Economists have always studied economic cycles, but it was until 1946 that these were formally defined. An economic cycle refers to the fluctuations in the economy as a result of contributions by the different actors conforming it at a determined moment. Its dynamic generates diverse characteristics such as economic booms and crises in the course of time. Among these characteristics economists have observed that in a globalized world such as today´s, the interaction and correlation amongst different countries as a result of their trade flows affects economic cycles, which has promoted the need to study their synchronization. This paper aims to determine the degree of synchronization amongst Guatemala´s most important trade partners in terms of their economic growth by applying a mathematical model. Once countries with a high degree of synchronization have been identified, we then can favour policies that increase our trade flow with them; whereas if their synchronization is low, we can search for incentives to improve it. Likewise, this focus seeks to reduce the use of value judgments by using a replicable algorithm. It concludes that by using this method, along with historical validations, we can determine an economic cycle and the degree of synchronization of the trade partners under study.
{"title":"Sincronización de los ciclos económicos de Guatemala y sus principales socios comerciales","authors":"Luis Gabriel Catalán Soto","doi":"10.36631/eco.2023.28.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36631/eco.2023.28.01","url":null,"abstract":"Economists have always studied economic cycles, but it was until 1946 that these were formally defined. An economic cycle refers to the fluctuations in the economy as a result of contributions by the different actors conforming it at a determined moment. Its dynamic generates diverse characteristics such as economic booms and crises in the course of time. Among these characteristics economists have observed that in a globalized world such as today´s, the interaction and correlation amongst different countries as a result of their trade flows affects economic cycles, which has promoted the need to study their synchronization. This paper aims to determine the degree of synchronization amongst Guatemala´s most important trade partners in terms of their economic growth by applying a mathematical model. Once countries with a high degree of synchronization have been identified, we then can favour policies that increase our trade flow with them; whereas if their synchronization is low, we can search for incentives to improve it. Likewise, this focus seeks to reduce the use of value judgments by using a replicable algorithm. It concludes that by using this method, along with historical validations, we can determine an economic cycle and the degree of synchronization of the trade partners under study.","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comportamiento del margen de intermediación bancaria en Guatemala y su comparación con Centroamérica","authors":"Carlos Gabriel Gómez Villagrán","doi":"10.36631/eco.2023.28.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36631/eco.2023.28.04","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Incidencia del cambio climático en el nivel de producción agrícola de Guatemala, durante el periodo 1990-2019: un enfoque ricardiano","authors":"Gabriel Giovanni Chamo Molina","doi":"10.36631/eco.2023.28.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36631/eco.2023.28.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing tendency of fiscal deficit and internal debt in Central American countries can have negative effects on private sector credits, real interest rates, and products - creating a crowding out effect in the economic activities of the private sector. This investigation explores the effects of fiscal policies - specifically of domestic public debt policies, on private sector credits and on the real interest rates in Central American countries macroeconomics. For this analysis, we used the impulse-response functions of a vector autoregressive model (VAR). Empirical evidence led us to conclude that in Guatemala and Honduras there is indeed a crowding out effect on credits to the private sector, whereas in the case of Costa Rica, there is a crowding in effect on interest rates.
{"title":"Efecto crowding out de la política fiscal sobre el sistema financiero centroamericano","authors":"Luis Alejandro Samayoa Alvarado","doi":"10.36631/eco.2023.28.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.36631/eco.2023.28.03","url":null,"abstract":"The growing tendency of fiscal deficit and internal debt in Central American countries can have negative effects on private sector credits, real interest rates, and products - creating a crowding out effect in the economic activities of the private sector. This investigation explores the effects of fiscal policies - specifically of domestic public debt policies, on private sector credits and on the real interest rates in Central American countries macroeconomics. For this analysis, we used the impulse-response functions of a vector autoregressive model (VAR). Empirical evidence led us to conclude that in Guatemala and Honduras there is indeed a crowding out effect on credits to the private sector, whereas in the case of Costa Rica, there is a crowding in effect on interest rates.","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136365029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s28
Domenico Branca, Andreas Haller, Marianna Mossa
Protected areas are no longer focused solely on conservation and protection needs but play a central role in promoting sustainable development in local socio-territori-al systems. The Tepilora Natural Regional Park (TNRP) in Sardinia offers an example of this phenomenon. This paper highlights the significance of the TNRP in balancing conservation needs with the sustainable development of local populations – an effort that resulted in the establishment of the Tepilora, Rio Posada and Montalbo Biosphere Reserve.
{"title":"From the mountains to the sea: The Tepilora Natural Regional Park, Sardinia","authors":"Domenico Branca, Andreas Haller, Marianna Mossa","doi":"10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s28","url":null,"abstract":"Protected areas are no longer focused solely on conservation and protection needs but play a central role in promoting sustainable development in local socio-territori-al systems. The Tepilora Natural Regional Park (TNRP) in Sardinia offers an example of this phenomenon. This paper highlights the significance of the TNRP in balancing conservation needs with the sustainable development of local populations – an effort that resulted in the establishment of the Tepilora, Rio Posada and Montalbo Biosphere Reserve.","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77065977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Alpine soundscapes: sounds and their consequences for perceived recreational quality – A case study Parc Ela in Switzerland","authors":"Ricarda Ferrari, R. Rupf, Birgit Reutz","doi":"10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75347730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s51
Wenbin Xiong, Zhigang Wu, Hui Wang, Jianjian Cai, P. Bowler
this study and share first authorship
本研究并共享第一作者
{"title":"Status, threats and the conservation of endemic species in the Yarlung Zangbo river basin","authors":"Wenbin Xiong, Zhigang Wu, Hui Wang, Jianjian Cai, P. Bowler","doi":"10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s51","url":null,"abstract":"this study and share first authorship","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"60 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84652607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s13
A. Taynik, V. Myglan, V. Barinov, O. C. Oidupaa, O. Churakova (Sidorova)
The ancient trees in the Tuva Republic have both cultural and scientific significance. Our study provides a synthesis of the results of the dendrochronological research carried out by the Siberian Dendrochronological Laboratory over the past 16 years in the Tuva Republic, Russian Federation. By applying state-of-the-art dendrochronological analysis, we identified the oldest dead larch tree ( Larix sibirica Ldb.) in the study region, which had reached 1,307 years old. Living larch trees from the forest-steppe zone (1,000–1,500 m asl) and at the upper treeline (2,000 m asl) are known to have reached 779 and 662 years respectively. Such old trees are of great interest for the scientific community and society. Old living larch trees have witnessed the rise and fall of great nomadic civilizations and agricultural changes. Their identification and protection increase their attraction for tourists and enrich the cultural significance of the region. Until now, however, these trees have remained unprotected and are not registered in international and national registers of long-living trees. In this study, we aim to raise awareness of the need to develop forest protection policies and to preserve ancient living larch trees in the Tuva Republic. Abstract The ancient trees in the Tuva Republic have both cultural and scientific significance. Our study provides a synthesis of the results of the dendrochronological research carried out by the Siberian Dendrochronological Laboratory over the past 16 years in the Tuva Republic, Russian Federation. By applying state-of-the-art dendrochronological analysis, we identified the oldest dead larch tree ( Larix sibirica Ldb.) in the study region, which had reached 1,307 years old. Living larch trees from the forest-steppe zone (1,000–1,500 m asl) and at the upper treeline (2,000 m asl) are known to have reached 779 and 662 years respectively. Such old trees are of great interest for the scientific community and society. Old living larch trees have witnessed the rise and fall of great nomadic civilizations and agricultural changes. Their identification and protection increase their attraction for tourists and enrich the cultural significance of the region. Until now, however, these trees have remained unprotected and are not registered in international and national registers of long-living trees. In this study, we aim to raise awareness of the need to develop forest protection policies and to preserve ancient living larch trees in the Tuva Republic.
{"title":"Ancient larch trees in the Tuva Republic, land of the oldest trees in Russia","authors":"A. Taynik, V. Myglan, V. Barinov, O. C. Oidupaa, O. Churakova (Sidorova)","doi":"10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s13","url":null,"abstract":"The ancient trees in the Tuva Republic have both cultural and scientific significance. Our study provides a synthesis of the results of the dendrochronological research carried out by the Siberian Dendrochronological Laboratory over the past 16 years in the Tuva Republic, Russian Federation. By applying state-of-the-art dendrochronological analysis, we identified the oldest dead larch tree ( Larix sibirica Ldb.) in the study region, which had reached 1,307 years old. Living larch trees from the forest-steppe zone (1,000–1,500 m asl) and at the upper treeline (2,000 m asl) are known to have reached 779 and 662 years respectively. Such old trees are of great interest for the scientific community and society. Old living larch trees have witnessed the rise and fall of great nomadic civilizations and agricultural changes. Their identification and protection increase their attraction for tourists and enrich the cultural significance of the region. Until now, however, these trees have remained unprotected and are not registered in international and national registers of long-living trees. In this study, we aim to raise awareness of the need to develop forest protection policies and to preserve ancient living larch trees in the Tuva Republic. Abstract The ancient trees in the Tuva Republic have both cultural and scientific significance. Our study provides a synthesis of the results of the dendrochronological research carried out by the Siberian Dendrochronological Laboratory over the past 16 years in the Tuva Republic, Russian Federation. By applying state-of-the-art dendrochronological analysis, we identified the oldest dead larch tree ( Larix sibirica Ldb.) in the study region, which had reached 1,307 years old. Living larch trees from the forest-steppe zone (1,000–1,500 m asl) and at the upper treeline (2,000 m asl) are known to have reached 779 and 662 years respectively. Such old trees are of great interest for the scientific community and society. Old living larch trees have witnessed the rise and fall of great nomadic civilizations and agricultural changes. Their identification and protection increase their attraction for tourists and enrich the cultural significance of the region. Until now, however, these trees have remained unprotected and are not registered in international and national registers of long-living trees. In this study, we aim to raise awareness of the need to develop forest protection policies and to preserve ancient living larch trees in the Tuva Republic.","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85346376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s47
J. P. Müller
When the Swiss National Park was founded, taking stock of the fauna and flora was a major goal. Various efforts were made to investigate insectivores and rodents, but little was published about the findings. In this article I will analyse the existing data in terms of how the small mammal fauna has developed over the last 100 years. The data reveal that species that are rare today were rare then and the common ones were quite numerous then too. The protection status has meant that former pasturing animals, mainly sheep, were replaced by wild animals like the red deer, so that the environment of the small mammals in this distinctly dry area has changed little.
{"title":"Small mammal Fauna in the Swiss National Park – developments over the last 100 years","authors":"J. P. Müller","doi":"10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s47","url":null,"abstract":"When the Swiss National Park was founded, taking stock of the fauna and flora was a major goal. Various efforts were made to investigate insectivores and rodents, but little was published about the findings. In this article I will analyse the existing data in terms of how the small mammal fauna has developed over the last 100 years. The data reveal that species that are rare today were rare then and the common ones were quite numerous then too. The protection status has meant that former pasturing animals, mainly sheep, were replaced by wild animals like the red deer, so that the environment of the small mammals in this distinctly dry area has changed little.","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81931552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s40
R. Mayer
Rare habitats and animal and plant species in the Middle Styrian Enns Valley are protected in sites belonging to the EU-wide Natura 2000 network. The area at the foot of Mount Grimming has changed considerably over the centuries. For a favourable conservation status of the protected habitats and species to be achieved, consistent measures are required. The Rekult Iris project shows how agriculture and nature conservation can work together to create multifunctional areas, for agriculture, local recreation, education and research, through collaboration between regional services, practitioners, and educational and other bodies
{"title":"Protected Areas in the Middle Styrian Enns Valley – From the past to the future","authors":"R. Mayer","doi":"10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1553/eco.mont-15-2s40","url":null,"abstract":"Rare habitats and animal and plant species in the Middle Styrian Enns Valley are protected in sites belonging to the EU-wide Natura 2000 network. The area at the foot of Mount Grimming has changed considerably over the centuries. For a favourable conservation status of the protected habitats and species to be achieved, consistent measures are required. The Rekult Iris project shows how agriculture and nature conservation can work together to create multifunctional areas, for agriculture, local recreation, education and research, through collaboration between regional services, practitioners, and educational and other bodies","PeriodicalId":49079,"journal":{"name":"Eco Mont-Journal on Protected Mountain Areas Research","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83400178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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