Anatomia Histologia Embryologia最新文献

A local anaesthetic block performed in cranial and mandibular foramina contributes towards analgesia and the reduction of systemic anaesthesia in procedures in the oral cavity. However, anatomical differences between in wild animals may require adaptations to the anaesthetic and surgical manoeuvres of the head used in domestic animals. With that in mind, we aimed to describe the topography and morphometry of the infraorbital and mandibular foramina in Bradypus variegatus, to support perineural anaesthetic approaches in the cranio-mandibular region of this species. We demonstrated that in B. variegatus there is no significant variability in the morphometric data, allowing access to the studied foramina to occur in a similar way in adult individuals. Finally, we understand that the techniques for the infraorbital and mandibular foramen needed to be adapted due to the anatomical singularities of the species, which culminated in new reference points for more assertive needle positioning.

Changes in the expression of nuclear β-catenin are responsible for tumorigenesis. Beta-catenin acts synergistically with the TGF-β/BMPs pathway. This interaction leads to greater dentin deposition and may explain the differences between distinct tooth morphologies and hamartomas. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of β-catenin, BMP4 and TGF-β in the development of odontomas. This cross-sectional, retrospective, immunohistochemical study evaluated 30 compound odontomas, 30 complex odontomas and 17 tooth germs. The results showed that BMP4 and TGF-β were more immunoexpressed in the ectomesenchyme of complex odontomas (median = 33.7, p < 0.001; median = 76.4, p = 0.002, respectively). Higher immunoexpression of BMP4 and TGF-β was also observed in the epithelium of tooth germs (median = 2.0, p < 0.001; median = 120.3, p < 0.001, respectively). TGF-β and BMP4 showed a positive and significant correlation (p < 0.001). Both TGF-β and BMP4 were positively correlated with nuclear β-catenin in ectomesenchyme (p = 0.047 and p = 0.023, respectively). Developing teeth exhibited higher concentrations of the proteins studied in odontogenic epithelium, especially during the bud and cap stages. Higher immunoexpression in odontomas occurred mainly in the ectomesenchyme. We therefore suggest that changes in the ectomesenchyme can lead to the development of odontomas.

As technology has developed in recent years, the use of three-dimensional (3D) scanners and printers has become widespread in the medical field. However, since this field is new, all kinds of methodological and experimental related studies gain importance. This study aimed to identify the differences between the calliper measurements by determining the craniometric data on the models constructed by scanning the crania of New Zealand Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.), preferred as experimental animals, with a three-dimensional scanner. Therefore, a total of 12 New Zealand rabbits including 6 females and 6 males were used. After the crania that comprised the study material were macerated, they were subjected to 3D scanning. After the scanning process was completed, they were craniometrically measured both on the scanned models and by using a digital calliper. Analysis of the craniometric data of the 3D scanner showed that there was a difference between sexes at the level of p < 0.05 in widest length between the external acoustic meatus (WLBEAM), skull width and Foramen magnum height (FMH) parameters and cranial index data, and at the level of p < 0.001 in the largest nasal width (LNW) parameter. A statistical difference was found between sexes in frontal length, WLBEAM, LNW and FMH parameters and cranial index values in craniometric data collected with the digital calliper (p < 0.05). Consequently, the data collected in this study were found to be close to each other in both methods, suggesting that the 3D scanner may be used in morphometric studies.

Few instances of neoplastic formations in the liver of chinchillas have been found, even though the species is widely used in different scientific experiments. In the present article we investigate the anatomical features of the chinchilla's liver using CT and three dimension (3D) imaging. For the trials we used 12 (six males and six females) clinically healthy chinchillas all at 18 months of age. The animals were positioned in dorsal recumbency. We used Th8 to L2 vertebrae and the sternum as bone markers for the transverse CT study. The investigated anatomical landmarks for the CT coronal study were the vertebrae, costal arch, soft abdominal wall, diaphragm, stomach and the right kidney. 3D reconstructions were accomplished with a specific imaging software. On transverse and coronal CT images, the chinchilla's liver was composed of lobus hepatis sinister lateralis, ‘middle lobe’–without proper Latin term in NAV 2017, lobus hepatis dexter and lobus caudatus. The ‘middle lobe’ was separated into the ‘left middle lobe’ and the ‘right middle lobe’. Lobus hepatis dexter consisted of lobus hepatis dexter medialis and lobus hepatis dexter lateralis. There was an anatomical relation between the liver, fundus ventriculi and corpus ventriculi. Proc. caudatus was in close contact with the right kidney. Vesica fellea was elongated and ellipsoid. 3D reformatted images confirmed the results obtained by transverse and coronal CT studies. The CT density of the liver in HU was 195.6 ± 73.1. The CT and 3D reconstructed images were visualized at high resolution. This data could be used as a basis for further morphological and imaging studies.

The complex anatomy of the avian respiratory system makes it necessary to broaden our knowledge using modern imaging and reconstructional possibilities. The visualization of these structures can be used for clinical situations, in research or as teaching aids in veterinary education. For this we generated 3D models from diagnostic imaging data (computed tomography [CT] scans) of birds. We describe in detail a repeatable method of animal preparation for scanning, data handling and image analysis. CT scans with varying slice thickness and resolution were obtained in prone and supine body positions to analyse air sac morphology and volume changes relative to posture or sexual dimorphism in birds. The resulting data were prepared and analysed using a reconstructional software (3D Slicer) based on manual and semi-automatic labelling and subsequent 3D models of the air sac system were created. The terminology employed has been referenced from the Nomina Anatomica Avium, Second Ed.

The intracranial cavity contains vital organs such as the brain, cerebellum and meninges. The veterinary field employment in this region is limited. For this reason, obtaining information about the intracranial cavity, the operation to be performed on this region and information about the world will benefit our unit. It aimed to examine the width between gender differences and expectations by calculating the intracranial volume stereological and 3D models using computed tomography sections. In the study, 7 male and 6 female adult Hamdani sheep were used. The intracranial cavity was modelled in 3D using computed tomography sections. Intracranial volume was estimated using CT slices according to the Cavalieri principle. Morphometric measurements were obtained from the intracranial cavity. In the study, intracranial volume was calculated as 120.50±7.59 cm³ in females and 137.29±9.79 cm³ in males in measurements made using Computed Tomography. Intracranial volume calculation made using the Cavalieri's principle was calculated as 125.33±5.20cm³ in females and 136.89±9.13 cm³in males. In the configured CT models, a target difference was detected between the male and female volume values calculated on it (p < 0.05). There was a difference between males and females in stereologically viable intracranial volume (p < 0.05). A high level of density was observed between the results of both methods. In the mean of the data, there was no difference between the objectives (p > 0.05). Morphometric measurements determined that the maximum cranial cavity width parameter was between females and males (p < 0.005). In index1 and index2 calculated with the obtained partitions, a circulating difference between genders was observed (p < 0.05). In the resulting state, the 3-dimensional intracranial cavity models and the intracranial volume fraction estimated by the Cavalieri principle are conserved. There are high limits between the methods. Feeding future intracranial volume and clinical care.

Sertoli cells of sharks are non-permanent components of the spermatocyst that they share exclusively with only one germ cell stage. After spermiation, all Sertoli cells, and thus the whole spent cyst, are disposed of in an area adjacent to the spermatozoal spermatocysts, that is, the resorption zone (RZ). Differences in the histology and magnitude of the RZ of the mature blue shark and Greenland shark correlate with differences in how spent cysts are dismantled. In the blue shark's RZ, the spent cyst's Sertoli nuclei were synchronously and stepwise fragmented into pyknotic bodies that were eventually resorbed in a whorl in the RZ interstitium. Conversely, cyst dismantling in the Greenland shark, that also lacked a spatially definitive RZ, revealed redundancy. One mode entailed the sloughing of the bulky Sertoli nuclei through an indistinct cyst–ductule transition area into its attached collecting ductule. A second mode entailed the asynchronous, progressive fragmentation of the bulky Sertoli nuclei into membrane-enclosed pyknotic bodies. Both these modes solely entailed an internally coordinated demise of the spent cyst and whose basal lamina remained intact almost right to the end. Whatever the underlying mechanisms of these differences, these findings nonetheless reveal species-specificity in the clearing up of the elasmobranch testicular parenchyma after the completion of a round of spermiogenesis. One consideration is the blue shark's expansive immune cell augmented RZ, that adjoins the animal's bone marrow equivalent tissue. The notable finding of a second conspicuous Sertoli cell type in the Greenland shark's spent cysts is also discussed.

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) are a local breed from Indonesia with the potential for beef production, but its meat has been reported to be tough. This indicates that there is a need to develop various methods that can be used for assessment to improve the quality of the meat. One such method is muscle scoring (MS), which is often used to predict the amount of meat in the carcass from live animals, but the muscle microstructure contributing to the quality is often neglected. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the correlation between the muscle score of Bali cattle and the quality of muscle microstructure in terms of myofibril morphometric and connective tissue composition using a histochemistry approach. The population consisted of 31 Bali cattle, and MS was performed by evaluating the muscle line using a range of 1 to 15. The three individuals with the highest scores (Hi) and the three with the lowest (Lo) were sampled for semitendinosus muscle microstructural observation. The results showed that cattle in the Hi group had a higher surface area of myofibril and sarcomere length, but had a significantly lower relative percentage of intramuscular collagen compared to others in the Lo group (p < 0.05). Generally, muscle score had a positive correlation with body weight, surface area of myofibril and sarcomere length. In all cattle, the fibres identified were similar, where the thick types were dominant in the epimysium and perimysium, followed by the thin variants. Furthermore, the endomysium prominently contained non-fibrous or other types of fibre. This study can provide the basic data that can be used as a pilot for future studies of muscle score assessment in Indonesian cattle.

The Neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis) is a mustelid distributed geographically from Mexico to Argentina. Anomalous origins of the aortic arch branches are rarely reported in wild carnivorans. Therefore, this study aimed to report the anomalous branching of the aortic arch in one formaldehyde-fixed specimen of L. longicaudis. The aortic arch provided three branches: the bicarotid trunk and the left and right subclavian arteries. The latter passed dorsally to the esophagus toward the right side without a mark of compression at the esophagus. This is the first report of an anomalous origin of the right subclavian artery in L. longicaudis.

The current manuscript had been conducted to evaluate the effect of ageing on the brains of albino rats on the macro-morphometric level and to assess the different parameters of brain and brain structures affected by ageing. Fifty apparently healthy rats of both sexes (27 males and 23 females) were used in the study, in addition to three rats for MRI. The animals were divided into four groups according to their age. Magnetic resonance imaging and cross sections of the brain were performed to document dimensions of various brain structures such as the hippocampus, surface area of lateral ventricle as well as dorsal and piriform cortices. Ageing would result into a negative impact on some brain structures. However, some others had not been affected as much. Furthermore, sex of the animal presented an important role as a variant where male rats of each age group demonstrated different results than their analogous female rats. In addition, MRI examination of the rat brain allowed recognition of the major cerebral structures. Findings of this work might be considered as a trial to provide a proof of changes resulted from normal ageing in both male and female rats and which sex is more affected than the other.