Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae172
Vinícius da Costa-Silva, Werner P Strümpher, Patricia J Thyssen, Fernando Z Vaz-de-Mello
Among the five known Trogidae genera, Polynoncus is the only one endemic to South America. Although the systematics within Trogidae is well established, the evolutionary relationships among Polynoncus species remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on maximum parsimony, using the equal and implicit weighting algorithm with all characters, in TNT v.1.5 software. The assembled data matrix consisted of 98 morphological characters scored for 48 taxa. Our results corroborate the monophyletic status of Polynoncus and its sister-group relationship with the genus Omorgus, both within Omorginae. In Polynoncus, three main lineages were recovered: (i) clade ‘pedestris’, with four species occurring mostly in the Andes; (ii) clade ‘pilularius’, whose species have been most reported in the temperate zone of South America; and (iii) clade ‘brevicollis’, whose species are distributed from the arid zones of Argentina and Chile to Peru, following through the Andes. This is the first species-level phylogeny presented for Trogidae.
{"title":"Phylogenetic systematics of the keratin-feeding genus Polynoncus Burmeister, 1876 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae)","authors":"Vinícius da Costa-Silva, Werner P Strümpher, Patricia J Thyssen, Fernando Z Vaz-de-Mello","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae172","url":null,"abstract":"Among the five known Trogidae genera, Polynoncus is the only one endemic to South America. Although the systematics within Trogidae is well established, the evolutionary relationships among Polynoncus species remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis based on maximum parsimony, using the equal and implicit weighting algorithm with all characters, in TNT v.1.5 software. The assembled data matrix consisted of 98 morphological characters scored for 48 taxa. Our results corroborate the monophyletic status of Polynoncus and its sister-group relationship with the genus Omorgus, both within Omorginae. In Polynoncus, three main lineages were recovered: (i) clade ‘pedestris’, with four species occurring mostly in the Andes; (ii) clade ‘pilularius’, whose species have been most reported in the temperate zone of South America; and (iii) clade ‘brevicollis’, whose species are distributed from the arid zones of Argentina and Chile to Peru, following through the Andes. This is the first species-level phylogeny presented for Trogidae.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-25DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae176
Luciano A Pradelli, Diego Pol, Martín D Ezcurra
Piatnitzkysaurus floresi is a theropod dinosaur from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Chubut Province, Argentina) and one of the few Early Jurassic tetanurans known worldwide. This species is known from two specimens and plays a key role in our understanding of the early evolution of tetanuran theropods. Nevertheless, the published information about its postcranium is limited to the original description of the 1980s and drawings in a few views. Here, we redescribe in detail the appendicular skeleton of Piatnitzkaysaurus and integrate new information into new phylogenetic and morphological disparity analyses focused on non-coelurosaurian tetanurans. Our results agree with recent studies that place Piatnitzkysauridae (including Condorraptor, Marshosaurus, Piatnitzkysaurus, and Xuanhanosaurus) as the earliest diverging group of Allosauroidea and within a monophyletic Carnosauria (Allosauroidea + Megalosauroidea). Morphological disparity analyses of the appendicular skeleton of non-coelurosaurian tetanurans show that the Jurassic species occupy a different morphospace from the Cretaceous species. Condorraptor and Piatnitzkysaurus are found within the morphospace occupied by the Middle Jurassic species from the Northern Hemisphere, which indicates the presence of similar body plans for the non-coelurosaurian tetanurans during the Early–Middle Jurassic worldwide. The new information about Piatnitzkysaurus improves our knowledge about the evolution of early tetanurans.
{"title":"The appendicular osteology of the Early Jurassic theropod Piatnitzkysaurus floresi and its implications on the morphological disparity of non-coelurosaurian tetanurans","authors":"Luciano A Pradelli, Diego Pol, Martín D Ezcurra","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae176","url":null,"abstract":"Piatnitzkysaurus floresi is a theropod dinosaur from the Cañadón Asfalto Formation (Chubut Province, Argentina) and one of the few Early Jurassic tetanurans known worldwide. This species is known from two specimens and plays a key role in our understanding of the early evolution of tetanuran theropods. Nevertheless, the published information about its postcranium is limited to the original description of the 1980s and drawings in a few views. Here, we redescribe in detail the appendicular skeleton of Piatnitzkaysaurus and integrate new information into new phylogenetic and morphological disparity analyses focused on non-coelurosaurian tetanurans. Our results agree with recent studies that place Piatnitzkysauridae (including Condorraptor, Marshosaurus, Piatnitzkysaurus, and Xuanhanosaurus) as the earliest diverging group of Allosauroidea and within a monophyletic Carnosauria (Allosauroidea + Megalosauroidea). Morphological disparity analyses of the appendicular skeleton of non-coelurosaurian tetanurans show that the Jurassic species occupy a different morphospace from the Cretaceous species. Condorraptor and Piatnitzkysaurus are found within the morphospace occupied by the Middle Jurassic species from the Northern Hemisphere, which indicates the presence of similar body plans for the non-coelurosaurian tetanurans during the Early–Middle Jurassic worldwide. The new information about Piatnitzkysaurus improves our knowledge about the evolution of early tetanurans.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-20DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae171
Valentina Castro-Huertas, María Cecilia Melo
Saicini comprise 24 genera and 147 species worldwide. Here, we include additional taxa and characters to the morphological dataset of Castro-Huertas and Melo (2023) into a new one composed of 181 characters, which was analysed cladistically with 63 terminals, comprising 18 genera (75% of the generic diversity), 49 species of Saicini, and 12 outgroups. Saicini was recovered as monophyletic, with Carayonia orientalis (Visayanocorini) as its sister-species. Our hypotheses recovered two main clades within Saicini that we recognized as two new subtribes: Saicina subtrib. nov. and Tagalina subtrib. nov.; and the new tribe, Saiciretini trib. nov. of uncertain affinities within Emesinae. Additionally, the morphology and evolution of the scopula is explored. The scopula is a hairy attachment structure on the third tarsomere composed of a set of spatulate setae present on all legs of Saicini and on the meso- and metalegs of a few species of the tribes Emesini and Leistarchini (Emesinae). Scopula presence on all legs had been recovered as synapomorphy of the tribe Saicini. The reconstruction of the ancestral state of the hairy setae shows an emergence of this structure on the ventral region of the third tarsal segment of the protarsus in Saicini and its ancestor without scopula. The arrangement of the scopula is consistent with the recovered clades.
全世界共有24属147种。本文将Castro-Huertas和Melo（2023）的形态数据集中新增的分类群和性状整合为一个由181个性状组成的新数据集，并对该数据集进行了进化分析，其中包括63个终端，包括18个属（75%的属多样性），49个Saicini种和12个外群。该植物为单系植物，其姊妹种为卡拉onia orientalis （Visayanocorini）。我们的假设在赛奇尼中发现了两个主要的分支，我们认为这两个分支是两个新的亚部落：赛奇纳亚部落。11月和塔加利纳子。11月;和新的部落，萨奇瑞提部落。11 .在Emesinae内不确定的亲缘关系。此外，还探讨了内镜的形态和进化。镫骨是位于第三跗体上的一种毛状附着结构，由一组匙形刚毛组成，存在于所有的猴腿上，也存在于Emesini和Leistarchini （Emesinae）部落的一些物种的中腿和中腿上。所有腿上都有Scopula，这是Saicini部落的近亲。对毛状刚毛的祖先状态的重建表明，这种结构出现在Saicini的前跗骨第三节的腹侧区域，其祖先没有鼻镜。鼻镜的排列与发现的支枝一致。
{"title":"Reassessment of the Saicini phylogeny and evolution of hairy attachment structures on tarsi (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae)","authors":"Valentina Castro-Huertas, María Cecilia Melo","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae171","url":null,"abstract":"Saicini comprise 24 genera and 147 species worldwide. Here, we include additional taxa and characters to the morphological dataset of Castro-Huertas and Melo (2023) into a new one composed of 181 characters, which was analysed cladistically with 63 terminals, comprising 18 genera (75% of the generic diversity), 49 species of Saicini, and 12 outgroups. Saicini was recovered as monophyletic, with Carayonia orientalis (Visayanocorini) as its sister-species. Our hypotheses recovered two main clades within Saicini that we recognized as two new subtribes: Saicina subtrib. nov. and Tagalina subtrib. nov.; and the new tribe, Saiciretini trib. nov. of uncertain affinities within Emesinae. Additionally, the morphology and evolution of the scopula is explored. The scopula is a hairy attachment structure on the third tarsomere composed of a set of spatulate setae present on all legs of Saicini and on the meso- and metalegs of a few species of the tribes Emesini and Leistarchini (Emesinae). Scopula presence on all legs had been recovered as synapomorphy of the tribe Saicini. The reconstruction of the ancestral state of the hairy setae shows an emergence of this structure on the ventral region of the third tarsal segment of the protarsus in Saicini and its ancestor without scopula. The arrangement of the scopula is consistent with the recovered clades.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142991496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-13DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162
Jhael A Ortega, Diego F Cisneros-Heredia, Jeffrey D Camper, Andrés Romero-Carvajal, Leonardo Negrete, Santiago R Ron
Noblella is a genus of 17 recognized nominal species of ground-dwelling, direct-developing frogs. It consists of two clades that do not form a monophyletic group: a northern clade from northern Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil and a southern clade from southern Peru and Bolivia. Herein, we present a systematic review of Noblella with emphasis on the northern clade, including a new phylogeny based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. We also describe the osteology of five species from the northern clade using X-ray computed tomography. Based on our results, we resurrect the genus Phyllonastes for species of the northern clade (i.e. eight described species plus six new species described herein) and restrict the genus Noblella to the southern clade. We describe a new genus of Holoadeninae, sister to Phyllonastes: Urkuphryne gen. nov., from northern Ecuador. The new genus is distinguished by unique morphological characteristics that are diagnostic of different genera in Strabomantidae. We describe seven new species diagnosable based on morphology. Phyllonastes has five morphological synapomorphies, including the absence of vomerine teeth. Phyllonastes originated in the Pacific basin, Chocó region, ~21 Mya.
Noblella属有17个已知的地栖、直接发育的蛙类物种。该属由两个支系组成，但这两个支系并不构成一个单系群：一个是来自秘鲁北部、厄瓜多尔、哥伦比亚和巴西的北部支系，另一个是来自秘鲁南部和玻利维亚的南部支系。在本文中，我们对 Noblella 进行了系统综述，重点介绍了北部支系，包括基于线粒体和核基因 DNA 序列的新系统发育。我们还利用 X 射线计算机断层扫描技术描述了北部支系五个物种的骨学特征。基于我们的研究结果，我们为北部支系的物种（即 8 个已描述的物种加上本文描述的 6 个新物种）恢复了 Phyllonastes 属，并将 Noblella 属限制在南部支系。我们描述了 Holoadeninae 的一个新属，它是 Phyllonastes 的姐妹属：Urkuphryne gen.该新属具有独特的形态特征，可诊断为Strabomantidae中的不同属。我们描述了七个可根据形态学诊断的新种。Phyllonastes有五个形态异形，包括没有绒毛齿。Phyllonastes起源于太平洋盆地的乔科地区，距今约2100万年。
{"title":"Systematics of minute strabomantid frogs allocated to the genus Noblella (Amphibia: Anura) with description of a new genus, seven new species, and insights into historical biogeography","authors":"Jhael A Ortega, Diego F Cisneros-Heredia, Jeffrey D Camper, Andrés Romero-Carvajal, Leonardo Negrete, Santiago R Ron","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae162","url":null,"abstract":"Noblella is a genus of 17 recognized nominal species of ground-dwelling, direct-developing frogs. It consists of two clades that do not form a monophyletic group: a northern clade from northern Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Brazil and a southern clade from southern Peru and Bolivia. Herein, we present a systematic review of Noblella with emphasis on the northern clade, including a new phylogeny based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. We also describe the osteology of five species from the northern clade using X-ray computed tomography. Based on our results, we resurrect the genus Phyllonastes for species of the northern clade (i.e. eight described species plus six new species described herein) and restrict the genus Noblella to the southern clade. We describe a new genus of Holoadeninae, sister to Phyllonastes: Urkuphryne gen. nov., from northern Ecuador. The new genus is distinguished by unique morphological characteristics that are diagnostic of different genera in Strabomantidae. We describe seven new species diagnosable based on morphology. Phyllonastes has five morphological synapomorphies, including the absence of vomerine teeth. Phyllonastes originated in the Pacific basin, Chocó region, ~21 Mya.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142974598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae169
Qiang Xuan, Lorenzo Prendini, Michael S Engel, Chenyang Cai, Diying Huang
The extinct scorpion family Chaerilobuthidae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011, endemic to Burmese amber, was initially established due to its unique pedipalp trichobothrial pattern related to the Type A and Type B patterns of families Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 and Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893, respectively. The present contribution describes 11 new specimens, representing seven species of Chaerilobuthidae from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, revealing their morphology using various imaging technologies. A revised diagnosis of Chaerilobuthus Lourenço and Beigel, 2011 is provided based on new morphological characters of the carapace, ocelli, chelicera, pedipalp trichobothria, coxapophyses, and leg tarsi. The other two genera of Chaerilobuthidae, Chaeriloiurus Lourenço, 2020 and Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024, are synonymized with Chaerilobuthus based on a reassessment of their morphological characters and morphometric analysis, creating Chaerilobuthus brigittemuellerae (Lourenço and Velten, 2020), comb. nov. and Chaerilobuthus schmidti (Lourenço and Velten, 2024), comb. nov.. The systematic position of Chaerilobuthidae is clarified based on phylogenetic analyses of an updated morphological character matrix for Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, an extant family in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis placed Chaerilobuthidae sister to the pseudochactid subfamily Vietbocapinae Lourenço, 2012, justifying its transfer to Pseudochactidae, as Chaerilobuthinae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011, stat. nov.. This discovery confirms that Pseudochactidae date back 100 Mya and contributes to understanding the origin and evolutionary history of this relictual family.
缅甸琥珀特有的已灭绝蝎子科Chaerilobuthidae loureno and Beigel， 2011，由于其独特的须足毛体模式，分别与Buthidae C.L. Koch科（1837）和Chaerilidae Pocock科（1893）的A型和B型模式相关而被初步建立。本文描述了中白垩世缅甸琥珀中7种Chaerilobuthidae的11个新标本，利用各种成像技术揭示了它们的形态。根据新发现的甲壳、卵囊、螯足、肢端、毛囊、髋部和腿跗关节的形态学特征，对Chaerilobuthus lourenand Beigel， 2011进行了修订诊断。对Chaerilobuthidae的另外两个属Chaeriloiurus loureno（2020）和serratochoilobuthus loureno（2024）的形态特征进行了重新评价和形态计量学分析，并将其与Chaerilobuthus同名，创建了Chaerilobuthus brigittemuellerae (loureno and Velten, 2020), comb。11 .和Chaerilobuthus schmidti (loureno and Velten, 2024)，梳子。11月. .通过对亚洲现存科Pseudochactidae Gromov， 1998的更新形态特征矩阵的系统发育分析，阐明了Chaerilobuthidae的系统地位。系统发育分析将Chaerilobuthidae姐妹归入pseudochactid亚科Vietbocapinae loureno， 2012，证明其转移到Pseudochactidae， as Chaerilobuthinae loureno and Beigel, 2011, stat. 11。这一发现证实了假蝗科的历史可以追溯到100万年前，并有助于了解这一宗教家族的起源和进化史。
{"title":"Extinct scorpion family Chaerilobuthidae from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber reinterpreted as subfamily of extant family Pseudochactidae (Chelicerata: Scorpiones)","authors":"Qiang Xuan, Lorenzo Prendini, Michael S Engel, Chenyang Cai, Diying Huang","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae169","url":null,"abstract":"The extinct scorpion family Chaerilobuthidae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011, endemic to Burmese amber, was initially established due to its unique pedipalp trichobothrial pattern related to the Type A and Type B patterns of families Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837 and Chaerilidae Pocock, 1893, respectively. The present contribution describes 11 new specimens, representing seven species of Chaerilobuthidae from Mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber, revealing their morphology using various imaging technologies. A revised diagnosis of Chaerilobuthus Lourenço and Beigel, 2011 is provided based on new morphological characters of the carapace, ocelli, chelicera, pedipalp trichobothria, coxapophyses, and leg tarsi. The other two genera of Chaerilobuthidae, Chaeriloiurus Lourenço, 2020 and Serratochaerilobuthus Lourenço, 2024, are synonymized with Chaerilobuthus based on a reassessment of their morphological characters and morphometric analysis, creating Chaerilobuthus brigittemuellerae (Lourenço and Velten, 2020), comb. nov. and Chaerilobuthus schmidti (Lourenço and Velten, 2024), comb. nov.. The systematic position of Chaerilobuthidae is clarified based on phylogenetic analyses of an updated morphological character matrix for Pseudochactidae Gromov, 1998, an extant family in Asia. Phylogenetic analysis placed Chaerilobuthidae sister to the pseudochactid subfamily Vietbocapinae Lourenço, 2012, justifying its transfer to Pseudochactidae, as Chaerilobuthinae Lourenço and Beigel, 2011, stat. nov.. This discovery confirms that Pseudochactidae date back 100 Mya and contributes to understanding the origin and evolutionary history of this relictual family.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142962802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae170
Robert Fernández-Vilert, Miquel A Arnedo, Xavi Salvador, Ángel Valdés, Michael Schrödl, Juan Moles
The evolutionary relationships among genera within the nudibranch family Discodorididae remain poorly understood, with comprehensive molecular studies still largely absent. Discodoris, the most species-rich genus within this family, has historically represented a wastebasket taxon where species with ‘discodoridid’ morphology were placed. In this study, we present molecular data to evaluate the taxonomic classification of the family and to investigate potential (pseudo)cryptic diversity. Our molecular analyses comprised a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of 199 specimens, including 20 type species. The dataset included 142 specimens belonging to Discodorididae, 24 from Dorididae, and 33 outgroup taxa. A total of 52 specimens from 30 different species of Discodorididae, including six type taxa, were sequenced from the Mediterranean Sea, Eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Central and South America. Phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of the family Discodorididae but including the doridid Aphelodoris, revealing evidence of hidden diversity in several genera such as Taringa, Tayuva, Paradoris, and Geitodoris. Our study unveiled the paraphyly of the genera Discodoris and Diaulula, which warrant a critical appraisal of their morphology. Overall, we provide relevant molecular information to infer the most complete phylogeny of Discodorididae to date and identify new questions for future studies.
{"title":"Shining disco: shedding light into the systematics of the family Discodorididae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)","authors":"Robert Fernández-Vilert, Miquel A Arnedo, Xavi Salvador, Ángel Valdés, Michael Schrödl, Juan Moles","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae170","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutionary relationships among genera within the nudibranch family Discodorididae remain poorly understood, with comprehensive molecular studies still largely absent. Discodoris, the most species-rich genus within this family, has historically represented a wastebasket taxon where species with ‘discodoridid’ morphology were placed. In this study, we present molecular data to evaluate the taxonomic classification of the family and to investigate potential (pseudo)cryptic diversity. Our molecular analyses comprised a multilocus phylogenetic analysis of 199 specimens, including 20 type species. The dataset included 142 specimens belonging to Discodorididae, 24 from Dorididae, and 33 outgroup taxa. A total of 52 specimens from 30 different species of Discodorididae, including six type taxa, were sequenced from the Mediterranean Sea, Eastern Atlantic Ocean, and Central and South America. Phylogenetic analyses recovered the monophyly of the family Discodorididae but including the doridid Aphelodoris, revealing evidence of hidden diversity in several genera such as Taringa, Tayuva, Paradoris, and Geitodoris. Our study unveiled the paraphyly of the genera Discodoris and Diaulula, which warrant a critical appraisal of their morphology. Overall, we provide relevant molecular information to infer the most complete phylogeny of Discodorididae to date and identify new questions for future studies.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142962792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We revise the spider genus Cybaeolus Simon, 1884, endemic to Chile and Argentina, including three species, Cybaeolus delfini (Simon, 1904), Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884, and Cybaeolus rastellus (Roth, 1967). The genus Clitistes Simon, 1902 is synonymized with Cybaeolus, and its type species Clitistes velutinus Simon, 1902 is synonymized with Cybaeolus pusillus. We provide a phylogenetic analysis of Cybaeolus and representatives of Hahniidae and outgroups, using molecular markers. Because Cybaeolus is nested within Hahniinae, we synonymize the subfamily Cybaeolinae Lehtinen, 1967 with Hahniinae Bertkau, 1878, and provide an updated diagnosis of Hahniidae using characters of the male palp and spinning organs. We trace the evolution of the characteristic transversal arrangement of spinnerets of hahniids; our results indicate that the grouped spinnerets of Cybaeolus, as well as the presence of many piriform gland spigots, is a reversion to the ancestral state found in outgroups. The morphology of the male palp of hahniids suggests that the tibial retrolateral apophysis of the male is a functional conductor of the intrommittent organ during mating. We document the colour polymorphism of the three species of Cybaeolus, which is unrelated to geographic location and time of collection, and similar morphs occur in both sexes of different species.
{"title":"Systematics of the colour-polymorphic spider genus Cybaeolus, with comments on the phylogeny of the family Hahniidae (Araneae)","authors":"Agustina Burgo, Kefyn Catley, Cristian J Grismado, Nadine Dupérré, Suresh P Benjamin, Gustavo Hormiga, Charles Griswold, Leonel Martínez, Martín J Ramírez","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae165","url":null,"abstract":"We revise the spider genus Cybaeolus Simon, 1884, endemic to Chile and Argentina, including three species, Cybaeolus delfini (Simon, 1904), Cybaeolus pusillus Simon, 1884, and Cybaeolus rastellus (Roth, 1967). The genus Clitistes Simon, 1902 is synonymized with Cybaeolus, and its type species Clitistes velutinus Simon, 1902 is synonymized with Cybaeolus pusillus. We provide a phylogenetic analysis of Cybaeolus and representatives of Hahniidae and outgroups, using molecular markers. Because Cybaeolus is nested within Hahniinae, we synonymize the subfamily Cybaeolinae Lehtinen, 1967 with Hahniinae Bertkau, 1878, and provide an updated diagnosis of Hahniidae using characters of the male palp and spinning organs. We trace the evolution of the characteristic transversal arrangement of spinnerets of hahniids; our results indicate that the grouped spinnerets of Cybaeolus, as well as the presence of many piriform gland spigots, is a reversion to the ancestral state found in outgroups. The morphology of the male palp of hahniids suggests that the tibial retrolateral apophysis of the male is a functional conductor of the intrommittent organ during mating. We document the colour polymorphism of the three species of Cybaeolus, which is unrelated to geographic location and time of collection, and similar morphs occur in both sexes of different species.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142961653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae164
Geerat J Vermeij
Most adaptive traits evolved multiple times independently, but the conditions of their evolution remain obscure. Here I examine the origins of columellar folds, spiral ridges on the axial wall of the interior of many gastropod shells, in both extant and fossil gastropods. Analyses indicate that these features arose at least 46 times, primarily in caenogastropods and heterobranchs. Columellar folds do not form in shells in which the coiling axis rises steeply above the apertural plane and in which the rim of the rounded aperture is a logarithmic spiral. More derived clades have shells with a low angle of elevation of the coiling axis, which permits the evolution of a non-circular aperture, a longer columella, and the formation of columellar folds. This architectural predisposition to form folds long preceded the realization of this potential. Functions of columellar folds include reducing apertural access to predators and preventing anteroposterior displacement of soft parts in the shell as parts of the body slide into and out of the shell. These benefits became important late in gastropod history as metabolic rates and activity levels of gastropods and the threat of predation by way of the aperture increased in the later Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.
{"title":"Repeated evolution: the case of columellar folds in gastropods","authors":"Geerat J Vermeij","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae164","url":null,"abstract":"Most adaptive traits evolved multiple times independently, but the conditions of their evolution remain obscure. Here I examine the origins of columellar folds, spiral ridges on the axial wall of the interior of many gastropod shells, in both extant and fossil gastropods. Analyses indicate that these features arose at least 46 times, primarily in caenogastropods and heterobranchs. Columellar folds do not form in shells in which the coiling axis rises steeply above the apertural plane and in which the rim of the rounded aperture is a logarithmic spiral. More derived clades have shells with a low angle of elevation of the coiling axis, which permits the evolution of a non-circular aperture, a longer columella, and the formation of columellar folds. This architectural predisposition to form folds long preceded the realization of this potential. Functions of columellar folds include reducing apertural access to predators and preventing anteroposterior displacement of soft parts in the shell as parts of the body slide into and out of the shell. These benefits became important late in gastropod history as metabolic rates and activity levels of gastropods and the threat of predation by way of the aperture increased in the later Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae147
Mariana A Cherman, Daniel S Basílio, Bruno Clarkson, José Mondaca, Aleš Bezděk, Andrew B T Smith, Lúcia M Almeida
Liogenys is a neotropical genus widely distributed in South America and characterized by rhizophagous feeding habits. Taxonomy survey of Liogenys from Chile revealed a species complex consisting of L. palpalis, L. obesula and an undescribed morphotype. Morphological data alone are not sufficient to distinguish between them. The three-species hypothesis was tested using phylogenetic and preliminary phylogeographic analyses, as well as unilocus delimitation methods using mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. The tree-based PTP method based on ITS2 considers both L. obesula and the undescribed morphotype to be variants of L. palpalis, a single, polymorphic species. Haplotypes from 12 localities along central Chile revealed four genetically structured populations, with statistical variance (54.34%) only within them. Isolated populations occur in Southern Santiagan Region and coastal desert. There are eight species of Liogenys in Chile. Diagnoses are provided for five species. Liogenys elguetai sp. nov. is described. Five synonyms are proposed for three species. Liogenys pubisternis, a new synonym of L. palpalis, is transferred from Diplotaxis. Lectotypes are provided for four names (L. castaneus, L. grandis, L. pubisternis, and Melolontha palpalis). Liogenys boliviensis is recorded for the first time from Chile and Peru, extending the distribution of Liogenys to northernmost Chile.
Liogenys是一个广泛分布于南美洲的新热带属，以食根性食性为特征。对智利Liogenys的分类调查发现了一个由palpalis L.、obesula L.和一个未描述的形态组成的种复合体。形态学数据本身不足以区分它们。通过系统发育和初步系统地理分析，以及使用线粒体（COI）和核（ITS2）标记的单点划界方法，对三种假设进行了验证。基于ITS2的树型PTP方法认为，L. obesula和未描述的形态型都是L. palpalis的变体，这是一个单一的多态物种。从智利中部12个地区的单倍型中发现了4个遗传结构群体，仅在群体内部存在统计学差异（54.34%）。孤立的种群出现在南圣地亚哥地区和沿海沙漠。智利有八种lioggenys。诊断提供了五个物种。描述了龙舌兰（lioggenys elguetai sp. 11）。对三个物种提出了五个同义词。由Diplotaxis引申而来的Liogenys pubbisternis，是palpalis的新同义词。提供了四个名称（L. castaneus， L. grandis， L. pubbisternis和Melolontha palpalis）的选型。首次在智利和秘鲁发现Liogenys boliviensis，将Liogenys的分布范围扩大到智利最北部。
{"title":"Taxonomic revision of Chilean Liogenys (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) and molecular assessment of a species complex","authors":"Mariana A Cherman, Daniel S Basílio, Bruno Clarkson, José Mondaca, Aleš Bezděk, Andrew B T Smith, Lúcia M Almeida","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae147","url":null,"abstract":"Liogenys is a neotropical genus widely distributed in South America and characterized by rhizophagous feeding habits. Taxonomy survey of Liogenys from Chile revealed a species complex consisting of L. palpalis, L. obesula and an undescribed morphotype. Morphological data alone are not sufficient to distinguish between them. The three-species hypothesis was tested using phylogenetic and preliminary phylogeographic analyses, as well as unilocus delimitation methods using mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear (ITS2) markers. The tree-based PTP method based on ITS2 considers both L. obesula and the undescribed morphotype to be variants of L. palpalis, a single, polymorphic species. Haplotypes from 12 localities along central Chile revealed four genetically structured populations, with statistical variance (54.34%) only within them. Isolated populations occur in Southern Santiagan Region and coastal desert. There are eight species of Liogenys in Chile. Diagnoses are provided for five species. Liogenys elguetai sp. nov. is described. Five synonyms are proposed for three species. Liogenys pubisternis, a new synonym of L. palpalis, is transferred from Diplotaxis. Lectotypes are provided for four names (L. castaneus, L. grandis, L. pubisternis, and Melolontha palpalis). Liogenys boliviensis is recorded for the first time from Chile and Peru, extending the distribution of Liogenys to northernmost Chile.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-06DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae168
Andre Ampuero, Julia D Sigwart
Neopilina galatheae Lemche, 1957, first collected in the 1950s, was presented as a critical species for understanding animal evolution, particularly in the context of segmentation. Decades later, we have now revisited this iconic species using a newly collected specimen and modern micro-computed tomography (µCT). A comprehensive 3D digital model of the internal anatomy of N. galatheae revealed new complexities within the musculature, digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures, as well as insights to its feeding ecology. Although developmental data for monoplacophorans are still lacking, it has long been clear that the repeated anatomical elements of Neopilina are not true metamerism. Our new results show that the seventh muscle pair is an asymmetrical double muscle bundle, and there are independent pairs of kidneys without interconnections. Monoplacophorans remain a critical and contentious group for the phylogeny of conchiferan molluscs, though recent phylogenomic studies have shown consistency with traditional morphological hypotheses. Understanding body plan evolution in molluscs requires robust anatomical descriptions that can be compared among classes and between living and fossil species. Neopilina galatheae remains the iconic, textbook monoplacophoran; revisiting classic species with modern technology can challenge established views and contribute new perspectives on evolutionary processes.
{"title":"Inside out Monoplacophora: revisiting Neopilina galatheae Lemche, 1957 using µCT scanning","authors":"Andre Ampuero, Julia D Sigwart","doi":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae168","url":null,"abstract":"Neopilina galatheae Lemche, 1957, first collected in the 1950s, was presented as a critical species for understanding animal evolution, particularly in the context of segmentation. Decades later, we have now revisited this iconic species using a newly collected specimen and modern micro-computed tomography (µCT). A comprehensive 3D digital model of the internal anatomy of N. galatheae revealed new complexities within the musculature, digestive, excretory, and reproductive structures, as well as insights to its feeding ecology. Although developmental data for monoplacophorans are still lacking, it has long been clear that the repeated anatomical elements of Neopilina are not true metamerism. Our new results show that the seventh muscle pair is an asymmetrical double muscle bundle, and there are independent pairs of kidneys without interconnections. Monoplacophorans remain a critical and contentious group for the phylogeny of conchiferan molluscs, though recent phylogenomic studies have shown consistency with traditional morphological hypotheses. Understanding body plan evolution in molluscs requires robust anatomical descriptions that can be compared among classes and between living and fossil species. Neopilina galatheae remains the iconic, textbook monoplacophoran; revisiting classic species with modern technology can challenge established views and contribute new perspectives on evolutionary processes.","PeriodicalId":49333,"journal":{"name":"Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society","volume":"08 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142935119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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