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Progression of flood risk assessment in India at a decadal scale: a critical review 印度十年尺度洪水风险评估的进展:批判性审查
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-22 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.185
Floods are a recurrent natural phenomenon in India, including perennial occurrences in some parts of the country. Progressively, floods are transformed into flood hazards because of the anthropogenic activities in the flood plains and adjoining catchments, causing injuries, loss of lives, and property damage. Flood hazards, when considered in relation to vulnerability and exposure limits, result in associated risk. This article aims to discuss the progression in flood risk assessment through several government policies and actions in India at a decadal scale from 1951 to 2020. While doing this, some important extreme flood events witnessed in those decades that shaped the perspectives, measures, action plans, and policies in the subsequent years are discussed. The review confirms that with the changing patterns of floods, associated hazards, and risks over the years, improvements in risk assessment approaches are noticeable on dual fronts. Technical advancements in flood risk assessment have corroborated the policy reforms. Albeit these developments, the issues related to the scale of study, data sources and resolutions, climatic variability, urban development, complex population dynamics, and their interrelationships in the context of flood risk need to be resolved with serious efforts. Addressing these issues through multidimensional strategies is imperative to aver robust flood risk assessment.
洪水是印度经常发生的一种自然现象,在印度的某些地区常年不断。由于洪泛平原和邻近集水区的人为活动,洪水逐渐转化为洪灾,造成人员伤亡和财产损失。洪水灾害与脆弱性和暴露极限相关联,会导致相关风险。本文旨在讨论从 1951 年到 2020 年这十年间,印度通过多项政府政策和行动进行洪水风险评估的进展情况。在此过程中,还讨论了这十年间发生的一些重要极端洪水事件,这些事件影响了随后几年的观点、措施、行动计划和政策。审查证实,随着这些年来洪水、相关灾害和风险模式的不断变化,风险评估方法在两个方面都有明显改善。洪水风险评估技术的进步与政策改革相辅相成。尽管取得了这些进展,但与研究规模、数据来源和分辨率、气候多变性、城市发展、复杂的人口动态以及它们在洪水风险方面的相互关系有关的问题仍需认真加以解决。通过多维战略来解决这些问题,是进行稳健的洪水风险评估的当务之急。
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引用次数: 0
The influence of socioeconomic and spatial variables on total maximum daily load progress in the United States 美国社会经济和空间变量对最大日负荷总量进展的影响
IF 1.6 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.112
The total maximum daily load (TMDL) program requires each state in the United States to assess their water bodies, list those that are impaired, and develop TMDL plans or programs to restore them. However, the impact that spatial and socioeconomic variables have on TMDL progress is unknown. This study seeks to fill this gap through a nation-wide analysis of the influence of spatial and socioeconomic variables on indicators of TMDL progress. To do so, data were collected and analyzed for each state, including indicators of TMDL progress, spatial variables, and socioeconomic data. Then, these data were applied to identify overall trends and to define the relationships between indicators of TMDL progress and spatial and socioeconomic variables. Results indicate that the size of a state, the length of total streams, and median household income are related to the percentage of streams that are assessed within a state. In addition, states largely followed similar patterns in TMDL progress based on the US Environmental Protection Agency region that they were within, indicating that location plays a large role. Overall, this study helps to contextualize progress in TMDL development and aid in our understanding of factors that influence the implementation of water quality programs.
最大日负荷总量 (TMDL) 计划要求美国各州对其水体进行评估,列出受损水体,并制定 TMDL 计划或方案来恢复这些水体。然而,空间和社会经济变量对 TMDL 进展的影响尚不清楚。本研究试图通过在全国范围内分析空间和社会经济变量对 TMDL 进展指标的影响来填补这一空白。为此,我们收集并分析了各州的数据,包括 TMDL 进展指标、空间变量和社会经济数据。然后,应用这些数据确定总体趋势,并界定 TMDL 进展指标与空间和社会经济变量之间的关系。结果表明,州的面积、溪流总长度和家庭收入中位数与州内接受评估的溪流比例有关。此外,根据各州所在的美国环境保护局区域,各州在 TMDL 进展方面基本遵循相似的模式,这表明地理位置起着重要作用。总之,这项研究有助于了解 TMDL 开发的进展情况,有助于我们理解影响水质计划实施的因素。
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引用次数: 0
Transboundary water cooperation under SDG indicator 6.5.2: disaggregating data to provide additional insights at the aquifer level 可持续发展目标指标6.5.2下的跨界水合作:对数据进行分类,以在含水层层面提供更多见解
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.026
Abstract The acceleration of transboundary water cooperation is essential to support water security and ensure mutual benefits of sustainable development. The way that existing Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) monitoring data are used to raise its importance further up political agendas and inform future reporting rounds is, therefore, crucial to acceleration. Using data extracted from national country reports of SDG indicator 6.5.2 on transboundary water cooperation, we showcase the level of cooperation, as reported, per aquifer to complement the national approach currently followed by the official SDG framework. Our analysis uncovers a variety of insights and challenges to the transboundary aquifer (TBA) cooperation that otherwise might be difficult to visualize through official national reports. Reported aquifer cooperation is often not harmonized across international borders. A lack of groundwater data and information is a major contributing factor to uncoordinated reporting, highlighting the importance of a sound scientific baseline. However, harmonization issues are also interlinked to a national-focused reporting process where member states have the right to disagree over the status of their joint cooperation. These results can assist in improving future indicator coverage, both as an awareness-raising tool for co-custodian agencies and by countries through direct interventions and coordination with neighbors.
加快跨境水合作对保障水安全、实现可持续发展的互利共赢至关重要。因此,如何利用现有的可持续发展目标监测数据进一步提高其在政治议程上的重要性,并为未来的报告回合提供信息,对加速实现至关重要。我们利用从可持续发展目标指标6.5.2关于跨界水合作的国家报告中提取的数据,展示了报告中每个含水层的合作水平,以补充官方可持续发展目标框架目前遵循的国家方法。我们的分析揭示了跨界含水层(TBA)合作的各种见解和挑战,否则可能难以通过官方国家报告可视化。所报告的含水层合作往往没有跨国界协调一致。缺乏地下水数据和资料是造成报告不协调的一个主要因素,这突出了可靠的科学基线的重要性。然而,协调问题也与以国家为重点的报告程序相互关联,成员国有权就其联合合作的状况提出异议。这些结果既可以作为共同托管机构提高认识的工具,也可以作为各国通过直接干预和与邻国的协调来帮助改善未来指标的覆盖范围。
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引用次数: 0
On the water resources tax standard and tax administration mode for urban residents in China 论中国城镇居民水资源税标准与税收征管模式
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.255
Zheng Wu, Guiliang Tian, Qing Xia, Jiawen Li
Abstract Levying water resources tax represents the exploration and innovation of paid use system of water resources in China. Due to the actual situation in China, the formulation of the water resources tax standard should fully reflect the value of water resources. Therefore, we use the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the water resources value in China, explore the spatial distribution of water resources value, and calculate the tax standard for urban residents. The results show that China's spatial distribution of water resources value demonstrates a pattern of ‘high in the north and low in the south’. There is a significant gap between the calculated results and the existing water resources tax standard, which fails to reflect the water resources value. This gap makes it a challenging task to generate a water-saving incentive effect. In addition, we also discuss the collection and management mode of water resources tax for urban residents and the dynamic adjustment basis for the formulation of water resources tax standards with people's livelihood issues taken into consideration. These research results will provide concrete theoretical support and policy reference for policy-makers seeking to improve water resources tax reform policies.
开征水资源税是中国水资源有偿使用制度的探索与创新。由于中国的实际情况,水资源税标准的制定应充分体现水资源的价值。因此,我们采用模糊综合评价模型对中国水资源价值进行评价,探索水资源价值的空间分布,并计算城市居民的税收标准。结果表明:中国水资源价值空间分布呈现“北高南低”的格局;计算结果与现行水资源税标准存在较大差距,未能反映水资源价值。这一差距使得如何产生节水激励效应成为一项具有挑战性的任务。此外,我们还讨论了城市居民水资源税的征管模式,以及考虑民生问题的水资源税标准制定的动态调整依据。这些研究结果将为政策制定者寻求完善水资源税改革政策提供具体的理论支持和政策参考。
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引用次数: 0
River basin change index for integrated river basin management of Langat River, Malaysia 马来西亚兰加特河流域综合管理的流域变化指数
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.035
Foo-Hoat Lim, Wei-Koon Lee, Wei-Sze Khor, Lina Chan, Mohd Sofiyan Sulaiman, Hasrolnizam Shaari, Muhamad Khairi Jalil
Abstract A river basin change index (RBCI) is introduced as a management tool to evaluate integrated river basin management (IRBM) implementation. The framework comprises water governance (WG), river basin organisation (RBO) and technical indicators. WG indicators encompass effectiveness, efficiency, trust and engagement. RBO indicators examine the management capacity and resources in operation and expansion. The technical indicators measure the outcome of IRBM implementation corresponding to each policy in the IRBM plan. Data sources range from questionnaire surveys, official reports and recorded data from the relevant agencies. The indices are calculated by comparing the current value to a reference value, which may be historical or target performance, or average performance of other river basins. RBCI value in the range of 0.9–1.1 characterises regular year-to-year fluctuation. A lower index value <0.9 indicates negative basin change, which may be due to negligence, retardation or disastrous regress in the basin IRBM in deteriorating order. A higher index value >1.1 indicates positive basin change which may be attributed to notable improvement, outstanding attainment or breakthrough advances in the basin IRBM in successive order. The tool is useful to facilitate long-term continuous improvement process and is presently undergoing pilot-testing for the Langat River basin, Malaysia
摘要引入流域变化指数(RBCI)作为评价流域综合管理(IRBM)实施情况的管理工具。该框架包括水治理(WG)、流域组织(RBO)和技术指标。工作组指标包括有效性、效率、信任和参与。RBO指标考察经营和扩张中的管理能力和资源。技术指标衡量与IRBM计划中的每个策略相对应的IRBM实施的结果。数据来源包括问卷调查、官方报告和有关机构的记录数据。这些指数是通过将当前值与参考值进行比较来计算的,参考值可能是历史或目标表现,也可能是其他流域的平均表现。RBCI值在0.9 ~ 1.1范围内,呈规律性的年际波动。指数值<0.9越低,表明流域变化呈负向,这可能是由于流域IRBM的疏忽、滞后或灾难性退化造成的。指数值>1.1越高,表明盆地正发生变化,这可能是由于盆地IRBM的显著改善、突出成就或突破性进展。该工具有助于促进长期持续改进过程,目前正在马来西亚Langat河流域进行试点测试
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引用次数: 0
Determination of annual rainfall in north-east India using deterministic, geospatial, and machine learning techniques 使用确定性、地理空间和机器学习技术确定印度东北部的年降雨量
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-11-11 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.078
Abstract Analysis of extreme annual rainfall in the six north-east Indian states of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, and Tripura using the deterministic interpolation technique of inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, the geospatial interpolation technique of Ordinary Kriging (OK) and the machine learning prediction technique of generalised additive model (GAM). GAM is used only for prediction and hence the results are then subsequently interpolated by OK to create the rainfall maps. The datasets considered for this study are a training dataset of 171 points which consisted of satellite rainfall and a testing dataset with ground rain gauge data of 33 points which was used for validation of the former. A combined dataset of training + testing was also interpolated and mapped to compare for visual accuracy of each technique. It was seen that OK was a superior and a much more realistic interpolation technique than IDW, since it took the altitude of each site into consideration along with latitude and longitude, unlike IDW, which only interpolated over the x–y plane and didn't rely on altitude. When the predictions of the training dataset through GAM was mapped using OK, it showed almost parallel contours, which is undesirable for natural phenomenon like rain.
利用逆距离加权(IDW)方法的确定性插值技术、普通克里格(OK)地理空间插值技术和广义加性模型(GAM)的机器学习预测技术对印度东北部阿萨姆邦、梅加拉亚邦、那加兰邦、曼尼普尔邦、米佐拉姆邦和特里普拉邦6个邦的极端年降雨量进行了分析。GAM仅用于预测,因此结果随后由OK进行插值以创建雨量图。本研究考虑的数据集是由171点卫星降雨组成的训练数据集和由33点地面雨量计数据组成的测试数据集,用于验证前者。还对训练+测试的组合数据集进行了插值和映射,以比较每种技术的视觉准确性。可以看出,OK是一种比IDW更优越、更现实的插值技术,因为它考虑了每个站点的高度以及经纬度,而IDW只在x-y平面上插值,不依赖于高度。当使用OK映射通过GAM的训练数据集的预测时,它显示出几乎平行的轮廓,这对于像下雨这样的自然现象是不希望的。
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引用次数: 0
Bioethical issues related to the principle of utility in the residential consumption of drinking water in Colombia 生物伦理问题与哥伦比亚居民饮用水消费的效用原则有关
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.115
Abstract This article is part of the research on bioethical issues related to residential consumption of drinking water in Colombia; through the use of the hermeneutic method and quantitative methodology, we analyze evidence in the monitoring of the tariff policy from the regulatory stages implemented between 1994 and 2021, which have generated increases in the coverage and quality of service, in a good of public interest with high interference of political interests. Thus, from the ethical doctrine of utilitarianism and its principle of utility versus economic theory, we have sought to unveil the bioethical issues associated with the residential consumption of drinking water stipulated in the tariff policy; obtaining among other results that: the companies responsible for drinking water supply operate inefficiently; tariff policies are regressive with negative social impact; high dependence on the political management of the service, affecting the criteria of freedom in decision making; water management and policies should be based on a bioethical perspective
本文是哥伦比亚居民饮用水消费相关生物伦理问题研究的一部分;通过使用解释学方法和定量方法,我们分析了1994年至2021年实施的监管阶段关税政策监测中的证据,这些监管阶段提高了服务的覆盖范围和质量,有利于公共利益,同时也受到政治利益的高度干扰。因此,从功利主义的伦理学说及其效用与经济理论的原则出发,我们试图揭示与关税政策中规定的居民饮用水消费相关的生物伦理问题;得出的结论包括:负责饮用水供应的公司运作效率低下;关税政策是倒退的,具有负面的社会影响;服务高度依赖政治管理,影响决策自由的标准;水的管理和政策应以生物伦理观点为基础
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引用次数: 0
Water infrastructure sustainability in Nigeria: a systematic review of challenges and sustainable solutions 尼日利亚水基础设施的可持续性:对挑战和可持续解决方案的系统回顾
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-30 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.173
Abstract Using the PRISMA method, this systematic literature review synthesized findings from 15 studies to elucidate the key factors contributing to water infrastructure failure in Nigeria and propose evidence-based sustainable solutions. The study identified technical, financial, environmental, social, political, and institutional factors as predominant challenges in achieving water infrastructure sustainability. In response to these challenges, the researcher proposes a comprehensive ‘Sustainability Framework for Water Infrastructure’. This framework is designed to guide every stage of water infrastructure development, starting from pre-construction with an emphasis on inclusive project planning, followed by the construction phase where suitable techniques are utilized, and extending to the post-construction stage, focusing on efficient monitoring and management mechanisms. The study highlights the complexity of water infrastructure sustainability in Nigeria and underscores the urgent need for a structured and comprehensive approach to address this pressing issue.
本文采用PRISMA方法,综合了15项研究的结果,阐明了导致尼日利亚水基础设施失效的关键因素,并提出了基于证据的可持续解决方案。该研究确定了技术、财政、环境、社会、政治和体制因素是实现水基础设施可持续性的主要挑战。为了应对这些挑战,该研究人员提出了一个全面的“水基础设施可持续性框架”。该框架旨在指导水利基础设施发展的每个阶段,从施工前开始,重点是包容性项目规划,然后是使用合适技术的施工阶段,并延伸到施工后阶段,重点是有效的监测和管理机制。该研究强调了尼日利亚水基础设施可持续性的复杂性,并强调了迫切需要一种结构化和全面的方法来解决这一紧迫问题。
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引用次数: 0
From creeping crisis to policy change: the adoption of drought preparedness policy in Brazil 从危机蔓延到政策变化:巴西采取抗旱政策
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-04 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.073
Abstract This paper aims to understand the national-level policy change that occurred in Brazilian drought management, whereby the policy shifted from reactive crisis management to a drought preparedness approach. We found that a combination of factors supported the policy change, such as the interplay of multiple drought events in different regions of the country, the length and timing of these events, attention paid to the issue, and the role of policy entrepreneurs and political entrepreneurs in connecting solutions to the problem. The analysis is based on the multiple streams framework (MSF), which includes two windows of opportunity: an agenda window, to account for the juncture at which the drought issue appeared on the political and public agenda; and the decision window, when a drought preparedness instrument was designed and adopted. We contribute to the literature on policy change in the wake of a disaster by showing how a long-duration event sparked policy change and by shedding light on the role of creeping crises as focusing events; and we contribute to the MSF literature by analytically distinguishing the features of the agenda and the decision window and by applying the theory to a Latin American context.
摘要本文旨在了解巴西干旱管理中发生的国家级政策变化,即政策从被动危机管理转变为干旱防范方法。我们发现,支持政策变化的因素有很多,比如全国不同地区多次干旱事件的相互作用、这些事件的持续时间和时间、对该问题的关注,以及政策企业家和政治企业家在解决问题方面的作用。该分析基于多流框架(MSF),其中包括两个机会之窗:议程之窗,用于解释干旱问题出现在政治和公共议程上的关键时刻;以及决策窗口,即设计和采用抗旱工具时的决策窗口。我们通过展示长期事件如何引发政策变化以及揭示悄悄蔓延的危机作为焦点事件的作用,为灾难后政策变化的文献做出了贡献;我们通过分析区分议程和决策窗口的特征,并将理论应用于拉丁美洲的背景,为MSF文献做出了贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Determinants of access to improved drinking water and sanitation in India: evidence from India Human Development Survey-II (IHDS) 印度获得改善的饮用水和卫生设施的决定因素:来自印度人类发展调查ii (IHDS)的证据
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 WATER RESOURCES Pub Date : 2023-10-03 DOI: 10.2166/wp.2023.083
Abstract Access to improved drinking water and sanitation has been declared a fundamental right by the UN General Assembly. However, around 25 and 50% of the global population lacked access to safely managed drinking water and improved sanitation in 2020, respectively. India, the second most populous country in the world, has around 3.7 and 31% of its population without access to improved drinking water and sanitation, respectively. This paper explores the factors determining a household's access to improved drinking water and sanitation in India, using India Human Development Survey (IHDS) II data. The results indicate that urban households with bigger family sizes, with fewer rooms, married but uneducated household heads, belonging to forward castes, were more likely to have access to improved drinking water. Similarly, households with married female heads, belonging to forward castes, small household sizes, older aged heads with primary education, from Non-EAG (Empowered Action Group) states, located in urban areas, earning higher incomes and having more rooms were more likely to have access to improved sanitation. Findings suggest subsidized improved water and sanitation services and an increase in public investment to make these facilities affordable for poor rural households.
获得改善的饮用水和卫生设施已被联合国大会宣布为一项基本权利。然而,到2020年,全球约有25%和50%的人口分别无法获得安全管理的饮用水和改善的卫生设施。印度是世界上人口第二多的国家,分别有3.7%和31%的人口无法获得改善的饮用水和卫生设施。本文利用印度人类发展调查(IHDS) II的数据,探讨了决定印度家庭获得改善的饮用水和卫生设施的因素。结果表明,家庭规模较大、房间较少、户主已婚但未受过教育、属于前种姓的城市家庭更有可能获得改善的饮用水。同样,已婚女性户主的家庭,属于前种姓,家庭规模小,户主年龄较大,受过初等教育,来自非eag(赋权行动小组)邦,位于城市地区,收入较高,房间更多,更有可能获得改善的卫生设施。研究结果表明,应通过补贴改善供水和卫生服务,并增加公共投资,使贫困农村家庭能够负担得起这些设施。
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引用次数: 0
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Water Policy
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