-based survival estimates, indications of recruitment, and growth estimators. We examined fin rays collected from individual suckers captured on multiple occasions and determined that juvenile suckers deposit a translucent increment on fin rays annually. Size at age data for suckers first captured as young as age-0 corroborated our finding of annual increment formation and indicate the first increments are formed at age-1. We used edge and marginal increment analysis conducted on fin rays to determine the timing of annual increment formation. Our results indicate that increment formation occurs on fin rays of juvenile suckers from October through May, and peaks between February and April.
俄勒冈州上克拉马斯湖的濒临灭绝的迷失河三角洲(Lost River Deltistes luxatus)和短鼻河(Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris)吸盘鱼的数量正在长期减少，原因是成年吸盘鱼的幼鱼数量有限。研究人员使用基于鳍的估计年龄来研究影响年级形成的环境因素，生成每年的幼鱼生存指数，并研究早期生活史的变化。有偏差或不精确的年龄估计可能导致错误的结论，并对基于年龄的生存估计、招募指征和生长估计产生影响。我们检查了从多次捕获的个体吸盘鱼收集的鳍，并确定幼年吸盘鱼每年在鳍上沉积半透明的增量。在0岁时首次捕获的吸盘的年龄大小数据证实了我们关于年增量形成的发现，并表明第一个增量是在1岁时形成的。我们利用对鳍的边缘和边际增量分析来确定年增量形成的时间。结果表明，吸鱼幼鱼鳍鳍在10月至5月间出现增长现象，在2月至4月间达到高峰。
{"title":"Validating a Non-Lethal Method of Aging Endangered Juvenile Lost River and Shortnose Suckers","authors":"B. Martin, Summer M. Burdick, Rachael K. Paul-Wilson, Ryan J. Bart","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-039","url":null,"abstract":"Populations of imperiled Lost River Deltistes luxatus, and Shortnose Chasmistes brevirostris, suckers in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon are experiencing long-term decreases in abundance due to limited recruitment of juvenile suckers into the adult populations. Researchers use estimated ages based on fin rays to study environmental factors affecting year-class formation, generate annual juvenile sucker survival indices, and study variations in early life history. Biased or imprecise age estimates can lead to erroneous conclusions and have implications for age-based survival estimates, indications of recruitment, and growth estimators. We examined fin rays collected from individual suckers captured on multiple occasions and determined that juvenile suckers deposit a translucent increment on fin rays annually. Size at age data for suckers first captured as young as age-0 corroborated our finding of annual increment formation and indicate the first increments are formed at age-1. We used edge and marginal increment analysis conducted on fin rays to determine the timing of annual increment formation. Our results indicate that increment formation occurs on fin rays of juvenile suckers from October through May, and peaks between February and April.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45082039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. L. White, L.J. Jenkins, T.L. Proctor, J. Clements, M. Jordan, S. Bergeson
Traditional small mammal survey methods (e.g., Sherman traps) are beneficial in certain conditions but tend to require substantial effort and funds and can introduce various biases. The recently described AHDriFT Camera Trap System (i.e., camera traps combined with drift fences) can survey small terrestrial vertebrates and does not require much time in the field. Our objective was to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of AHDriFT systems and traditional Sherman traps for surveying small mammal communities. Surveys with both methods were conducted in four sites of varying habitat types at the Eagle Marsh Nature Preserve (Fort Wayne, IN, USA) from February to July in 2020 and May to August in 2021. We conducted 640 trap nights (one trap set on one calendar night) of Sherman trap surveys and 551 trap nights of AHDriFT system surveys. We captured 192 small mammals of 3 species with Sherman traps and obtained 532 images of unique small mammal individuals of 7 species with AHDriFT systems. Our AHDriFT systems resulted in two times greater species richness (Z = −6.21, P < 0.01), 16 times greater species evenness (Z = −4.83, P < 0.01), and 23 times greater Shannon’s diversity values (Z = −4.87, P < 0.01) than Sherman traps. The AHDriFT systems also documented the presence of four species that the Sherman traps did not (northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda, common shrew Sorex cinereus, long-tailed weasel Neogale frenata, eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus). Overall, AHDriFT system surveys provided 1.5–5 times more observations per dollar spent and required 90% less time in the field than Sherman trap surveys. These results suggest that AHDriFT systems may be a more efficient and effective method of surveying small mammal communities.
{"title":"Comparing Effectiveness of AHDriFT Systems and Sherman Traps for Surveying Small Mammals in Northeastern Indiana","authors":"C. L. White, L.J. Jenkins, T.L. Proctor, J. Clements, M. Jordan, S. Bergeson","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-042","url":null,"abstract":"Traditional small mammal survey methods (e.g., Sherman traps) are beneficial in certain conditions but tend to require substantial effort and funds and can introduce various biases. The recently described AHDriFT Camera Trap System (i.e., camera traps combined with drift fences) can survey small terrestrial vertebrates and does not require much time in the field. Our objective was to compare the efficiency and effectiveness of AHDriFT systems and traditional Sherman traps for surveying small mammal communities. Surveys with both methods were conducted in four sites of varying habitat types at the Eagle Marsh Nature Preserve (Fort Wayne, IN, USA) from February to July in 2020 and May to August in 2021. We conducted 640 trap nights (one trap set on one calendar night) of Sherman trap surveys and 551 trap nights of AHDriFT system surveys. We captured 192 small mammals of 3 species with Sherman traps and obtained 532 images of unique small mammal individuals of 7 species with AHDriFT systems. Our AHDriFT systems resulted in two times greater species richness (Z = −6.21, P < 0.01), 16 times greater species evenness (Z = −4.83, P < 0.01), and 23 times greater Shannon’s diversity values (Z = −4.87, P < 0.01) than Sherman traps. The AHDriFT systems also documented the presence of four species that the Sherman traps did not (northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda, common shrew Sorex cinereus, long-tailed weasel Neogale frenata, eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus). Overall, AHDriFT system surveys provided 1.5–5 times more observations per dollar spent and required 90% less time in the field than Sherman trap surveys. These results suggest that AHDriFT systems may be a more efficient and effective method of surveying small mammal communities.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41890831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aaron R. Black, John D. Walrath, M. Willmes, M. Quist
In a system that uses supplemental stocking to enhance a fishery that serves a dual purpose, an understanding of the contributions from natural and hatchery-produced fish is important so that hatchery resources can be appropriately allocated. Kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka were first stocked in Flaming Gorge Reservoir (FGR), Wyoming-Utah, in 1963 and serve a dual purpose as a prey resource and sport fish. Although natural recruitment occurs in the reservoir, a supplemental stocking program was initiated in 1991. The goal of this research was to identify the natal origin (i.e., natural, hatchery) of kokanee in FGR using otolith microchemistry. Return to the creel, composition of spawning aggregates, and growth of kokanee in FGR were evaluated with a focus on differences associated with natal origin. Kokanee otoliths collected from hatcheries (n = 60) and FGR (n = 1,003) were analyzed for the strontium isotope ratio, 87Sr/86Sr, using laser ablation and a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to compare the Sr isotope ratios from the otolith edge of kokanee sampled from hatcheries and FGR. Based on 87Sr/86Sr ratios, natural-origin kokanee could be distinguished from eleven out of the twelve hatcheries (P < 0.01); however, the Wigwam Hatchery was not significantly different from FGR (P = 0.84). Model-based discriminant function analysis was used to assign natal origins for kokanee caught in FGR. Hatchery contribution to the population at large varied from 21% to 50% among year classes from 2014 to 2018. The percentage of hatchery origin kokanee in the creel (18-50%) was similar to what was observed in the population. Hatchery-produced kokanee contributed a higher proportion to tributary-spawning aggregates (40-90%) than shoreline-spawning aggregates (19-58%) by sample year. Growth of natural and hatchery kokanee was similar, suggesting similar performance in the system. Results from this study identify that hatchery supplementation contributes to the population and recreational harvest of kokanee in FGR. This research also provides insight on the ecology of kokanee that is useful for better understanding kokanee population dynamics in reservoir systems.
{"title":"Natal Contributions of Kokanee Salmon to Flamingo Gorge Reservoir, Wyoming-Utah: An Evaluation Using Otolith Microchemistry","authors":"Aaron R. Black, John D. Walrath, M. Willmes, M. Quist","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-22-009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-22-009","url":null,"abstract":"In a system that uses supplemental stocking to enhance a fishery that serves a dual purpose, an understanding of the contributions from natural and hatchery-produced fish is important so that hatchery resources can be appropriately allocated. Kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka were first stocked in Flaming Gorge Reservoir (FGR), Wyoming-Utah, in 1963 and serve a dual purpose as a prey resource and sport fish. Although natural recruitment occurs in the reservoir, a supplemental stocking program was initiated in 1991. The goal of this research was to identify the natal origin (i.e., natural, hatchery) of kokanee in FGR using otolith microchemistry. Return to the creel, composition of spawning aggregates, and growth of kokanee in FGR were evaluated with a focus on differences associated with natal origin. Kokanee otoliths collected from hatcheries (n = 60) and FGR (n = 1,003) were analyzed for the strontium isotope ratio, 87Sr/86Sr, using laser ablation and a multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to compare the Sr isotope ratios from the otolith edge of kokanee sampled from hatcheries and FGR. Based on 87Sr/86Sr ratios, natural-origin kokanee could be distinguished from eleven out of the twelve hatcheries (P < 0.01); however, the Wigwam Hatchery was not significantly different from FGR (P = 0.84). Model-based discriminant function analysis was used to assign natal origins for kokanee caught in FGR. Hatchery contribution to the population at large varied from 21% to 50% among year classes from 2014 to 2018. The percentage of hatchery origin kokanee in the creel (18-50%) was similar to what was observed in the population. Hatchery-produced kokanee contributed a higher proportion to tributary-spawning aggregates (40-90%) than shoreline-spawning aggregates (19-58%) by sample year. Growth of natural and hatchery kokanee was similar, suggesting similar performance in the system. Results from this study identify that hatchery supplementation contributes to the population and recreational harvest of kokanee in FGR. This research also provides insight on the ecology of kokanee that is useful for better understanding kokanee population dynamics in reservoir systems.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42389038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Similar to many chiropteran species, pregnant and lactating evening bats Nycticeius humeralis form maternity colonies to bear and raise their pups. Although evening bat maternity roosts have been studied in other locations, knowledge gaps exist regarding maternity roost site selection on the Gulf Coast of Texas, United States; thus, our objective was to quantify maternity roost characteristics of evening bats in this region. We radiotracked 11 female and subadult evening bats to nine roosts during June and July 2018 and 2019 captured in San Bernard Wildlife Refuge (SBNWR). No transmittered bats roosted in SBNWR and instead all roosts were located 3.6–4.5 km from the same capture site, within an 81-ha residential area of a 5,496-ha city. Five of the nine roosts were in tall, live, live oak trees Quercus virginana and one roost was in a residential home. Colony size of bats occupying the roosts ranged from 16 to 500+ bats. All evening bats, including those on properties we were denied access to, stayed in roosts for the full life of the transmitter (five–21 days) and no roost switching occurred. Although evening bats used SBNWR, potentially for foraging, results suggest trees in the residential area provided suitable maternity roost characteristics. A lack of roost switching may suggest a lack of available roost trees in SBNWR and residential areas or the selected roost trees were high quality. We recommend future studies increase sample sizes of evening bat roosts on the Gulf Coast of Texas, as well as assessing roost site selection of evening bats and monitoring bachelor colony and evening bat winter roost ecology.
{"title":"Evening Bats Captured in a Managed Wildlife Refuge Used Trees in a Human-Dominated Landscape as Maternity Roosts","authors":"Jacob A Rogers, Matthew C Parker, S. Fritts","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-052","url":null,"abstract":"Similar to many chiropteran species, pregnant and lactating evening bats Nycticeius humeralis form maternity colonies to bear and raise their pups. Although evening bat maternity roosts have been studied in other locations, knowledge gaps exist regarding maternity roost site selection on the Gulf Coast of Texas, United States; thus, our objective was to quantify maternity roost characteristics of evening bats in this region. We radiotracked 11 female and subadult evening bats to nine roosts during June and July 2018 and 2019 captured in San Bernard Wildlife Refuge (SBNWR). No transmittered bats roosted in SBNWR and instead all roosts were located 3.6–4.5 km from the same capture site, within an 81-ha residential area of a 5,496-ha city. Five of the nine roosts were in tall, live, live oak trees Quercus virginana and one roost was in a residential home. Colony size of bats occupying the roosts ranged from 16 to 500+ bats. All evening bats, including those on properties we were denied access to, stayed in roosts for the full life of the transmitter (five–21 days) and no roost switching occurred. Although evening bats used SBNWR, potentially for foraging, results suggest trees in the residential area provided suitable maternity roost characteristics. A lack of roost switching may suggest a lack of available roost trees in SBNWR and residential areas or the selected roost trees were high quality. We recommend future studies increase sample sizes of evening bat roosts on the Gulf Coast of Texas, as well as assessing roost site selection of evening bats and monitoring bachelor colony and evening bat winter roost ecology.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44686822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Space use information can be integral in the creation of effective conservation and management strategies. However, avian territories (defended areas) are studied far more frequently than home ranges (entire use areas), and few studies have compared the two areas. This is the case for the cerulean warbler Setophaga cerulea , a declining Neotropical migrant songbird. There is an extensive record of cerulean warbler territory estimates, while the home range has only recently been explored. Studies of these space use areas differ in their sampling techniques, estimation techniques, and location. Consequently, comparison of both space use areas is difficult. We used radio telemetry to delineate cerulean warbler diurnal space use areas in southern Indiana. The primary objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the home range and territory. Kernel density home range estimates of sampled adult male cerulean warblers ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 2.33 ± 0.29 hectares) were significantly larger (0.54 ± 0.18 ha, P = 0.006) than territory estimates of the same group of individuals ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 1.79 ± 0.39 hectares; P = 0.006). Minimum convex polygon home range estimates of the same group of birds ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 3.45 ± 0.55 hectares) were also significantly larger (1.38 ± 0.19 ha, P < 0.001) than territory estimates ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 2.07 ± 0.58 hectares). Additionally, territory estimates described here are considerably larger than other published estimates for this species, which were delineated using spot mapping methods. Cerulean warbler home ranges contain territorial and extra-territorial space, and the latter has not been studied in detail. Area and habitat requirements likely vary throughout this species’ range, and regional conservation management might benefit from study in peripheral space use areas.
{"title":"Advancing Our Understanding of Cerulean Warbler Space Use Through Radio Telemetry","authors":"Brandon M. Connare, K. Islam","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-100","url":null,"abstract":"Space use information can be integral in the creation of effective conservation and management strategies. However, avian territories (defended areas) are studied far more frequently than home ranges (entire use areas), and few studies have compared the two areas. This is the case for the cerulean warbler Setophaga cerulea , a declining Neotropical migrant songbird. There is an extensive record of cerulean warbler territory estimates, while the home range has only recently been explored. Studies of these space use areas differ in their sampling techniques, estimation techniques, and location. Consequently, comparison of both space use areas is difficult. We used radio telemetry to delineate cerulean warbler diurnal space use areas in southern Indiana. The primary objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the home range and territory. Kernel density home range estimates of sampled adult male cerulean warblers ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 2.33 ± 0.29 hectares) were significantly larger (0.54 ± 0.18 ha, P = 0.006) than territory estimates of the same group of individuals ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 1.79 ± 0.39 hectares; P = 0.006). Minimum convex polygon home range estimates of the same group of birds ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 3.45 ± 0.55 hectares) were also significantly larger (1.38 ± 0.19 ha, P < 0.001) than territory estimates ( n = 14, mean ± SE = 2.07 ± 0.58 hectares). Additionally, territory estimates described here are considerably larger than other published estimates for this species, which were delineated using spot mapping methods. Cerulean warbler home ranges contain territorial and extra-territorial space, and the latter has not been studied in detail. Area and habitat requirements likely vary throughout this species’ range, and regional conservation management might benefit from study in peripheral space use areas.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44021221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans anglers have mainly adopted catch-and-release practices with limited direct fishing mortality. However, catch-and-release angling could cause delayed mortality and non-lethal effects that could potentially impact population dynamics. For instance, hooking can result in jaw deformities, with unknown subsequent effects on vulnerability to angling, condition, growth, and mortality. Our objectives were to assess the prevalence of Largemouth Bass jaw deformities and test for differences in angling vulnerability, growth, condition, size structure, and mortality of fish with and without jaw deformities. Largemouth Bass were captured by electrofishing and by anglers at 41 tournaments at Brushy Creek, Iowa between April and August 2015. Jaw deformities were observed in 7.0% of fish caught at tournaments and 3.3% caught while electrofishing (5.8% overall). Angling recapture rates of tagged fish with (78.9%) and without (76.8%) jaw deformities were similar. Condition, growth, size structure, and mortality of fish with and without jaw deformities were also similar. Our results indicate jaw deformities have little effect on Largemouth Bass angling vulnerability, condition, growth, or survival; however, we still recommend careful handling of fish to minimize injuries that may occur during angling.
{"title":"Do Jaw Deformities Adversely Affect Largemouth Bass?","authors":"A. Sylvia, M. Weber, Tyler Froman","doi":"10.3996/jfwm-21-096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-21-096","url":null,"abstract":"Largemouth Bass Micropterus nigricans anglers have mainly adopted catch-and-release practices with limited direct fishing mortality. However, catch-and-release angling could cause delayed mortality and non-lethal effects that could potentially impact population dynamics. For instance, hooking can result in jaw deformities, with unknown subsequent effects on vulnerability to angling, condition, growth, and mortality. Our objectives were to assess the prevalence of Largemouth Bass jaw deformities and test for differences in angling vulnerability, growth, condition, size structure, and mortality of fish with and without jaw deformities. Largemouth Bass were captured by electrofishing and by anglers at 41 tournaments at Brushy Creek, Iowa between April and August 2015. Jaw deformities were observed in 7.0% of fish caught at tournaments and 3.3% caught while electrofishing (5.8% overall). Angling recapture rates of tagged fish with (78.9%) and without (76.8%) jaw deformities were similar. Condition, growth, size structure, and mortality of fish with and without jaw deformities were also similar. Our results indicate jaw deformities have little effect on Largemouth Bass angling vulnerability, condition, growth, or survival; however, we still recommend careful handling of fish to minimize injuries that may occur during angling.","PeriodicalId":49036,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41366144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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