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An advanced ICMV for vibratory roller compaction 用于振动压路机压实的先进 ICMV
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02342-8
Johannes Pistrol, Mario Hager, Fritz Kopf, Dietmar Adam

The compaction success of vibratory roller compaction can be assessed by systems for continuous compaction control (CCC) or intelligent compaction (IC) which calculate soil stiffness-proportional quantities based on measurements of the motion behavior of the vibrating drum. However, state-of-the-art intelligent compaction meter values (ICMV) do not only depend on the stiffness of the soil but are also strongly influenced by machine and process parameters. In this paper, the methodology for determining an advanced ICMV is presented, in which the mechanical properties of the soil, the process parameters and geometric relationships in the contact area between the drum and the soil are directly included in the calculation. The methodology is explained on the example of measurement data from a compaction test conducted on sandy gravel with a heavy single-drum roller. The results of the novel ICMV are compared with those of the most widely used IC systems.

振动压路机的压实效果可通过连续压实控制(CCC)或智能压实(IC)系统进行评估,这些系统可根据对振动滚筒运动行为的测量来计算土壤刚度比例量。然而,最先进的智能压实度测量值(ICMV)不仅取决于土壤刚度,还受到机器和工艺参数的强烈影响。本文介绍了确定先进的 ICMV 值的方法,其中土壤的机械特性、工艺参数以及钢轮与土壤接触区域的几何关系都直接纳入了计算。该方法以使用重型单钢轮压路机对砂砾进行压实试验的测量数据为例进行说明。新型 ICMV 的结果与最广泛使用的集成电路系统的结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Behavior of model pile in unsaturated soil subjected to cyclic loading 非饱和土壤中的模型桩在循环荷载作用下的行为
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02313-z
Hijran Aljanabi, Reza Imam, Mohammad Khorand

Most previous experimental studies on the behavior of piles subjected to lateral loading have focused on testing model piles embedded in dry or fully saturated soils, and little attention has been paid to the impact of the soil partial saturation on the results. This paper presents results of 1g model tests on a single pile embedded in dry and unsaturated sand subjected to two-way constant displacement amplitude loading. The tests were aimed at examination of the effects of degree of soil saturation and density on the pile internal forces and lateral capacity and the deformation patterns of the adjacent soils. Five degrees of saturation (Sr = 0, 10, 20, 35 and 50%) for loose and medium-dense sand (Dr = 20% and 50%) were chosen and a 65-mm-diameter and 900-mm-long polyethylene model pile was used. Test results indicated that at each soil relative density, the pile head horizontal load, and the maximum bending moment, shear force, and soil reaction in the pile increase with increase in the degree of saturation up to about Sr = 35%. However, further increase in Sr led to decrease in these values. Moreover, the cyclic loading led to depressions in the surface of the dry sand and bulging associated with soil–pile separation in the unsaturated sand. For the model testing conditions used, results indicated that the sand degree of saturation can have a greater impact on the pile behavior than its density.

以往对承受横向荷载的桩的行为进行的实验研究大多集中在测试嵌入干燥或完全饱和土壤中的模型桩,很少关注土壤部分饱和度对结果的影响。本文介绍了在双向恒定位移振幅荷载作用下,对嵌入干燥和非饱和砂土中的单桩进行 1g 模型试验的结果。试验旨在检验土壤饱和度和密度对桩内力和侧向承载力的影响,以及邻近土壤的变形模式。试验选择了松散砂土和中等密度砂土(Dr = 20% 和 50% )的五种饱和度(Sr = 0、10、20、35 和 50% ),并使用了直径 65 毫米、长 900 毫米的聚乙烯模型桩。试验结果表明,在每种土壤相对密度下,随着饱和度的增加,桩头水平荷载、最大弯矩、剪力和桩内土壤反力都会增加,最高可达 Sr = 35%。然而,Sr 的进一步增加会导致这些值的下降。此外,循环加载导致干砂表面凹陷,以及非饱和砂中与土桩分离相关的隆起。对于所使用的模型试验条件,结果表明砂的饱和度比密度对桩的行为影响更大。
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引用次数: 0
Performance evaluation of an ex situ permeable reactive bio-barrier in phenol-contaminated water containment and remediation under a laminar flow regime 在层流机制下,对苯酚污染水密封和修复中的原位可渗透反应生物屏障进行性能评估
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-28 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02301-3
Zohreh Emmarloo, Mohsen Karrabi, Bahar Shahnavaz, Asal Masoumi Khameneh, Philippe Sechet

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) including phenolic compounds cause major environmental impacts just the once released into soils or groundwater. Among the core technologies, permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been so far exploited to contain and control such contaminants within the subsurface layers of the soil. Against this background, the present study investigated flow-biofilm interactions in a laboratory-scale permeable reactive bio-barrier (PRBB). To this end, an experimental setup was firstly built by embedding pressure measurement ports, at 10 cm intervals, onto a cylindrical column with a diameter of 57 mm and a height of 50 cm, and then filled with a porous medium, made up of sand with an average diameter of 1.78 mm. The bacterium, Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), was also utilized to generate the biofilm. Afterward, phenol-containing water was passed through the column at a rate of 2 L/h under a hydrodynamic laminar flow regime. Experimental evidence showed that the biofilm formed by bacterial growth could shrink the bio-barrier (BB) porosity from 0.35 to 0.07, instigating a drop by 590 and 840 times in the hydraulic pressure across the column at phenol concentrations, 200 and 400 mg/L, respectively. The desired biofilm additionally managed to remove 40 and 30% of phenol at concentrations of 200 and 400 mg/L, in that order. Exploring the variations in hydraulic conductivity in different layers plus the microscopic images further demonstrated that the biofilm created at phenol concentration of 200 mg/L seemed to be much stronger and even more stable, compared to the one at 400 mg/L. This was traceable to the better adaptation of P. putida to lower concentrations of phenol as the carbon source. Furthermore, the study results established that the given PRBB could help decompose only a small portion of phenol, but outperformed in terms of containing and controlling this contaminant through reducing hydraulic conductivity.

Graphical Abstract

包括酚类化合物在内的石油碳氢化合物一旦释放到土壤或地下水中,就会对环境造成严重影响。在各种核心技术中,可渗透反应屏障(PRBs)是迄今为止用于遏制和控制土壤表层下此类污染物的技术。在此背景下,本研究调查了实验室规模的可渗透反应生物屏障(PRBB)中水流与生物膜之间的相互作用。为此,首先在直径为 57 毫米、高 50 厘米的圆柱上每隔 10 厘米埋设一个压力测量口,然后用平均直径为 1.78 毫米的沙子填充多孔介质,搭建了一个实验装置。此外,还利用了腐生假单胞菌(P. putida)来生成生物膜。随后,在流体力学层流机制下,含酚水以 2 升/小时的速度通过该柱。实验结果表明,细菌生长形成的生物膜可将生物屏障(BB)的孔隙率从 0.35 减小到 0.07,在苯酚浓度分别为 200 和 400 毫克/升的情况下,柱中的水压分别下降了 590 和 840 倍。在苯酚浓度为 200 和 400 毫克/升时,所需的生物膜还能依次去除 40% 和 30% 的苯酚。探索不同层中水力传导性的变化以及显微图像进一步表明,与苯酚浓度为 400 毫克/升的生物膜相比,在苯酚浓度为 200 毫克/升时形成的生物膜似乎更强,甚至更稳定。这可追溯到 P. putida 对低浓度苯酚碳源的适应性更强。此外,研究结果表明,给定的 PRBB 只能帮助分解一小部分苯酚,但在通过降低水导率来控制苯酚污染方面却表现出色。
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引用次数: 0
Undrained cyclic responses of biocemented calcareous silty sand 生物加固钙质淤泥砂的无排水循环响应
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-04-26 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02293-0
Yang Xiao, Jian Hu, Jinquan Shi, Lei Zhang, Hanlong Liu

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology is an emerging and environmentally sustainable method for improving the strength and stiffness of soil. Specifically, this innovative approach has gained favor in marine engineering due to the advantaged compatibility between precipitated calcium carbonate induced by MICP and coral sand. Sand containing fines is susceptible to liquefy. Whereas, the impact of fines contents on cyclic behavior of MICP-treated calcareous sand remains uncertain. Consequently, this technical note aims to investigate the liquefaction behavior of biocemented calcareous silty sand by conducting undrained cyclic triaxial shear tests and microscopic analysis. The results revealed the patterns of the excess pore water pressure curves and cyclic deformation characteristics as the fines contents increased. The liquefaction resistance of biocemented sand initially decreases with the addition of fines but subsequently exhibits an increasing trend. Microscopic analysis showed that at the cementation level with the cementation solution concentration of 1 mol/L, the calcium carbonate crystals are mainly attached to the surface of sand grains and this pattern does not directly affect the force chain.

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术是一种新兴的、环境可持续的提高土壤强度和刚度的方法。具体而言,由于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀与珊瑚砂之间的相容性极佳,这种创新方法在海洋工程中备受青睐。含有细粒的沙子容易液化。而细粒含量对 MICP 处理过的钙质砂的循环行为的影响仍不确定。因此,本技术说明旨在通过进行不排水循环三轴剪切试验和显微分析,研究生物加固钙质淤泥砂的液化行为。结果显示了随着细粒含量的增加,过剩孔隙水压力曲线的变化规律和循环变形特征。生物加固砂的抗液化性最初会随着细粒的添加而降低,但随后会呈现上升趋势。显微分析表明,在胶结液浓度为 1 mol/L 的胶结水平,碳酸钙晶体主要附着在砂粒表面,这种形态并不直接影响力链。
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引用次数: 0
Hydraulic breakthrough of clay smears due to technical and natural actions 技术和自然作用导致的粘土层水力破坏
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02261-8
Gerd Gudehus, Christian Karcher

We outlined earlier in this journal by means of finite element simulations how patterns of normal faults arise by a synsedimentary tectonic extension, and how clay smears evolve therein. In the present paper, we show how hydraulic breakthroughs of clay smears can arise so that water, gas and mud rise in faults. Mechanical properties of sand and clay are introduced first for the stable range and then for rupture and internal erosion. Our numerical simulations for the evolution of normal faults and clay smears are discussed in light of critical phenomena. Water assembled in an open-cast mine about 20 years ago as the critical hydraulic gradient in a clay smear dropped to the actual one due to the rapid excavation-induced deformation. The latter led to a critical point under an excavation the slope of which was parallel to a nearby normal fault. Clay smears can also break by earthquakes so that the critical hydraulic gradient drops to the actual one caused by methane with an excess pressure. This can lead to hydraulic breakthroughs and cold eruptions at outcrops of faults.

我们在本刊早先的文章中通过有限元模拟概述了正断层的形态是如何通过合成沉积构造延伸而产生的,以及粘土层是如何在其中演变的。在本文中,我们将展示粘土层的水力突破是如何产生的,从而使断层中的水、气体和泥浆上升。本文首先介绍了砂和粘土在稳定范围内的力学性质,然后介绍了断裂和内部侵蚀的力学性质。我们根据临界现象讨论了正常断层和粘土层演变的数值模拟。大约 20 年前,由于快速挖掘引起的变形,粘土岩层中的临界水力梯度下降到实际梯度,水在露天矿中聚集。后者导致在挖掘机下出现临界点,而挖掘机的斜坡与附近的正断层平行。粘土层也会因地震而破裂,从而使临界水力坡度下降到实际坡度,这是由于甲烷压力过大造成的。这可能导致断层露头处的水力突破和冷喷发。
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引用次数: 0
Vertical dynamic impedance of pile groups embedded in soils considering the groundwater level 考虑到地下水位,桩群嵌入土壤的垂直动阻抗
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02245-8
Zi Ye, Yonghui Chen, Geng Chen, Jiangwei Shi, Nan Hu, Minguo Lin

The groundwater level divides the soils into unsaturated zone and saturated zone, imposing an indispensable effect on the soil–pile interaction behavior. In this work, the groundwater level is introduced into soil–pile group interaction models for advancing the dynamic impedance research of pile groups. The motion equation of pile groups is modeled by the finite element method. The vibration solution of soils considering the groundwater level is solved via the precise integration method, which is utilized as the kernel function to construct the boundary integral equation. The coupled finite element method (FEM) and boundary element method (BEM) establishes the unsaturated soil–pile group interaction equation, which is further solved based on the soil–pile compatibility condition. After confirming the reliability of the above theory, parametric analyses are provided to discuss the effect of a series of key parameters on the impedance function of pile groups.

地下水位将土壤分为非饱和区和饱和区,对土桩相互作用行为产生不可或缺的影响。本研究将地下水位引入土-桩群相互作用模型,以推进桩群的动力阻抗研究。桩群的运动方程采用有限元法建模。考虑到地下水位的土壤振动解法是通过精确积分法求解的,利用精确积分法作为核函数来构建边界积分方程。耦合有限元法(FEM)和边界元法(BEM)建立了非饱和土-桩群相互作用方程,并根据土-桩相容性条件进一步求解。在证实上述理论的可靠性后,进行了参数分析,讨论了一系列关键参数对桩群阻抗函数的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Long-term “memory” of extraordinary climatic seasons in the hysteretic seepage of an unsaturated infinite slope 非饱和无限坡滞后渗流对特殊气候季节的长期 "记忆"
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02307-x
Diana Bianchi, Domenico Gallipoli, R. Bovolenta, Martino Leoni
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引用次数: 0
Stability of the front wall and the horizontal behavior of composite reinforced-earth retaining walls 复合钢筋土挡土墙前墙的稳定性和水平行为
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02334-8
Dae-Sung Cho, Jaehong Kim
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引用次数: 0
Study on failure characteristics and evaluation index of aquifer shale based on energy evolution 基于能量演化的含水层页岩破坏特征及评价指标研究
IF 5.6 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Pub Date : 2024-04-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02263-6
Xian-yin Qi, Dian-dong Geng, Meng-yao Feng, Ming-zhe Xu

The presence of abundant clay components and microporous structure in shale results in its high hydrophilicity, making a water-rich environment inevitable in petroleum exploration projects. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the influence of bedding structure, moisture content, confining pressure, and their combined effects on the geomechanical properties of shale. This article aims to investigate the mechanical properties of deep shale under varying water content conditions, elucidate the failure mode and failure mechanism of shale in actual engineering scenarios, and explores the interplay between stress, structure, moisture content, and other factors on its mechanical properties. The evaluation of wellbore stability and fracture propagation effects is proposed based on laboratory experiments using triaxial stress and strain data, along with the application of energy evolution theory. The experimental procedures encompass an analysis of shale's microscopic components and structure, as well as anisotropic shale triaxial compression tests conducted under different moisture contents and confining pressures. The results demonstrate that shale exhibits dense pores in its microstructure and displays pronounced anisotropic characteristics in its macrostructure. The presence of water within these pores, combined with the in situ stress within the formation, significantly influences the mechanical properties of shale. This anisotropy decreases with increasing moisture content, but the mechanical performance still decreases. Under triaxial compression conditions, the increase in confining pressure to some extent enhances the anisotropy of shale's deformation characteristics, which is related to the failure modes of shale. However, the detrimental effect of moisture content on shale's mechanical properties still persists. In order to quantify the impact of these factors, this study utilizes the elastic modulus as an indicator of the coupling effect. It combines the triaxial strain curve obtained from laboratory tests and proposes an evaluation index for shale mechanical properties based on the energy evolution theory. This index is suitable for assessing wellbore stability (the stability index called SIr) and crack expansion (the brittleness index called BIr). The calculation results reveal that, during the wellbore drilling process, excavating parallel to the direction of shale bedding while maintaining low moisture content and high confining pressure yields a higher SIr value, indicating better wellbore stability. On the other hand, during reservoir fracturing, fracturing perpendicular to the shale bedding direction and maintaining low confining pressure and moisture content result in a smaller BIr value. This approach is more beneficial for the expansion of shale fracture network in engineering.

页岩中含有丰富的粘土成分和微孔结构,因此亲水性很强,在石油勘探项目中,富水环境是不可避免的。因此,考虑垫层结构、含水率、约束压力及其综合效应对页岩地质力学性能的影响至关重要。本文旨在研究不同含水率条件下深层页岩的力学性能,阐明页岩在实际工程场景中的破坏模式和破坏机理,探讨应力、结构、含水率等因素对其力学性能的相互影响。利用三轴应力和应变数据进行实验室实验,并应用能量演化理论,提出了井筒稳定性和裂缝扩展效应的评估方法。实验程序包括分析页岩的微观成分和结构,以及在不同含水量和约束压力下进行的各向异性页岩三轴压缩试验。结果表明,页岩的微观结构中存在致密的孔隙,其宏观结构具有明显的各向异性特征。这些孔隙中水分的存在,加上地层中的原位应力,对页岩的机械特性产生了重大影响。这种各向异性会随着含水量的增加而减弱,但机械性能仍会下降。在三轴压缩条件下,约束压力的增加在一定程度上增强了页岩变形特征的各向异性,这与页岩的破坏模式有关。然而,含水量对页岩力学性能的不利影响依然存在。为了量化这些因素的影响,本研究利用弹性模量作为耦合效应的指标。它结合实验室测试获得的三轴应变曲线,提出了基于能量演化理论的页岩力学性能评价指标。该指数适用于评估井筒稳定性(稳定性指数 SIr)和裂缝扩展性(脆性指数 BIr)。计算结果表明,在井筒钻进过程中,在保持低含水率和高约束压力的情况下,平行于页岩垫层方向开挖可获得较高的 SIr 值,表明井筒稳定性较好。另一方面,在储层压裂过程中,垂直于页岩垫层方向进行压裂,并保持较低的封闭压力和含水量,会产生较小的 BIr 值。这种方法更有利于工程中页岩裂缝网络的扩展。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of large microplastics on the physical behavior of soils: implications to marine sediments 大型微塑料对土壤物理行为的影响:对海洋沉积物的影响
IF 5.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 Earth and Planetary Sciences Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11440-024-02336-6
Emelyne Routier, Marie Guenther, Marco Terzariol

Marine plastic pollution has become a major concern as it threatens marine life and human health. Most of the plastic that enters the ocean is either consumed by animals and/or trapped in sediments. However, there is little information on how sediment properties might be affected. In this article, we explore the impact of microplastic inclusions in marine settings by using PVC plastic chips and two soil samples as analogues. We conducted a comprehensive experimental study to investigate changes in compressibility, strength, stiffness, thermal and hydraulic conductivity, and particle migration by varying plastic content. Results show that as low as 1% of plastic content by volume can lead to irreversible consequences in sediment behavior while coarse particles display a heightened sensitivity than pure fines. As plastic content in sediment increases year-by-year, we anticipate significant repercussions in marine life, the future landscape of the seafloor and subsurface phenomena.

海洋塑料污染威胁着海洋生物和人类健康,已成为人们关注的主要问题。进入海洋的大部分塑料要么被动物吃掉,要么被困在沉积物中。然而,关于沉积物特性可能受到何种影响的信息却很少。在本文中,我们以 PVC 塑料碎片和两种土壤样本为类似物,探讨了海洋环境中微塑料夹杂物的影响。我们进行了一项全面的实验研究,调查了不同塑料含量对可压缩性、强度、刚度、导热性、导水性和颗粒迁移的影响。结果表明,塑料含量只要达到体积的 1%,就会对沉积物的行为产生不可逆转的影响,而粗颗粒的敏感性要高于纯细粒。随着沉积物中塑料含量的逐年增加,我们预计将对海洋生物、海底未来景观和地下现象产生重大影响。
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引用次数: 0
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Acta Geotechnica
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