Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics最新文献

Aims: Person-level engagement, though well studied in counseling, mental health, and adult rehabilitation, is also critical in pediatric rehabilitation, yet it remains underexplored in motor learning interventions for children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP). This study investigated how individual characteristics, including age and mastery motivation, influenced person-level engagement and examined how engagement affected motor outcomes.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted involving 49 children with USCP aged 6-17 years who participated in either constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) or hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy (HABIT). Engagement was assessed through video coding and behavioral questionnaires, while hand function was evaluated using three standardized tests.

Results: Findings indicated that age was significantly related to engagement. Engagement measures correlated with improvements in hand capacity as measured by the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test, but not with performance on the Assisting Hand Assessment.

Conclusion: The results highlighted the relationship between age and engagement, emphasizing the importance of age-appropriate intervention strategies. Engagement played a role in improvements observed on capacity-based hand function tests, suggesting that engagement during therapeutic camps may be more critical for capacity-based than for performance-based motor activities. These insights support the design of targeted, age-appropriate interventions that optimize therapeutic outcomes for children with USCP.

Aims: This study aimed to examine how motor skills, sensory processing, and visual perceptual abilities predict self-care performance in typically developing preschool children.

Methods: Eighty-six children aged 4-6 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Self-care performance was assessed by teachers using the Assessment of Self-Care Skills, which evaluates children's functional independence in daily routines. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency- Brief Form (BOT-2-BF) was used to assess motor proficiency. The Sensory Processing Measure (SPM) evaluated sensory responsiveness and regulation across sensory domains. The Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3) measured visual discrimination, memory, and spatial processing. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis.

Results: Significant age-related differences were found in motor proficiency, visual perceptual skills, and self-care performance (p < .05). Manual dexterity, visual accuracy, and figure completion emerged as significant predictors of self-care. Sensory processing difficulties, particularly in the visual domain, were negatively associated. The final regression model accounted for 80.9% of the variance in self-care scores (p < .001).

Conclusions: Motor proficiency, sensory processing, and visual perceptual abilities significantly influence self-care performance in preschool children. Early identification and intervention targeting these developmental domains may support children's independence and participation in daily routines.

Aims: To explore key components and describe the areas of online learning programs for caregivers of children and youth with neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs, e.g. autism, cerebral palsy), examine their impact, and highlight gaps in current knowledge.

Methods: A scoping review, guided by the Arksey and O'Malley framework, was performed in six steps including a comprehensive search across six databases, rigorous study selection, detailed data extraction, synthesis of findings through content analysis, and consultation with five stakeholders (caregivers of children with NDDs).

Results: From 1701 citations, 36 studies were included, over half of which were randomized controlled trials (n = 20, 55.6%). Most programs focused on caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder, and nearly three-quarters targeted early childhood (0-5 years). Parental knowledge was the most frequently addressed outcome, with 86.1% (n = 31/36) studies reporting significant improvements. Caregiver consultations underscored limited integration of online programs into practice, and emphasized unmet needs related to transition to adulthood, single parent support, and flexible delivery.

Conclusions: Online learning shows strong potential to enhance caregiver outcomes. However, future development should broaden to include diverse NDD populations, adolescence and adulthood transitions, and strategies to embed structured programs into routine clinical practice.

Background: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties in social communication and sensory processing. This study examined how these challenges affect daily living activities (ADLs) in young children with ASD.

Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, we assessed 60 Brazilian children aged 3-5 years with ASD. The primary outcome, ADL performance, was assessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory - Computer Adaptive Test (PEDI-CAT/ADL). The Autism Classification System of Functioning: Social Communication (ACSF:SC) and the Sensory Profile, Second Edition (SP2), were employed to examine the influence of social communication abilities and sensory processing on ADL performance. We used correlation and regression analyses to identify interrelationships.

Findings: While most children scored within age-expected values on the PEDI-CAT, only a few (8/13.3%) scored within the typical range on the SP2. Regression analysis revealed that while ACSF:SC-performance, age, and gender significantly influenced the PEDI-CAT score (p < .001), sensory processing did not.

Conclusion: The importance of social communication for daily activities was reaffirmed. While functional performance declined with age, sensory processing issues did not affect daily function in young children with ASD. Cultural expectations may have influenced parents' ratings of ADLs, especially for girls. Longitudinal cross-cultural studies are needed to clarify gender and sensory processing roles in daily functioning of children with ASD.

Aims: To develop a multicriteria index with the main factors associated with high risk of cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study. Ninety-two infants, mean age 94.8 (±13.5) days, discharged from neonatal intensive care units (NICU) in Brazil, were included, and assessed using the General Movements (GMs) and Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE). The multicriteria index incorporated factors such as infections from the toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes, syphilis, and zika virus (TORCHSZ), prematurity, birth asphyxia, Apgar score, seizures, duration of mechanical ventilation, corticosteroid and magnesium sulfate medications, therapeutic hypothermia, and caffeine. Validation included the Pearson correlation, simple linear regression analysis, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Tukey's post hoc test.

Results: The multicriteria index showed a positive and moderate association with high risk of CP (R²=0.20, p < 0.0001), indicated by abnormal GMs and HINE results. Significant differences between the low- and high-risk groups (p < 0.0001) and between the medium- and high-risk groups (p = 0.005) of CP were found.

Conclusions: The multicriteria high risk CP index, developed by combining clinical factors, enabled the identification of high-risk infants with CP and a history of NICU admission. These findings can support healthcare professionals in making more precise referrals for early intervention.

Aims: Identify occupational therapy service models in Chilean schools and explore the factors that influence these models, and how they align with inclusive practices.

Methods: This was a mixed-methods study that included a cross-sectional survey that obtained 241 valid responses from Chilean OTs working in schools, which were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Eighteen of these participants subsequently participated in four online focus groups, discussions that were analyzed using a thematic approach.

Results: Participants provided more frequent direct pull-out services (68.3%) with weekly 45 min sessions, conducted mainly in an OT room or mainstream classroom. Five factors were perceived to influence services: institutional constraints, the educational community's perspectives on OTs, characteristics of students, a persistent structural demand for a deficit-based approach, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions: The service model of OTs in Chilean schools was characterized by difficulty aligning with inclusive practices. This reveals a praxis with a markedly medical focus, making it difficult to distinguish it from clinical practice, an essential aspect for the development of OT services in schools.

Aims: To develop and validate the Iranian ICF-CS for 6-12-year-old children with CP from the perspective of Iranian Occupational Therapists (OTs).

Method: In the first phase, using the Delphi technique, a three-round electronic-mail-survey was conducted from January to May 2022 among 22 experienced Iranian OTs working with children with CP. The experts were asked to identify and reach consensus on the most relevant ICF categories concerning the patients' problems, resources, and environmental aspects in children with CP. In the second phase, a new sample of 12 Iranian OTs rated the essentiality and relevancy of categories identified in the Delphi phase, with Content Validity Ratio (CVR), Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Modified Kappa, and Scale-Content Validity Index/Average (S-CVI/Ave) calculated to ensure robust validation.

Results: Among 154 proposed categories of the Delphi process, 119 categories were confirmed in the validation phase including 6 Body-structures, 37 Body-functions, 52 Activity-and-participation, and 24 Environmental-factors with the CVR and I-CVI ranges of 0.67- 1.00 and 0.83-1.00 respectively. The S-CVI/Ave of 0.93 was obtained as the scale-level CVI.

Conclusion: The Iranian ICF-CS for 6-12-year-old children with CP, consisting of 119 categories, demonstrated strong content validity from the perspective of Iranian OTs.

Purpose: To explore the concurrent validity and responsiveness of the Wheelchair Skills Test-Questionnaire (WST-Q) caregiver proxy, and the inter- and intra-rater reliability of the Wheelchair Skills Test (WST) in children and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods: Concurrent validity and responsiveness of the WST-Q caregiver proxy were assessed in 12 participants with CP (mean age 15 years; SD: 3 years 6 months); power wheelchair users. Concurrent validity of the WST-Q was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficients, and responsiveness with linear regression. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of the WST were assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (n = 4).

Results: The WST-Q caregiver proxy showed good concurrent validity with WST total scores (r = 0.623, p < 0.001). No acceptable responsiveness was found for the WST-Q caregiver proxy (R² = 0.317, p = 0.071). Inter-rater reliability for the WST total scores was good (ICC = 0.864, p < 0.001); and intra-rater reliability ranged from good to excellent (Rater 1 ICC = 0.857; Rater 2 ICC = 0.904; Rater 3 ICC = 0.923, all p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The WST-Q caregiver proxy appears to be valid for assessing levels of wheelchair skills in children and young adults with CP, however, it lacks suitability to measure intervention effects due to its poor responsiveness. The WST appears reliable for measuring wheelchair skills in young adults with CP.

Aim: To explore oral feeding management practices, specifically initiation and advancement of oral feeds, across level II and III neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Canada.

Methods: A national online survey was conducted across 65 NICUs (34 level II, 31 level III), which included questions on hospital demographics and clinical approaches for initiating, advancing, and managing oral feeds. A descriptive analysis was performed on the responses.

Results: Of the 65 NICUs surveyed, 74% (n = 48) completed the survey. Many reported using custom-developed NICU guidelines for initiating and advancing oral feeds (n = 22, 46%), while few used evidence-based protocols (n = 16, 33%) or standardized assessments (n = 1, 2%). The most common clinical factors considered for initiating and advancing oral feeds include, behavioral cues (n = 47, 98%), stable vital signs (n = 47, 98%), gestational age (n = 43, 90%), and suck-swallow-breathe coordination (n = 26, 54%). Most units utilized a multidisciplinary approach (n = 38, 79%) with family involvement (n = 38, 79%). Feeding issues were typically addressed only during hospitalization, with no post-discharge follow-up (n = 31, 65%).

Conclusion: This study revealed significant variation in oral feeding management practices across Canadian level II and III NICUs and highlights a shift toward evidence-based clinical factors for oral feeding initiation and advancement. These findings highlight the need for standardized, evidence-based guidelines to ensure consistent and optimal care in NICUs.

Aim: Disorders of visual efficiency present with symptoms that can impact a young person's occupational engagement. Often these disorders result from concussion, but may also present idiopathically. Literature is available on the ocular implications of concussion and the symptoms of visual efficiency disorders, regardless of cause. Lacking is an understanding of the lived experience of diagnosed youth. Patient-reported experiences on life with disorders of visual efficiency can inform client-centered evaluation and treatment. The aim of this study was to describe the lived experience of youth with visual efficiency disorders resulting from concussion or unknown etiology.

Methodology: Retrospective descriptive qualitative study of anonymized verbatim transcripts from semi-structured individual interviews (n = 4) and coed focus groups (n = 20).

Results: Disorders of visual efficiency influence participation across occupational domains, affect social-emotional well-being, and are often managed through environmental and activity adaptations. Participants described experiences of occupational alienation, family and peer challenges, and variability in supports at school.

Conclusions: Similarities exist in occupational, social-emotional and adaptive needs of youth with disorders of visual efficiency resulting from either concussion or unknown etiology. These self-described experiences can assist caregivers, educators, and therapists in evaluation, intervention, and implementation of supports to improve engagement in valuable life roles.