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Topology optimization of multi-material structures exhibiting distinct tensile and compressive moduli 具有不同拉伸和压缩模量的多材料结构的拓扑优化

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114727

Jiyan Huang , Xiaolei Yan , Dengfeng Huang , Hui Wang , Haiyan Hua , Xiaodong Huang

Composite structures possess lightweight and multifunctional characteristics, and are extensively utilized in engineering applications. However, the associated design and manufacturing technologies remain under development, particularly concerning the topology design of multi-material structures exhibiting distinct tensile and compressive material properties. This paper develops a multi-material topology optimization framework for addressing the rational allocation of multiple materials involving distinct tensile and compressive moduli. To address the challenges posed by the discontinuity between tensile and compressive moduli, a smooth constitutive model for materials with distinct moduli is introduced. By introducing multi-material design variables for each element, a linear multi-material interpolation scheme is proposed. Subsequently, an updating scheme for these multi-material variables is constructed based on optimality criteria (OC). The multi-material topology layouts with clear and smooth interfaces are achieved through the application of multiple floating projection constraints that gradually push the design variables towards values of 0 or 1. Finally, 2D and 3D numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the capability and effectiveness and advantages of the proposed topology optimization algorithm in exploiting material potentials and enhancing structural performances.

复合材料结构具有轻量化和多功能的特点，在工程上得到了广泛的应用。然而，相关的设计和制造技术仍在发展中，特别是涉及具有不同拉伸和压缩材料性能的多材料结构的拓扑设计。本文开发了一个多材料拓扑优化框架，用于解决涉及不同拉伸和压缩模量的多种材料的合理分配。为了解决拉伸模量和压缩模量之间的不连续所带来的挑战，引入了具有不同模量的材料的光滑本构模型。通过为每个单元引入多材料设计变量，提出了一种线性多材料插值方案。随后，基于最优性准则（OC）构建了这些多材料变量的更新方案。通过应用多个浮动投影约束，逐步将设计变量推向0或1，实现界面清晰流畅的多材料拓扑布局。最后，通过二维和三维数值算例验证了所提出的拓扑优化算法在挖掘材料潜力和提高结构性能方面的能力、有效性和优势。

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引用次数: 0

Shear resistance of continuous steel beams with thin webs 薄腹板连续钢梁的抗剪性能

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114731

Gábor Hajdú , Hartmut Pasternak

The shear buckling and post-buckling behaviour of welded plated I girders with slender webs plays a critical role in the safety and economy of steel bridge and building structures. However, experimental data and validated numerical models for multi-span girders with slender webs remain limited, and the accuracy of current design provisions is not yet fully established. This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on ten two-span welded plated I girders with transversely stiffened webs. By placing transverse stiffeners on both sides, the web panels were divided into four or eight rectangular segments with an aspect ratio of a/h=2.5. The web slenderness ratios h/t ranged from 175 to 350, while the flange slenderness ratios b/t varied between 8 and 40. The specimens exhibited shear failure governed by tension-field action near the internal support or flange buckling in the middle of the span. To further examine the shear buckling behaviour, geometrically and materially nonlinear analyses with imperfections were performed using advanced full-shell finite element models. The validated numerical models were then employed in a comprehensive parametric study covering a wide range of geometric configurations. The numerical results were used to assess the accuracy of the shear strength formula specified in EN 1993-1-5:2024 and AISC 360-22. Based on the results of the numerical simulations new formulas are proposed for the contribution of the web and flanges to determine the shear strength of plated I girders.

细长腹板焊接工字梁的剪切屈曲和后屈曲性能对钢桥梁和建筑结构的安全性和经济性具有至关重要的作用。然而，细长腹板多跨梁的试验数据和验证的数值模型仍然有限，目前设计规定的准确性尚未完全确定。本文介绍了对10座双跨钢板焊接I型横向加筋腹板梁的试验和数值研究结果。通过在两侧放置横向加强筋，腹板被分成四个或八个矩形段，长径比为a/h=2.5。腹板长细比h/t在175 ~ 350之间，法兰长细比b/t在8 ~ 40之间。试件表现出由内部支撑附近的张力场作用或跨中部法兰屈曲控制的剪切破坏。为了进一步研究剪切屈曲行为，使用先进的全壳有限元模型进行了几何和材料非线性分析。然后将验证的数值模型用于涵盖广泛几何构型的综合参数研究。用数值计算结果对en1993 -1-5:2024和AISC 360-22中规定的抗剪强度公式的准确性进行了评价。根据数值模拟结果，提出了新的腹板和翼缘对钢板工字梁抗剪强度的贡献公式。

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning for predicting and optimizing energy absorption characteristics of hollow variable cross-section lattice metamaterials 中空变截面点阵超材料吸能特性的机器学习预测与优化

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114650

Sicong Zhou , Hua Liu , Delin Yang , Bo Li , Wei-Hsin Liao , Jialing Yang , Xianfeng Yang

Enhancing the energy absorption performance of mechanical metamaterials while reducing their weight has long been a sought-after topic in the field of impact protection. Lattice structures with hollow struts demonstrate superior energy absorption performance compared to those with solid struts due to the enhancement of the fully plastic bending moment. However, the energy absorption capacity can be further improved by optimizing the geometric configuration to adjust the distribution of the fully plastic bending moment. It is imperative to investigate the design guidelines for the hollow variable cross-section body-centered cubic (HVCB) lattice to enhance its energy absorption. In this work, a new database containing geometric and energy absorption information of 10,000 HVCB lattices was constructed to train the convolutional neural network models which can predict the energy absorption of the HVCB lattices. By combining the convolutional neural network models with the genetic algorithm, an optimization flow can be established to refine the structural configuration of the HVCB lattice, enabling the first systematic exploration of the relationship between complex geometric configurations and nonlinear mechanical properties. The strut shape of the HVCB lattice forms a concave curve when it achieves the highest specific energy absorption (SEA) under limited peak force or mass. However, the energy absorption capacity diminishes significantly when the strut shape of the HVCB lattice resembles a spindle. The energy absorption mechanism of the HVCB lattice with the highest SEA mainly attributes to enhanced compression force and plastic deformation regions. The optimization approach presented in this study efficiently improves the SEA of the HVCB lattice with the highest SEA being up to 2.59 times greater than that of the hollow uniform cross-section BCC lattice with the same mass.

提高机械超材料的吸能性能，同时减轻其重量，一直是冲击防护领域的热门课题。空心支撑的点阵结构由于其全塑性弯矩的增强，其吸能性能优于实心支撑的点阵结构。然而，通过优化几何结构来调整全塑性弯矩的分布，可以进一步提高吸能能力。研究空心变截面体心立方（HVCB）晶格的设计准则，提高其吸能能力是当务之急。本文建立了一个包含10000个HVCB格的几何和能量吸收信息的数据库，用于训练能够预测HVCB格能量吸收的卷积神经网络模型。将卷积神经网络模型与遗传算法相结合，可以建立优化流程来细化HVCB晶格的结构构型，从而首次系统地探索复杂几何构型与非线性力学性能之间的关系。在有限的峰值力或质量下，当达到最高的比能吸收（SEA）时，HVCB晶格的支撑形状形成凹曲线。然而，当HVCB晶格的支撑形状类似于纺锤形时，能量吸收能力明显下降。SEA最高的HVCB晶格的吸能机制主要归因于压缩力和塑性变形区域的增强。本研究提出的优化方法有效地提高了HVCB晶格的SEA，其最高SEA是相同质量的空心均匀截面BCC晶格的2.59倍。

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引用次数: 0

Ballistic fracture quantification in ceramic-foam laminates by numerical manifold method 用数值流形方法量化泡沫陶瓷层合板的弹道断裂

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114742

Rui Yue , Yuansen Gu , Youjun Ning , Xuezhen Zhai , Liuchen Shu , Ge Kang , Baoqiao Guo , Pengwan Chen

Ceramic laminated structures are widely used in protective armor systems owing to their outstanding combination of light weight and ballistic resistance. The dynamic fracture mechanisms of ceramic cores under high-velocity impact remain unclear, limiting structural optimization and performance improvement. The numerical manifold method (NMM) is extended with capabilities for multi-crack initiation and evolution, as well as fragment interactions under dynamic loading without predefined paths. A series of ballistic experiments were conducted on 100 mm multiply 100 mm multiply 34 mm alumina ceramic-aluminum foam laminates with ceramic cores of 6, 8, 10 and 12 mm, impacted by 12.7 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectiles at 440 m/s. Configurations 3 and 4 prevented penetration, whereas configurations 1, 2, and 5 were penetrated. The NMM analysis shows good agreement with experiments, predicting residual velocity for penetrated laminates with errors of 2%–12% and back-face deflection for non-penetrated laminates with errors of 6%–16%. Crack evolution, along with crack density and fragment-size distribution, was revealed by the NMM simulations and found consistent with the recovered ceramic cores from experiments. Further PDF analysis reveal that successful protection shows nearly twice the probability density of small-sized fragments compared with penetrated cases. The developed NMM framework offers reliable predictive capability for multi-crack evolution in ceramic laminates under dynamic loading, providing new insights and valuable guidance for armor design.

陶瓷层压结构由于其优异的重量轻和抗弹道性能而广泛应用于防护装甲系统。陶瓷岩心在高速冲击下的动态断裂机制尚不清楚，限制了结构优化和性能提高。对数值流形方法（NMM）进行了扩展，使其具备了在动态载荷作用下多裂纹的起裂和演化以及碎片相互作用的能力。采用100 mm × 100 mm × 34 mm氧化铝陶瓷泡沫铝复合材料，分别以6、8、10、12 mm为陶瓷芯，对12.7 mm穿甲弹以440 m/s的速度撞击进行了一系列的弹道实验。配置3和4阻止了侵彻，而配置1、2和5则被侵彻。NMM分析结果与实验结果吻合较好，对击穿层压板的残余速度预测误差为2% ~ 12%，对未击穿层压板的后面挠度预测误差为6% ~ 16%。NMM模拟揭示了裂纹的演化过程，以及裂纹密度和碎片尺寸分布，并与实验中回收的陶瓷岩心相吻合。进一步的PDF分析显示，成功保护的小尺寸碎片的概率密度几乎是穿透案例的两倍。所开发的NMM框架对陶瓷层压板在动载荷作用下的多裂纹演化具有可靠的预测能力，为装甲设计提供了新的见解和有价值的指导。

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引用次数: 0

Behaviour and design of 6082-T6 aluminium lap joints at ambient temperature and post-fire 6082-T6铝搭接接头在室温和火灾后的性能和设计

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114686

Michaela Gkantou , Manuela Cabrera , Marina Bock , Marios Theofanous

Structural aluminium alloys are commonly heat-treated to enhance their strength for load-bearing applications, but exposure to fire can degrade or completely eliminate these benefits. Even if a component withstands the fire, it may no longer meet design load requirements, making post-fire performance assessment essential. This study presents 16 material coupons tests and 12 experimental tests on 6082-T6 aluminium lap joints exposed to elevated temperatures (200 °C, 300 °C, and 400 °C) prior to testing. Three joint configurations with varying bolt spacing were investigated, resulting in different failure modes: net section fracture, end bearing, and mixed failure. One unheated specimen per configuration served as a benchmark sample. Additionally, tensile tests on flat and flat grooved coupons were conducted to characterise the stress-strain and fracture behaviour after thermal exposure. The findings of the lap joint tests include load-displacement behaviour, as well as evaluations of failure loads and failure modes, and are reported in detail. Subsequently, numerical models were developed and validated against the experimental results. A parametric study was also carried out to investigate the influence of the bolt hole end and edge distance on the joint performance. The experimental and numerical results were used to evaluate the accuracy of existing design standards for predicting the resistance of aluminium alloy connections, including AS/NZS 1664.1, EN 1999-1-1 (Eurocode 9), and the provisions available in the literature. Based on the experimental and numerical data, a modified design equation for the bearing resistance factor is proposed to improve the prediction accuracy, and enable post-fire design that accounts for temperature-induced degradation.

结构铝合金通常经过热处理以增强其承载应用的强度，但暴露在火中会降低或完全消除这些优点。即使一个部件经受住了火灾，它也可能不再满足设计载荷要求，因此火灾后的性能评估至关重要。本研究对6082-T6铝搭接接头在测试前暴露于高温（200°C、300°C和400°C）下进行了16次材料试样试验和12次实验试验。研究了不同锚杆间距的3种节理形态，分别导致了网段破坏、端部破坏和混合破坏。每个配置一个未加热的样品作为基准样品。此外，还对平面和平面沟槽板进行了拉伸试验，以表征热暴露后的应力-应变和断裂行为。搭接试验的结果包括荷载-位移行为，以及破坏荷载和破坏模式的评估，并详细报告。随后，建立了数值模型，并与实验结果进行了验证。采用参数化方法研究了螺栓孔端部和边距对接头性能的影响。实验和数值结果用于评估现有设计标准预测铝合金连接电阻的准确性，包括AS/NZS 1664.1, EN 1999-1-1（欧洲代码9），以及文献中的规定。基于实验和数值数据，提出了一种改进的承载阻力系数设计方程，以提高预测精度，并实现考虑温度退化的火灾后设计。

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引用次数: 0

Deep learning coupled finite element method for efficient multiscale damage analysis of 3D braided composites 三维编织复合材料多尺度损伤分析的深度学习耦合有限元方法

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114644

Zewen Gao , Jun Liu , Guofan Zhang , Xiaohua Nie , Liang Chang , Shuang Liang

In classical multiscale computational methods, high-precision finite element calculations at the mesoscale have emerged as the primary bottleneck restricting overall computational efficiency. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology, particularly data-driven and machine learning (ML), has provided novel approaches for addressing traditional mechanics problems. A deep learning (DL) enhanced multiscale framework has been developed in this manuscript to study the progressive damage behavior in composites . The mesoscale surrogate model in this framework has been constructed based on deep learning techniques (Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory networks(LSTMs), Attention Mechanism(AM) and Transfer Learning (TL)). CNNs extract spatial features of microstructures, LSTMs capture temporal damage evolution, AM focuses on critical failure stages, and TL enhances generalization to new material configurations. The mesoscale surrogate model can be applied to obtain damage state for updating the material tangent modulus at the macroscale under certain stress and strain state, which can replace mesoscale simulation in composites. To validate the proposed framework, a 3D braided composites structure was subjected to multiscale numerical simulation. It is verified that the predicted strength and progressive damage evolution of the braided composites structure obtained by the proposed method are in good agreement with the experimental results. Meanwhile, the proposed multiscale framework can not only improve computational efficiency but exhibits good consistency in accuracy as well.

在经典的多尺度计算方法中，中尺度高精度有限元计算已成为制约整体计算效率的主要瓶颈。人工智能技术的快速发展，特别是数据驱动和机器学习（ML），为解决传统力学问题提供了新的方法。本文提出了一种深度学习增强多尺度框架，用于研究复合材料的渐进损伤行为。该框架中的中尺度代理模型是基于深度学习技术（卷积神经网络（cnn）、长短期记忆网络（LSTMs）、注意机制（AM）和迁移学习（TL））构建的。cnn提取微观结构的空间特征，LSTMs捕获时间损伤演变，AM关注关键失效阶段，TL增强对新材料构型的泛化。在一定的应力应变状态下，可采用中观尺度替代模型获取损伤状态，从而在宏观尺度上更新材料的切线模量，可替代复合材料的中观尺度模拟。为了验证所提出的框架，对三维编织复合材料结构进行了多尺度数值模拟。实验结果表明，该方法预测的编织复合材料结构强度和损伤演化规律与实验结果吻合较好。同时，所提出的多尺度框架不仅提高了计算效率，而且在精度上具有良好的一致性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of flange fabrication process on residual stresses of welded I-section members 法兰制造工艺对工字钢焊接构件残余应力的影响

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2025.114424

Maxime Lebastard , Dénes Kollár , András Horváth , Alain Bureau , Maël Couchaux , Balázs Kövesdi

The present paper investigates the influence of flange fabrication processes, such as plasma-cutting, flame-cutting and hot-rolling on the residual stress distribution in welded I-section members. Therefore, an extensive residual stress measurements programme is conducted on 22 welded I-section members varying flange fabrication methods and cross-sectional dimensions to overcome the lack of available experimental results. In addition, residual stress measurements are carried out on flame- and plasma-cut constituent plates, before welding. The studied welded specimens were composed of S355 structural steel, except for the flanges of two specimens, constituted by S235 steel. The experimental results highlight the substantial effect of the flange fabrication process on the residual stress distribution in welded I-section members. At the flange ends, flame-cutting yields high-magnitude tensile stresses and plasma-cutting generally yields low-magnitude tensile stresses while hot-rolled flanges exhibit high magnitude compressive stresses. The experimental results are further employed to develop novel residual stress models for thermal-cut constituent plates and welded I-sections, incorporating (i) the manufacturing specialties of thermal-cutting and welding and (ii) the thermophysical properties of the base material.

本文研究了等离子切割、火焰切割和热轧等法兰加工工艺对焊接工字钢构件残余应力分布的影响。因此，对22个不同法兰制造方法和截面尺寸的焊接工字截面构件进行了广泛的残余应力测量，以克服缺乏可用的实验结果。此外，在焊接前对火焰切割和等离子切割的成分板进行残余应力测量。所研究的焊接试样均由S355结构钢组成，除两个试样的法兰由S235钢组成外。实验结果表明，法兰制造工艺对焊接工字截面构件残余应力分布有重要影响。在法兰端，火焰切割产生高强度的拉应力，等离子切割通常产生低强度的拉应力，而热轧法兰则表现出高强度的压应力。实验结果进一步用于开发热切割组成板和焊接i型截面的新型残余应力模型，其中包括(i)热切割和焊接的制造特性以及（ii）基材的热物理特性。

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引用次数: 0

Numerical investigation of hydrodynamic and kinematic behaviors of a large-scale thin-walled wind turbine blade during water entry 大型薄壁风力机叶片入水过程水动力与运动特性数值研究

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114661

Yingying Lin , Di Wang , Ningge Fan , Binyi Liang , Gong Chen , Tinh Quoc Bui , Shunhua Chen

Due to rough sea conditions and the complexity of blade hoisting, large offshore wind turbine blades are at risk of falling into the water during offshore lifting operations. The prediction of the water entry trajectory of a blade helps to guide the positioning and layout of offshore installations, thereby reducing the risk of collisions during water entry. However, the dynamic behaviors of thin-walled wind turbine blades during water entry remain largely unexplored. In light of this, the present work aims to present a comprehensive investigation of hydrodynamic and kinematic behaviors of a large-scale wind turbine blade during water entry via computational fluid dynamics simulations. The overset mesh technique in the context of the finite volume framework is employed to capture the motion of the blade involving large displacements and complex curved boundaries. The accuracy and effectiveness of the numerical methods are validated using a water entry case of a circular cylinder. A trajectory analysis method is presented to comprehensively characterize the horizontal trajectory envelope of the large-scale blade. Afterwards, a parametric study is conducted to numerically investigate the effects of vertical velocity and attitude angle on the calm water entry behaviors of the blade. The present work further investigates the effects of wave and wind loadings on the water entry behaviors of the blade. The results of this study offer important physical insight into the water entry behaviors of large-scale airfoil-shaped structures.

由于恶劣的海况和叶片吊装的复杂性，大型海上风力发电机叶片在海上吊装作业中存在落入水中的风险。对叶片入水轨迹的预测有助于指导海上设施的定位和布局，从而降低入水过程中碰撞的风险。然而，薄壁风力涡轮机叶片在入水过程中的动态特性在很大程度上仍未被研究。鉴于此，本工作旨在通过计算流体动力学模拟，对大型风力涡轮机叶片在入水过程中的流体动力学和运动学行为进行全面研究。采用有限体积框架下的复盖网格技术捕捉大位移、复杂曲面边界的叶片运动。以圆柱进水为例，验证了数值方法的准确性和有效性。提出了一种综合表征大型叶片水平轨迹包络线的轨迹分析方法。然后，通过参数化研究，数值研究了垂直速度和姿态角对叶片静水进入行为的影响。本文进一步研究了波浪和风荷载对叶片入水性能的影响。该研究结果为大规模翼型结构的入水行为提供了重要的物理见解。

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引用次数: 0

Artificial neural network-assisted groove morphology control in laser engraving 人工神经网络辅助激光雕刻槽形控制

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114668

Hongshan Zhou, Zelong Yu, Aoji Du, Ruiyi Fan, Jingyuan Chen, Xu Guo, Zhao Zhang

Laser engraving/chemical milling is one of the key techniques for achieving structural lightweighting in the manufacturing of thin-walled components in aerospace applications involving the stress relief phenomenon. The consistency of the laser engraving groove morphology directly affects the quality of the subsequent chemical milling process and poses a significant challenge due to the uneven maskant and the complex laser-material interaction during the process. To address this problem, an artificial neural network (ANN)-assisted adaptive laser model is proposed. Based on the laser scanning speed and maskant parameters, the adaptive laser model generates a corresponding power to achieve the precise control of groove morphology during laser engraving. The error between the laser-engraved model and the experimental results is less than 5.99%. The feasibility of the ANN-assisted adaptive laser model is verified, with a prediction error of 5.87% compared to the target values. The correlation coefficient between predicted and experimental data is 0.98997, indicating a strong fitting relationship. The ANN-assisted adaptive laser model significantly improves the consistency of groove morphology in laser engraving.

激光雕刻/化学铣削是航空航天应用中涉及应力消除现象的薄壁部件制造中实现结构轻量化的关键技术之一。激光雕刻槽形貌的一致性直接影响到后续化学铣削加工的质量，并且由于加工过程中质量不均匀和激光与材料相互作用复杂，对激光雕刻槽形貌的一致性提出了重大挑战。为了解决这一问题，提出了一种人工神经网络辅助的自适应激光模型。基于激光扫描速度和质量参数，自适应激光模型产生相应的功率，实现激光雕刻过程中凹槽形态的精确控制。激光雕刻模型与实验结果的误差小于5.99%。验证了人工神经网络辅助自适应激光模型的可行性，与目标值的预测误差为5.87%。预测数据与实验数据的相关系数为0.98997，拟合关系较强。人工神经网络辅助的自适应激光模型显著提高了激光雕刻槽形态的一致性。

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引用次数: 0

Wire arc additively manufactured aluminium alloy open sections: 3D geometric analysis and compressive behaviour 电弧增材制造铝合金开口截面：三维几何分析和压缩性能

IF 6.6 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Thin-Walled Structures

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2026.114687

Jin Li , Ziyi Wang , Man-Tai Chen , Andi Su , Ou Zhao

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is sparking extensive research interests in recent years, as the technique offers an efficient pathway fabricating metallic structural components with complex geometries. However, the limited insights into the structural performance of WAAM metallic members hinder their practical application in construction. As part of an ongoing research project on WAAM metallic members, this paper presents an experimental study on the geometric features and cross-section compressive behaviour of WAAM aluminium alloy open section stub columns. Fifteen stub column specimens with angle, channel and π-shaped section profiles were firstly printed using ER5356 aluminium alloy feedstock wires and tested under compression to study their local buckling behaviour. Before testing, the geometric properties and geometric imperfections (including initial local geometric imperfections and cross-section out-of-squareness) of the specimens were inspected using a 3D laser scanner. The measured initial local geometric imperfections and out-of-squareness of each specimen were analysed. The results from stub column tests were subsequently used to assess the applicability of cross-section classifications and predicted resistances from existing design methods (for conventionally fabricated aluminium alloy members), including the European, American and Australian/New Zealand codes, together with the continuous strength method (CSM). The assessment results generally revealed that (i) the three sets of codified slenderness limits provided safe cross-section classification, with more accurate classification offered by the American specification and Australian/New Zealand standard and (ii) the three design codes provided safe compression resistance predictions (though conservative to different extents, especially for the stocky cross-sections), while the Annex H of the European code and the CSM provided more accurate and consistent resistance predictions due to their proper consideration of material strain hardening.

电弧增材制造（WAAM）近年来引起了广泛的研究兴趣，因为该技术为制造具有复杂几何形状的金属结构部件提供了有效的途径。然而，对WAAM金属构件结构性能的认识有限，阻碍了其在建筑中的实际应用。作为正在进行的WAAM金属构件研究项目的一部分，本文对WAAM铝合金开截面短柱的几何特征和截面压缩行为进行了实验研究。采用ER5356铝合金给料丝首次打印了15个具有角形、槽形和π形截面的短柱试件，并进行了压缩试验，研究了它们的局部屈曲行为。在测试前，使用三维激光扫描仪检测试样的几何特性和几何缺陷（包括初始局部几何缺陷和横截面不垂直）。分析了测量到的每个试样的初始局部几何缺陷和不垂直度。短柱试验的结果随后用于评估截面分类的适用性和现有设计方法（用于常规制造的铝合金构件）的预测阻力，包括欧洲、美国和澳大利亚/新西兰规范，以及连续强度法（CSM）。评估结果总体显示：(1)3套长细限制规范提供了安全截面分类，其中美国规范和澳大利亚/新西兰标准提供了更准确的分类；(2)3套设计规范提供了安全抗压性能预测（但有不同程度的保守性，特别是对于粗大截面）。而欧洲规范的附件H和CSM由于适当考虑了材料应变硬化，提供了更准确和一致的电阻预测。

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引用次数: 0