Journal of Communication Disorders最新文献

A year in stuttering research: A systematic review of global representation and sociodemographic reporting practices in English-language journals in 2020

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106500

Ryan A. Millager , Talia Liu , Dillon G. Pruett , Robin M. Jones

Purpose

Demographic data is inconsistently reported and defined in communication sciences and disorders research, yet gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) may be critical considerations for investigations of stuttering. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the global scope and sociodemographic reporting practices among stuttering research published in the year 2020.

Methods

Article searches were conducted in February 2023 in PsycINFO, PubMed, and ASHAWire for studies sampling participants with developmental stuttering or cluttering. Further inclusion criteria for systematic review were that articles must: (a) be published in the year 2020, (b) be published in a peer-reviewed journal, and (c) present original empirical research. Participant gender, ethnicity, and SES were extracted via a manualized coding scheme.

Results

The total corpus for review included k = 92 articles, representing a total n = 7,342 participants recruited from 26 different countries. The majority of articles (k = 36) were based in the United States (US), with all other countries contributing between 1 and 5 articles each. Gender (or sex) was reported in 93.5% of included studies, ethnicity in 22.8%, and SES in 41.3%. Reporting practices did not significantly differ between US and non-US countries. Of note, only one article in 2020 recruited participants who clutter, with all others recruiting participants who stutter.

Conclusion

This is the first systematic review of diversity and reporting practices in the global stuttering research literature. Our results revealed a narrow global distribution of research participants, with limited reporting and analyses regarding participant ethnicity or SES. Consequently, we have identified opportunities to improve research participant transparency and to further consider sociocultural variables toward the advancement of global and inclusive stuttering research.

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引用次数: 0

Measuring communicative style in parents of infants with suspected neurodevelopmental disorders: Reliability test and adaptation of the RAACS instrument

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106499

Lena Lindberger , Päivikki Aarne , Gunilla Thunberg , Anna Rensfeldt Flink

Introduction

The Responsive Augmentative and Alternative Communication Style Scale, version 3 (RAACS 3) has been used when assessing communicative style in parents of children with communicative disabilities between 12 and 60 months of age and it has demonstrated validity and reliability. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of RAACS when applied to video-recorded communication between parents and their infants (aged four to 12 months) with suspected neurodevelopmental disorders, and, if needed, adapt, and retest the instrument.

Method

Four speech language pathologists performed a three-phase reliability procedure using twenty-six audio-video recordings of interactions between parents and infants. Inter- and intrarater agreement was calculated. In phase I the original instrument RAACS 3 was used, on twenty recordings. In phase II the instrument was adapted to better suit the target group (parents of infants aged four to 12 months) and was called RAACS 4. In phase III RAACS 4 was pilot tested on six new audio-video recordings. This phase also included two joint ratings and a consensus discussion between the raters preceding the rating procedure.

Results

The testing during phase I showed low reliability rates of RAACS 3 independent of statistical test method. The pilot testing that was done during phase III showed that the adapted version, RAACS 4, had higher reliability rates.

Conclusions

RAACS 3 was not reliable for assessment of communicative style in parents of infants. RAACS 4 showed promising results when assessing communicative style of parents of infants with neurodevelopmental delays. Further reliability and validity investigation is needed.

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引用次数: 0

Longitudinal predictors of reading ability in children with CI learning to read in Swedish

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106497

Malin Wass , Lena Anmyr , Björn Lyxell , Eva Karltorp , Elisabet Östlund , Ulrika Löfkvist

Purpose: This study investigated long-term predictors of reading development (phonological decoding, word recognition, and reading comprehension) in 24 children with cochlear implants (CIs). Method: The predictor variables were age, sex, nonverbal intelligence, working memory, paired associate learning, receptive vocabulary, phonological skills, grammatical knowledge, age at implantation, speech perception, and reported interest in reading. The children's mean age was approximately 7;8 years at the start of the study and they were then measured at three time points. The first and second assessments took place approximately 13 months apart, and the children were approximately 11;8 years of age at the third time point. Results: Decoding ability at age 11 was associated with early measures of nonverbal cognitive ability, visual-verbal paired associate learning, and grammatical knowledge when 0.05 was used as significance level but none of them remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Several predictor variables from earlier measurements were significantly related to reading comprehension at age 11. The predictors that remained significant after Bonferroni correction were receptive vocabulary and grammatical knowledge. Discussion: The findings from this research suggest that early exposure to hearing and language, in particular vocabulary and grammar, is associated with reading outcomes at age 11.

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引用次数: 0

Relationships between executive functions and vocabulary knowledge in Spanish-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106498

Felipe Torres-Morales , Gary Morgan , Ricardo Rosas

Developmental language disorder (DLD) is often associated with deficits in executive functions (EFs). One common area of language difficulty in DLD is the development of vocabulary knowledge and it has been suggested that EF abilities may be linked to this difficulty. However, an explanation for this relationship remains unclear. The rationale for the current study examined the relationship between EFs and two aspects of vocabulary knowledge, receptive vocabulary size and vocabulary depth, in Spanish-speaking children with and without DLD. Vocabulary skills, the EFs of interference control, response inhibition, verbal and nonverbal working memory, and switching, were assessed in a total of 204 children aged 6–8 years: 105 with DLD and 99 with typical development (TD). Relationships were assessed using multiple regression models and path analysis, including EF as predictors, receptive vocabulary size and vocabulary depth as outcome or mediating variables, and age and non-verbal intelligence as covariates. In children with DLD, the EFs verbal working memory and switching were directly associated with receptive vocabulary size and indirectly with vocabulary depth. This indirect relationship was mediated by receptive vocabulary size. In contrast, no EFs were associated with receptive vocabulary size, and vocabulary depth in the TD group. These results suggest that verbal working memory and cognitive flexibility play a role in the cognitive mechanisms linked to vocabulary development in school children with DLD. Intervention programs aimed at improving vocabulary in this population should include EF activities.

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引用次数: 0

Enhancing online speech and language assessment: Item development for the remote adult language experiment (ReAL-E) tool

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106496

Hope Sparks Lancaster , Ryan Parks , Seth Bashford , Denis Fitzpatrick , Alicia Buttner

Purpose: Recent technological advancements in psychology have yielded multiple unsupervised online tools for measuring cognitive skills. However, these tools do not measure key features of communication abilities in adults, such as productive speech or oral language. To address this gap, we developed the Remote Adult Language Experiment (ReAL-E) using a three-step approach that incorporates domain identification, expert evaluation, and piloting testing.

Method: Step 1 focused on domain and task identification by collaborating with experts and reviewing the literature. Step 2 included two rounds of evaluation by content and lay experts to assess the initial tool design, identify areas for refinement, and solicit feedback for desired features. Step 3 involved piloting the tool in a sample of adults recruited online.

Results: The ReAL-E tool adapted three speech planning and production tasks and four oral and written language tasks into online versions. Feedback from content and lay experts led to significant improvements, including enhanced task instructions, presentation modifications, and the incorporation of features to address potential confounds. Pilot testing demonstrated that adults perform within expected ranges, and five out of seven tasks had good to excellent preliminary reliability.

Conclusion: The development of the ReAL-E tool contributes to the field by offering a scalable, efficient method for assessing a broad range of communication skills in adults, paving the way for future research and clinical applications in developmental communication disorders. Our study underscores the collaborative effort and innovative approach required for creating a digital assessment tool that promises to expand research capabilities and improve diagnostic processes in the discipline.

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引用次数: 0

How hidden is hidden hearing loss? Self-reported listening problems in charcot Marie tooth disease 隐性听力损失有多隐蔽？charcot Marie牙病患者自我报告的听力问题。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106487

Marco van de Ven

Introduction

Laboratory studies have revealed hidden hearing loss in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, the most prevalent inherited neuropathy, which may impact their quality of life. The current study distinguished between CMT type 1, which involves demyelination of the peripheral nerves, and type 2, which concerns dysfunction of peripheral nerves due to axonopathy. The self-reported effects were investigated of CMT1 and CMT2 on listening problems and related social and attentional problems in everyday communicative situations.

Methods

Data were collected from 42 CMT1 patients, 30 CMT2 patients, and 72 matched controls (selected from 135 control-group participants), who completed questionnaires concerning listening in everyday and noisy situations, social problems due to hearing difficulties, and problems regarding auditory sustained attention.

Results

CMT2 patients seemed to suggest only minor listening difficulties. No effects were found for social and attentional problems. In addition, CMT1 patients were found to be associated with more overall listening difficulties in everyday situations, compared to controls. CMT1 patients reported substantial listening difficulties, particularly in noisy and reverberant environments. These problems might be caused by underlying binaural hearing problems combined with reduced processing of temporal and acoustic information, as suggested in the literature. These listening difficulties were associated with social problems, such as social insecurity or even social avoidance, and problems regarding auditory sustained attention.

Conclusions

These findings strongly suggest that CMT1 impacts quality of life concerning social communication. The findings presented in this study will benefit diagnosis and treatment of hearing difficulties and related problems in CMT1 patients.

实验室研究揭示了CMT （Charcot-Marie-Tooth，一种最常见的遗传性神经病变）患者的隐性听力损失，这可能会影响他们的生活质量。目前的研究区分了CMT 1型和2型，前者涉及周围神经脱髓鞘，后者涉及轴突病引起的周围神经功能障碍。研究了CMT1和CMT2在日常交际情境中对听力问题及相关社交和注意问题的影响。方法：收集42例CMT1患者、30例CMT2患者和72例对照者（从135名对照组参与者中选择）的数据，他们填写了关于日常和嘈杂环境下听力、听力困难引起的社交问题和听觉持续注意问题的问卷。结果：CMT2患者似乎只有轻微的听力困难。没有发现对社会和注意力问题有影响。此外，与对照组相比，发现CMT1患者在日常情况下有更多的整体听力困难。CMT1患者报告了严重的听力困难，特别是在嘈杂和混响的环境中。如文献所述，这些问题可能是由潜在的双耳听力问题以及时间和声学信息处理的减少引起的。这些听力障碍与社会问题有关，如社会不安全感，甚至社会回避，以及听觉持续注意力的问题。结论：这些发现强烈提示CMT1影响社会沟通方面的生活质量。本研究结果将有助于CMT1患者听力困难及相关问题的诊断和治疗。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of otitis media on speech production in children: A systematic review 中耳炎对儿童语言产生的影响：一项系统综述。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106490

Clancy Conlon , Barbra Zupan , Emily Pirie , Charlotte Gupta

Introduction

Otitis Media (OM) is one of the most common infections in young children and can create fluctuating hearing loss. Despite the commonality of this condition, there is a lack of conclusive evidence on its impact on speech production outcomes. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to identify the impact of otitis media on speech production in children.

Method

A systematic review of peer-reviewed publications since 2000 was conducted using five data bases (PsycINFO, Medline, CINAHL, Pubmed and SpeechBITE). Studies were included if they reported a previous or current experience of otitis media (OM), assessed and reported on the speech production of children before the age of 12 years and the child's speech productions were assessed in the English language. Titles and abstracts of 332 articles were reviewed, followed by full-text review of 58 studies. Due to variability in study procedures and outcomes, a narrative synthesis was completed.

Results

12 studies met inclusion criteria for this review investigating 1,265 children aged between 12 months and 7 years of age. Eight studies used a prospective design, three studies used a retrospective design, and one study used a case study design. Six studies found no relationship between OM and speech production although five of these studies formed part of a larger study of 639 children. Comparatively five studies identified a link between OM history, chronicity of OM and/or elevated hearing levels and speech production. Specifically, OM was linked to the presence of backing in obstruents.

Conclusions

Overall findings were mixed likely due to the presence of multiple influencing variables such as duration, severity, medical intervention, age, hearing status and socio-economic status. Results of this review are limited as prospective studies only considered cases of OM which are treated and therefore do not represent children who have unidentified and/or untreated OM. Furthermore, many studies did not consistently report on the hearing levels of children and only two studies included cohorts of children from an Indigenous background.

中耳炎（OM）是幼儿最常见的感染之一，可造成波动性听力损失。尽管这种情况具有普遍性，但缺乏关于其对言语产生结果的影响的确凿证据。因此，本系统综述的目的是确定中耳炎对儿童语言产生的影响。方法：采用5个数据库（PsycINFO、Medline、CINAHL、Pubmed和SpeechBITE）对2000年以来同行评议的出版物进行系统综述。如果研究报告以前或现在有中耳炎（OM）的经历，评估和报告12岁前儿童的语言产生，并评估儿童的英语语言产生，则将其纳入研究。回顾了332篇文章的标题和摘要，随后回顾了58篇研究的全文。由于研究过程和结果的可变性，完成了叙事综合。结果：12项研究符合本综述的纳入标准，调查了1265名12个月至7岁的儿童。8项研究采用前瞻性设计，3项研究采用回顾性设计，1项研究采用案例研究设计。六项研究没有发现OM和语言产生之间的关系，尽管其中五项研究是对639名儿童进行的更大研究的一部分。相比之下，五项研究确定了OM病史、OM的慢性性和/或听力水平升高和语言产生之间的联系。具体来说，OM与阻碍中支持的存在有关。结论：由于存在多种影响变量，如持续时间、严重程度、医疗干预、年龄、听力状况和社会经济状况，总体结果可能是混合的。本综述的结果是有限的，因为前瞻性研究只考虑了治疗的OM病例，因此不代表患有不明和/或未经治疗的OM的儿童。此外，许多研究没有一致地报告儿童的听力水平，只有两项研究纳入了土著背景的儿童群体。

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引用次数: 0

Acoustic characteristics of three English semivowels /l, ɹ, w/ and vowels in young children with and without speech sound disorders 三个英语半元音/l、r /、w/和元音在有和无语音障碍幼儿中的声学特征

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106489

Hyunju Chung , Sarah K. Schellinger

Purpose

The aim of the current study is to examine if the relationship among three semivowel sounds (/l, ɹ, w/) and between the semivowel and the following vowel differs by children's overall speech proficiency, and if this relationship affects listeners’ perceptual judgment of the liquid sounds (/l, ɹ/). The acoustic proximity among the three semivowel sounds and the acoustic characteristics of the following vowel sounds were examined by each child speaker's overall speech sound proficiency and their semivowel accuracy.

Methods

A total of 21 monolingual English-speaking children with and without speech sound disorders produced monosyllabic words that include target semivowel sounds in word-initial position in different vowel contexts. Participants were divided into three groups based on overall speech proficiency, as measured by diagnostic status and score on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation – 3rd Edition. Each semivowel and vowel production was transcribed for accuracy, and F2 and F3 values were extracted at the semivowel midpoints to calculate Euclidean distances (ED) between the three semivowel pairs (/l-w/, /l-ɹ/, and /ɹ-w/). F1 and F2 values extracted at the vowel midpoint were used to examine the characteristics of vowels following the semivowels.

Results

Children with typically developing speech with the highest overall speech proficiency demonstrated the largest ED values between all the three semivowel pairs. Larger ED values were also related to a greater likelihood of semivowels /l/ and /ɹ/ being judged as perceptually acceptable. Acoustic characteristics of the following vowels did not differ across children of varying levels of speech proficiency, but did differ by the preceding semivowel context.

Conclusions

Acoustic distinction of semivowels differs across children with varying levels of speech proficiency and is predictive of judgements of semivowel accuracy. Acoustic characteristics of the vowels were influenced by the preceding semivowel target, indicating the presence of coarticulation across the semivowel-vowel sequences. Findings support intervention approaches that pair semivowel targets to train children to produce acoustic differentiation between semivowels.

目的：本研究的目的是考察三个半元音（/l, r /, w/）之间以及半元音与后元音之间的关系是否因儿童的整体语言熟练程度而不同，以及这种关系是否影响听者对液体音（/l, r /）的感知判断。通过每个儿童说话者的整体语音熟练程度和他们的半元音准确性来检查三个半元音之间的声学接近度和后面元音的声学特征。方法：对21例有和无语音障碍的单语英语儿童在不同的元音语境中产生包含目标半元音的单音节单词。参与者根据总体语言熟练程度分为三组，通过诊断状态和第三版的戈德曼-弗里斯托发音测试得分来衡量。为了提高准确性，对每个半元音和元音产生进行转录，并在半元音中点提取F2和F3值，计算三个半元音对（/l-w/、/l- r /和/ r -w/）之间的欧几里得距离（ED）。在元音中点提取的F1和F2值用于检测半元音之后的元音特征。结果：语言发育典型的儿童在三个半元音对之间表现出最大的ED值，其整体语言熟练程度最高。更大的ED值也与半元音/l/和/ r /被判断为感知上可接受的可能性更大有关。以下元音的声学特征在不同语言熟练程度的儿童中没有差异，但确实因前面的半元音上下文而有所不同。结论：不同语言熟练程度的儿童对半元音的声学区分是不同的，这是对半元音准确性判断的预测。元音的声学特征受到前面的半元音目标的影响，表明在半元音-元音序列之间存在协同发音。研究结果支持对半元音目标进行干预的方法，以训练儿童产生半元音之间的声学区分。

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引用次数: 0

Relationships between hearing, auditory processing, and communication in children diagnosed with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder 听神经病变谱系障碍患儿听力、听觉加工和交流的关系。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106493

Hannah E. Cooper , Doris-Eva Bamiou , Christopher A. Clark , Lorna F. Halliday

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between auditory processing, speech discrimination, and listening and communication abilities in children diagnosed with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) compared to those with normal hearing.

Methods

This was a case-control study involving seventeen participants with a diagnosis of ANSD who used spoken language as their primary mode of communication and wore hearing aids or were unaided and 21 normally hearing controls. All underwent a battery of behavioural measures of hearing, speech perception and auditory processing skills. Their parents filled in a series of questionnaires to evaluate listening and communication abilities. Group differences were evaluated, and hierarchical linear regression was carried out to assess the extent to which auditory measures predicted parent report scores.

Results

Slow-rate amplitude modulation detection (AMD) was an important predictor of listening and communication abilities over and above the pure-tone audiogram in children diagnosed with ANSD. There was a significant relationship between the pure-tone audiogram and the ability to discriminate speech in quiet but not in noise. Children in the ANSD group had more difficulty completing tests of auditory processing ability or performed significantly more poorly than the control group for most tasks.

Conclusions

This study confirms that outcomes for children diagnosed with ANSD are heterogeneous, and provides new information about real world listening and communication abilities. These findings will be useful for clinicians counselling families of newly diagnosed infants and providing management for children with a diagnosis of ANSD.

目的：本研究的目的是评估听觉神经病变谱系障碍（ANSD）患儿与正常听力患儿的听觉加工、言语辨别、听力和沟通能力之间的关系。方法：这是一项病例对照研究，涉及17名以口语为主要交流方式并佩戴助听器或不佩戴助听器的被诊断为ANSD的参与者和21名听力正常的对照组。所有人都接受了一系列听力、言语感知和听觉处理技能的行为测试。他们的父母填写了一系列问卷来评估孩子的听力和沟通能力。评估各组差异，并进行层次线性回归来评估听觉测量预测家长报告得分的程度。结果：慢速调幅检测（慢速调幅检测）比纯音听力图更能预测ANSD患儿的听力和交流能力。纯音听力图与安静环境中辨别语音的能力有显著的关系，而在嘈杂环境中则无显著的关系。在大多数任务中，与对照组相比，患有ANSD的儿童更难完成听觉处理能力测试，或者表现明显更差。结论：本研究证实了被诊断为ANSD的儿童的结果是异质的，并提供了关于现实世界倾听和沟通能力的新信息。这些发现将有助于临床医生为新诊断婴儿的家庭提供咨询，并为诊断为ANSD的儿童提供管理。

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引用次数: 0

The knowledge, experience, and awareness of professionals working with older adults on the auditory-cognitive interactions 与老年人一起工作的专业人士在听觉认知互动方面的知识、经验和意识。

IF 1.8 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Journal of Communication Disorders

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2024.106492

Katrien Kestens , Fiona Verbrugghe , Louise Van Goylen , Hannah Keppler

Introduction

Hearing loss is a commonly occurring condition with dementia. Research already presented a theoretical framework for the auditory-cognitive interactions, though it is still unclear if and how professionals beyond audiologists act upon this interactions in clinical practice.

Methods

An online 64-item questionnaire was developed and evaluated respondents’ work setting as well as their knowledge, experience, and awareness regarding hearing loss, cognitive decline, and the auditory-cognitive link. The questionnaire was sent to Dutch professionals working with older adults. Respondents were surveyed from May to September 2022.

Results

Two hundred and six non-physicians with a mean work experience of 16 years (range: 6 months - 42 years) and 25 physicians with a mean work experience of 13 years (range: 8 months - 42 years) filled in the entire questionnaire. There was a prevailing tendency to treat hearing and cognitive impairment as distinct entities, overlooking their coexistence and interactions. Results also showed a deficiency in assessing the hearing and cognitive status of older adults, with most relying on the older adult's self-report or indirect (non)verbal cues. Those strategies are strongly dependent on the professional's awareness and knowledge which were, especially for the hearing-related aspects, considered limited. For example, effortful listening was barely reported by the respondents as an important hearing-related complaint. Last, communication strategies fall short, with professionals adapting general approaches but lacking specificity.

Conclusion

Specific information for professionals beyond audiologists regarding the auditory-cognitive interactions as well as guidelines how to acted upon in clinical practice are needed to optimise person-centered care for older adults.

听力损失是痴呆症的常见情况。研究已经提出了听觉-认知相互作用的理论框架，尽管目前还不清楚听力学家以外的专业人员是否以及如何在临床实践中对这种相互作用采取行动。方法：编制64项在线问卷，评估受访者的工作环境以及他们对听力损失、认知能力下降和听觉认知联系的知识、经验和意识。调查问卷被发给了与老年人打交道的荷兰专业人士。受访者的调查时间为2022年5月至9月。结果：206名平均工作经验为16年（范围：6个月- 42年）的非医生和25名平均工作经验为13年（范围：8个月- 42年）的医生填写了整个问卷。人们普遍倾向于将听力障碍和认知障碍视为不同的实体，忽视它们的共存和相互作用。结果还显示，在评估老年人的听力和认知状况方面存在缺陷，大多数依赖于老年人的自我报告或间接（非）口头线索。这些策略强烈依赖于专业人员的意识和知识，特别是在听力相关方面，被认为是有限的。例如，努力倾听几乎没有被受访者报告为一项重要的听力相关投诉。最后，沟通策略不足，专业人士采用一般方法，但缺乏特异性。结论：除了听力学家之外，专业人员还需要提供关于听觉-认知相互作用的具体信息，以及在临床实践中如何采取行动的指导方针，以优化老年人的以人为本的护理。

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引用次数: 0