Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09808-6
Liangjun Yan
Globally, unconventional hydrocarbons, known for the symbiosis of their hydrocarbon source and reservoir, pose significant seismic exploration challenges due to their confined target regions, extensive burial depth, minimal acoustic impedance variation, marked heterogeneity, and strong anisotropy. Over the past decade, electromagnetic (EM) exploration has evolved markedly, improving resolution and reliability, thus becoming indispensable in unconventional hydrocarbon exploration. Focusing on China's application of the controlled source electromagnetic method (CSEM), this review examines the geological and electrical attributes of these reservoirs, notably the low resistivity, high polarization and strong electrical anisotropy of shale gas reservoirs. Despite the demonstrated positive correlation between induced polarization (IP) parameters and reservoir parameters, current methodologies emphasize the IP effect, inadvertently neglecting electrical anisotropy, which affects data precision. Moreover, single-source CSEM methodologies limit the observational components, acquisition density, and exploration area, impacting the accuracy and efficacy of data interpretation. Recently developed CSEM techniques in China, namely wide-frequency electromagnetic method (WFEM), time–frequency electromagnetic method (TFEM), long offset transient electromagnetic method (LOTEM), and wireless electromagnetic method (WEM), harness high-power pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) waveforms, reference observation and processing technology, hybrid inversion, and enhancing operational efficiency and adaptability despite the pressing need for multi-functional software for data acquisition. Case studies detail these methods' applications in shale gas sweet spot detection and continuous hydraulic fracturing monitoring, highlighting the immense potential of EM methods in unconventional hydrocarbon sweet spot detection and total organic content (TOC) predication. However, challenges persist in suppressing EM noise, streamlining 3D inversion processes, and improving the detection and evaluation of sweet spots.
{"title":"Advancements in Controlled Source Electromagnetic Methods for Prospecting Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources in China","authors":"Liangjun Yan","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09808-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09808-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Globally, unconventional hydrocarbons, known for the symbiosis of their hydrocarbon source and reservoir, pose significant seismic exploration challenges due to their confined target regions, extensive burial depth, minimal acoustic impedance variation, marked heterogeneity, and strong anisotropy. Over the past decade, electromagnetic (EM) exploration has evolved markedly, improving resolution and reliability, thus becoming indispensable in unconventional hydrocarbon exploration. Focusing on China's application of the controlled source electromagnetic method (CSEM), this review examines the geological and electrical attributes of these reservoirs, notably the low resistivity, high polarization and strong electrical anisotropy of shale gas reservoirs. Despite the demonstrated positive correlation between induced polarization (IP) parameters and reservoir parameters, current methodologies emphasize the IP effect, inadvertently neglecting electrical anisotropy, which affects data precision. Moreover, single-source CSEM methodologies limit the observational components, acquisition density, and exploration area, impacting the accuracy and efficacy of data interpretation. Recently developed CSEM techniques in China, namely wide-frequency electromagnetic method (WFEM), time–frequency electromagnetic method (TFEM), long offset transient electromagnetic method (LOTEM), and wireless electromagnetic method (WEM), harness high-power pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) waveforms, reference observation and processing technology, hybrid inversion, and enhancing operational efficiency and adaptability despite the pressing need for multi-functional software for data acquisition. Case studies detail these methods' applications in shale gas sweet spot detection and continuous hydraulic fracturing monitoring, highlighting the immense potential of EM methods in unconventional hydrocarbon sweet spot detection and total organic content (TOC) predication. However, challenges persist in suppressing EM noise, streamlining 3D inversion processes, and improving the detection and evaluation of sweet spots.</p>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138293591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09810-y
Bo Chen, Mikhail K. Kaban, Guangdong Zhao, Jinsong Du, Dawei Gao
The gravity anomalies reflect density perturbations at different depths, which control the physical state and dynamics of the lithosphere and sub-lithospheric mantle. However, the gravity effect of the crust masks the mantle signals. In this study, we develop two frameworks (correction with density contrasts and actual densities) to calculate the gravity anomalies generated by the layered crust. We apply the proposed approaches to evaluate the global mantle gravity disturbances based on the new crustal models. Consistent patterns and an increasing linear trend of the mantle gravity disturbances with lithospheric thickness and Vs velocities at 150 km depth are obtained. Our results indicate denser lithospheric roots in most cratons and lighter materials in the oceanic mantle. Furthermore, our gravity map corresponds well to regional geological features, providing new insights into mantle structure and dynamics. Specifically, (1) reduced anomalies associated with the Superior and Rae cratons indicate more depleted roots compared with other cratons of North America. (2) Negative anomalies along the Cordillera (western North America) suggest mass deficits owing to the buoyant hot mantle. (3) Positive anomalies in the Baltic, East European, and Siberian cratons support thick, dense lithosphere with significant density heterogeneities, which could result from thermo-chemical modifications of the cratonic roots. (4) Pronounced positive anomalies correspond to stable blocks, e.g., Arabian Platform, Indian Craton, and Tarim basin, indicating a thick, dense lithosphere. (5) Low anomalies in the active tectonic units and back-arc basins suggest local mantle upwellings. (6) The cold subducting/detached plates may result in the high anomalies observed in the Zagros and Tibet.
{"title":"The Global Crust and Mantle Gravity Disturbances and Their Implications on Mantle Structure and Dynamics","authors":"Bo Chen, Mikhail K. Kaban, Guangdong Zhao, Jinsong Du, Dawei Gao","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09810-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09810-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gravity anomalies reflect density perturbations at different depths, which control the physical state and dynamics of the lithosphere and sub-lithospheric mantle. However, the gravity effect of the crust masks the mantle signals. In this study, we develop two frameworks (correction with density contrasts and actual densities) to calculate the gravity anomalies generated by the layered crust. We apply the proposed approaches to evaluate the global mantle gravity disturbances based on the new crustal models. Consistent patterns and an increasing linear trend of the mantle gravity disturbances with lithospheric thickness and Vs velocities at 150 km depth are obtained. Our results indicate denser lithospheric roots in most cratons and lighter materials in the oceanic mantle. Furthermore, our gravity map corresponds well to regional geological features, providing new insights into mantle structure and dynamics. Specifically, (1) reduced anomalies associated with the Superior and Rae cratons indicate more depleted roots compared with other cratons of North America. (2) Negative anomalies along the Cordillera (western North America) suggest mass deficits owing to the buoyant hot mantle. (3) Positive anomalies in the Baltic, East European, and Siberian cratons support thick, dense lithosphere with significant density heterogeneities, which could result from thermo-chemical modifications of the cratonic roots. (4) Pronounced positive anomalies correspond to stable blocks, e.g., Arabian Platform, Indian Craton, and Tarim basin, indicating a thick, dense lithosphere. (5) Low anomalies in the active tectonic units and back-arc basins suggest local mantle upwellings. (6) The cold subducting/detached plates may result in the high anomalies observed in the Zagros and Tibet.</p>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09805-9
Shubha Sathyendranath, Robert J. W. Brewin, Stefano Ciavatta, Tom Jackson, Gemma Kulk, Bror Jönsson, Victor Martinez Vicente, Trevor Platt
Abstract Visible spectral radiometric measurements from space, commonly referred to as ocean-colour measurements, provide a rich stream of information on ocean biota as well as on biological and ecosystem processes. The strength of the ocean-colour technology for observing marine life lies in its global reach, combined with its ability to sample the field at a variety of spatial and temporal scales that match the scales of the processes themselves. Another advantage lies in the growing length of the time series of ocean-colour-derived products, enabiling investigations into any long-term changes, if present. This paper presents an overview of the principles and applications of ocean-colour data. The concentration of chlorophyll-a, the major pigment present in phytoplankton–single-celled, free-floating plants that are present in the sunlit layers of the ocean–was the first, and remains the most common, biological variable derived from ocean-colour data. Over the years, the list of ocean-colour products have grown to encompass many measures of the marine ecosystem and its functions, including primary production, phenology and ecosystem structure. Applications that exploit the data are many and varied, and include ecosystem-based fisheries management, biogeochemical cycles in the ocean, ecosystem health and climate change. An integrated approach, incorporating other modes of ocean observations and models with satellite observations, is needed to investigate the mysteries of the marine ecosystem.
{"title":"Ocean Biology Studied from Space","authors":"Shubha Sathyendranath, Robert J. W. Brewin, Stefano Ciavatta, Tom Jackson, Gemma Kulk, Bror Jönsson, Victor Martinez Vicente, Trevor Platt","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09805-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09805-9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Visible spectral radiometric measurements from space, commonly referred to as ocean-colour measurements, provide a rich stream of information on ocean biota as well as on biological and ecosystem processes. The strength of the ocean-colour technology for observing marine life lies in its global reach, combined with its ability to sample the field at a variety of spatial and temporal scales that match the scales of the processes themselves. Another advantage lies in the growing length of the time series of ocean-colour-derived products, enabiling investigations into any long-term changes, if present. This paper presents an overview of the principles and applications of ocean-colour data. The concentration of chlorophyll-a, the major pigment present in phytoplankton–single-celled, free-floating plants that are present in the sunlit layers of the ocean–was the first, and remains the most common, biological variable derived from ocean-colour data. Over the years, the list of ocean-colour products have grown to encompass many measures of the marine ecosystem and its functions, including primary production, phenology and ecosystem structure. Applications that exploit the data are many and varied, and include ecosystem-based fisheries management, biogeochemical cycles in the ocean, ecosystem health and climate change. An integrated approach, incorporating other modes of ocean observations and models with satellite observations, is needed to investigate the mysteries of the marine ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135935277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-09DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09807-7
J. Y. Liu, F. Y. Chang, Y. I. Chen, Loren C. Chang, Y. C. Wen, T. Y. Wu, C. K. Chao
Abstract The mission of Advanced Ionospheric Probe (AIP) onboard FORMOSAT-5 (F5) satellite is to detect pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies (PEIAs) and observe ionospheric space weather. F5/AIP plasma quantities in the nighttime of 22:30 LT (local time) and the total electron content (TEC) of the global ionosphere map (GIM) are used to study PEIAs of an M7.3 earthquake in the Iran–Iraq border area on 12 November 2017, as well as signatures of two magnetic storms on 7 and 21–22 November 2017. Statistical analyses of the median base and one sample test are employed to find the characteristics of temporal PEIAs in GIM TEC over the Iran–Iraq area. The anomalous increases of the GIM TEC and F5/AIP ion density over the epicenter area on 3–4 November (day 9–8 before the M7.3 earthquake) agree with the temporal PEIA characteristics that the significant TEC increase frequently appears on day 14–6 before 53 M ≥ 5.5 earthquakes in the area during 1999–2016. The spatial analyses together with odds studies show that the PEIAs frequently appear specifically over the epicenter day 9–8 before the M7.3 earthquake and day 10–9 before a M6.1 earthquake on 1 December, while proponent TEC increases occur at worldwide high latitudes on the two magnetic storm days. The F5/AIP ion velocity uncovers that the PEIAs of the two earthquakes are caused by associated eastward electric fields, and the two positive storm signatures are due to the prompt penetration electric fields.
{"title":"Pre-earthquake Ionospheric Anomalies and Ionospheric Storms Observed by FORMOSAT-5/AIP and GIM TEC","authors":"J. Y. Liu, F. Y. Chang, Y. I. Chen, Loren C. Chang, Y. C. Wen, T. Y. Wu, C. K. Chao","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09807-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09807-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The mission of Advanced Ionospheric Probe (AIP) onboard FORMOSAT-5 (F5) satellite is to detect pre-earthquake ionospheric anomalies (PEIAs) and observe ionospheric space weather. F5/AIP plasma quantities in the nighttime of 22:30 LT (local time) and the total electron content (TEC) of the global ionosphere map (GIM) are used to study PEIAs of an M7.3 earthquake in the Iran–Iraq border area on 12 November 2017, as well as signatures of two magnetic storms on 7 and 21–22 November 2017. Statistical analyses of the median base and one sample test are employed to find the characteristics of temporal PEIAs in GIM TEC over the Iran–Iraq area. The anomalous increases of the GIM TEC and F5/AIP ion density over the epicenter area on 3–4 November (day 9–8 before the M7.3 earthquake) agree with the temporal PEIA characteristics that the significant TEC increase frequently appears on day 14–6 before 53 M ≥ 5.5 earthquakes in the area during 1999–2016. The spatial analyses together with odds studies show that the PEIAs frequently appear specifically over the epicenter day 9–8 before the M7.3 earthquake and day 10–9 before a M6.1 earthquake on 1 December, while proponent TEC increases occur at worldwide high latitudes on the two magnetic storm days. The F5/AIP ion velocity uncovers that the PEIAs of the two earthquakes are caused by associated eastward electric fields, and the two positive storm signatures are due to the prompt penetration electric fields.","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136192567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09800-0
K. I. Konstantinou
{"title":"A Review of the Source Characteristics and Physical Mechanisms of Very Long Period (VLP) Seismic Signals at Active Volcanoes","authors":"K. I. Konstantinou","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09800-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09800-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42011246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-30DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09803-x
J. Crétaux, S. Calmant, F. Papa, F. Frappart, A. Paris, M. Bergé-Nguyen
{"title":"Inland Surface Waters Quantity Monitored from Remote Sensing","authors":"J. Crétaux, S. Calmant, F. Papa, F. Frappart, A. Paris, M. Bergé-Nguyen","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09803-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09803-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47877058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-28DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5
J. Boutin, S. Yueh, R. Bindlish, S. Chan, D. Entekhabi, Y. Kerr, N. Kolodziejczyk, T. Lee, N. Reul, M. Zribi
{"title":"Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Salinity Derived from Satellite-Borne Sensors","authors":"J. Boutin, S. Yueh, R. Bindlish, S. Chan, D. Entekhabi, Y. Kerr, N. Kolodziejczyk, T. Lee, N. Reul, M. Zribi","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09798-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46271615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-18DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09806-8
Shenghao Nan, Jie Ren, Lei Zhang, Hongen Li, Zhaoyang Ma, Jie Kang, Hengle Guo
{"title":"Geotechnical, Geoelectric and Tracing Methods for Earth/Rock-Fill Dam and Embankment Leakage Investigation","authors":"Shenghao Nan, Jie Ren, Lei Zhang, Hongen Li, Zhaoyang Ma, Jie Kang, Hengle Guo","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09806-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-023-09806-8","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2023-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42817298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}