Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1007/s10712-023-09818-4
Michal Šprlák, Martin Pitoňák
Integral transformations represent an important mathematical tool for gravitational field modelling. A basic assumption of integral transformations is the global data coverage, but availability of high-resolution and accurate gravitational data may be restricted. Therefore, we decompose the global integration into two parts: (1) the effect of the near zone calculated by the numerical integration of data within a spherical cap and (2) the effect of the far zone due to data beyond the spherical cap synthesised by harmonic expansions. Theoretical and numerical aspects of this decomposition have frequently been studied for isotropic integral transformations on the sphere, such as Hotine’s, Poisson’s, and Stokes’s integral formulas. In this article, we systematically review the mathematical theory of the far-zone effects for the spherical integral formulas, which transform the disturbing gravitational potential or its purely radial derivatives into observable quantities of the gravitational field, i.e. the disturbing gravitational potential and its radial, horizontal, or mixed derivatives of the first, second, or third order. These formulas are implemented in a MATLAB software and validated in a closed-loop simulation. Selected properties of the harmonic expansions are investigated by examining the behaviour of the truncation error coefficients. The mathematical formulations presented here are indispensable for practical solutions of direct or inverse problems in an accurate gravitational field modelling or when studying statistical properties of integral transformations.
{"title":"Far-Zone Effects for Spherical Integral Transformations I: Formulas for the Radial Boundary Value Problem and its Derivatives","authors":"Michal Šprlák, Martin Pitoňák","doi":"10.1007/s10712-023-09818-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-023-09818-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Integral transformations represent an important mathematical tool for gravitational field modelling. A basic assumption of integral transformations is the global data coverage, but availability of high-resolution and accurate gravitational data may be restricted. Therefore, we decompose the global integration into two parts: (1) the effect of the near zone calculated by the numerical integration of data within a spherical cap and (2) the effect of the far zone due to data beyond the spherical cap synthesised by harmonic expansions. Theoretical and numerical aspects of this decomposition have frequently been studied for isotropic integral transformations on the sphere, such as Hotine’s, Poisson’s, and Stokes’s integral formulas. In this article, we systematically review the mathematical theory of the far-zone effects for the spherical integral formulas, which transform the disturbing gravitational potential or its purely radial derivatives into observable quantities of the gravitational field, i.e. the disturbing gravitational potential and its radial, horizontal, or mixed derivatives of the first, second, or third order. These formulas are implemented in a MATLAB software and validated in a closed-loop simulation. Selected properties of the harmonic expansions are investigated by examining the behaviour of the truncation error coefficients. The mathematical formulations presented here are indispensable for practical solutions of direct or inverse problems in an accurate gravitational field modelling or when studying statistical properties of integral transformations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 3","pages":"977 - 1009"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10712-023-09818-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-03DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09833-z
Sebastian Bathiany, Robbin Bastiaansen, Ana Bastos, Lana Blaschke, Jelle Lever, Sina Loriani, Wanda De Keersmaecker, Wouter Dorigo, Milutin Milenković, Cornelius Senf, Taylor Smith, Jan Verbesselt, Niklas Boers
As the Earth system is exposed to large anthropogenic interferences, it becomes ever more important to assess the resilience of natural systems, i.e., their ability to recover from natural and human-induced perturbations. Several, often related, measures of resilience have been proposed and applied to modeled and observed data, often by different scientific communities. Focusing on terrestrial ecosystems as a key component of the Earth system, we review methods that can detect large perturbations (temporary excursions from a reference state as well as abrupt shifts to a new reference state) in spatio-temporal datasets, estimate the recovery rate after such perturbations, or assess resilience changes indirectly from stationary time series via indicators of critical slowing down. We present here a sequence of ideal methodological steps in the field of resilience science, and argue how to obtain a consistent and multi-faceted view on ecosystem or climate resilience from Earth observation (EO) data. While EO data offers unique potential to study ecosystem resilience globally at high spatial and temporal scale, we emphasize some important limitations, which are associated with the theoretical assumptions behind diagnostic methods and with the measurement process and pre-processing steps of EO data. The latter class of limitations include gaps in time series, the disparity of scales, and issues arising from aggregating time series from multiple sensors. Based on this assessment, we formulate specific recommendations to the EO community in order to improve the observational basis for ecosystem resilience research.
{"title":"Ecosystem Resilience Monitoring and Early Warning Using Earth Observation Data: Challenges and Outlook","authors":"Sebastian Bathiany, Robbin Bastiaansen, Ana Bastos, Lana Blaschke, Jelle Lever, Sina Loriani, Wanda De Keersmaecker, Wouter Dorigo, Milutin Milenković, Cornelius Senf, Taylor Smith, Jan Verbesselt, Niklas Boers","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09833-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-024-09833-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the Earth system is exposed to large anthropogenic interferences, it becomes ever more important to assess the resilience of natural systems, i.e., their ability to recover from natural and human-induced perturbations. Several, often related, measures of resilience have been proposed and applied to modeled and observed data, often by different scientific communities. Focusing on terrestrial ecosystems as a key component of the Earth system, we review methods that can detect large perturbations (temporary excursions from a reference state as well as abrupt shifts to a new reference state) in spatio-temporal datasets, estimate the recovery rate after such perturbations, or assess resilience changes indirectly from stationary time series via indicators of critical slowing down. We present here a sequence of ideal methodological steps in the field of resilience science, and argue how to obtain a consistent and multi-faceted view on ecosystem or climate resilience from Earth observation (EO) data. While EO data offers unique potential to study ecosystem resilience globally at high spatial and temporal scale, we emphasize some important limitations, which are associated with the theoretical assumptions behind diagnostic methods and with the measurement process and pre-processing steps of EO data. The latter class of limitations include gaps in time series, the disparity of scales, and issues arising from aggregating time series from multiple sensors. Based on this assessment, we formulate specific recommendations to the EO community in order to improve the observational basis for ecosystem resilience research.</p>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140845207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-29DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09840-0
Feng Cheng
This paper delivers an in-depth bibliometric analysis of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) research within the realm of geophysics, covering the period from 2012 to 2023 and drawing on data from the Web of Science. By employing bibliographic and structured network analysis methods, including the use of Bibliometrix and VOSviewer®, the study highlights the most influential scholars, leading institutions, and pivotal research contributions that have significantly shaped the field of DAS in geophysics. The research delves into key collaborative dynamics, unraveling them through co-authorship network analysis, and delves into thematic developments and trajectories via comprehensive co-citation and keyword co-occurrence network analyses. These analyses elucidate the most robust and prominent areas within DAS research. A critical insight gained from this study is the rise of ‘photonic seismology’ as an emerging interdisciplinary domain, exemplifying the fusion of photonic sensing techniques with seismic science. This paper also discusses certain limitations inherent in the study and concludes with implications for future research.
本文对地球物理学领域的分布式声学传感(DAS)研究进行了深入的文献计量分析,研究时间跨度为 2012 年至 2023 年,数据来源于 Web of Science。通过采用书目和结构化网络分析方法(包括使用 Bibliometrix 和 VOSviewer®),该研究突出了对地球物理学中的分布式声学传感(DAS)领域产生重大影响的最有影响力的学者、领先机构和关键研究成果。该研究深入探讨了关键的合作动态,通过共同作者网络分析揭示了这些动态,并通过全面的共同引用和关键词共现网络分析深入探讨了专题发展和轨迹。这些分析阐明了 DAS 研究中最活跃、最突出的领域。从这项研究中获得的一个重要启示是 "光子地震学 "作为一个新兴的跨学科领域的崛起,体现了光子传感技术与地震科学的融合。本文还讨论了研究中固有的某些局限性,最后提出了对未来研究的启示。
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The wave reflection and transmission (R/T) coefficients in fluid-saturated porous media with the effect of effective pressure are rarely studied, despite the ubiquitous presence of in situ pressure in the subsurface Earth. To fill this knowledge gap, we derive exact R/T coefficient equations for a plane wave incident obliquely at the interface between the dissimilar pressured fluid-saturated porous half-spaces described by the theory of poro-acoustoelasticity (PAE). The central result of the classic PAE theory is first reviewed, and then a dual-porosity model is employed to generalize this theory by incorporating the impact of nonlinear crack deformation. The new velocity equations of generalized PAE theory can describe the nonlinear pressure dependence of fast P-, S- and slow P-wave velocities and have a reasonable agreement with the laboratory measurements. The general boundary conditions associated with membrane stiffness are used to yield the exact pressure-dependent wave R/T coefficient equations. We then model the impacts of effective pressure on the angle and frequency dependence of wave R/T coefficients and synthetic seismic responses in detail and compare our equations to the previously reported equations in zero-pressure case. It is inferred that the existing R/T coefficient equations for porous media may be misleading, since they lack consideration for inevitable in situ pressure effects. Modeling results also indicate that effective pressure and membrane stiffness significantly affect the amplitude variation with offset characteristics of reflected seismic signatures, which emphasizes the significance of considering the effects of both in practical applications related to the observed seismic data. By comparing the modeled R/T coefficients to the results computed with laboratory measured velocities, we preliminarily confirm the validity of our equations. Our equations and results are relevant to hydrocarbon exploration, in situ pressure detection and geofluid discrimination in high-pressure fields.
尽管地球表面下的原位压力无处不在,但在有效压力作用下,流体饱和多孔介质中的波反射和透射(R/T)系数却鲜有研究。为了填补这一知识空白,我们推导了斜向入射到不同压力的流体饱和多孔半空间界面上的平面波的精确 R/T 系数方程,该界面由孔声弹性(PAE)理论描述。首先回顾了经典 PAE 理论的核心结果,然后采用双孔隙模型,通过纳入非线性裂缝变形的影响来推广这一理论。广义 PAE 理论的新速度方程可以描述快速 P 波、S 波和慢速 P 波速度的非线性压力依赖性,并与实验室测量结果具有合理的一致性。利用与膜刚度相关的一般边界条件,可得出与压力相关的精确波 R/T 系数方程。然后,我们详细模拟了有效压力对波 R/T 系数和合成地震响应的角度和频率依赖性的影响,并将我们的方程与之前报告的零压力情况下的方程进行了比较。结果推断,现有的多孔介质 R/T 系数方程可能会产生误导,因为它们没有考虑不可避免的原位压力效应。建模结果还表明,有效压力和膜刚度会显著影响反射地震信号的振幅随偏移量变化的特征,这强调了在与观测地震数据相关的实际应用中考虑这两者影响的重要性。通过比较建模的 R/T 系数与实验室测量速度的计算结果,我们初步证实了我们的方程的有效性。我们的方程和结果与碳氢化合物勘探、原位压力探测和高压油田的地质流体识别有关。
{"title":"Pressure Effects on Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission in Fluid-Saturated Porous Media","authors":"Fubin Chen, Zhaoyun Zong, Reza Rezaee, Xingyao Yin","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09829-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09829-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The wave reflection and transmission (R/T) coefficients in fluid-saturated porous media with the effect of effective pressure are rarely studied, despite the ubiquitous presence of in situ pressure in the subsurface Earth. To fill this knowledge gap, we derive exact R/T coefficient equations for a plane wave incident obliquely at the interface between the dissimilar pressured fluid-saturated porous half-spaces described by the theory of poro-acoustoelasticity (PAE). The central result of the classic PAE theory is first reviewed, and then a dual-porosity model is employed to generalize this theory by incorporating the impact of nonlinear crack deformation. The new velocity equations of generalized PAE theory can describe the nonlinear pressure dependence of fast P-, S- and slow P-wave velocities and have a reasonable agreement with the laboratory measurements. The general boundary conditions associated with membrane stiffness are used to yield the exact pressure-dependent wave R/T coefficient equations. We then model the impacts of effective pressure on the angle and frequency dependence of wave R/T coefficients and synthetic seismic responses in detail and compare our equations to the previously reported equations in zero-pressure case. It is inferred that the existing R/T coefficient equations for porous media may be misleading, since they lack consideration for inevitable in situ pressure effects. Modeling results also indicate that effective pressure and membrane stiffness significantly affect the amplitude variation with offset characteristics of reflected seismic signatures, which emphasizes the significance of considering the effects of both in practical applications related to the observed seismic data. By comparing the modeled R/T coefficients to the results computed with laboratory measured velocities, we preliminarily confirm the validity of our equations. Our equations and results are relevant to hydrocarbon exploration, in situ pressure detection and geofluid discrimination in high-pressure fields.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 4","pages":"1245 - 1290"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140814369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Different observation data are utilized to obtain a unified geophysical model based on the correlations of underground geological bodies in joint inversions. By specifying a type of Gramian constraints, Gramian as a coupling term can link geophysical models through relationships of physical properties or structural similarities. Considering the complex relationships of physical properties of underground geological bodies, we proposed an adaptive zoning method to automatically divide the whole inversion area into subregions with different relationships of physical properties and to determine the number and range of subregions that utilized correlation between geophysical data before joint inversions. On this basis, we considered the use of a combination of Gramian coupling terms rather than one term to link petrophysical and structural domains during joint inversions. Synthetic tests showed that the algorithm is capable of having a robust estimate of the spatial distribution and relationships between density and magnetization intensity of geological bodies. The idea was also applied to the ore concentration area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to obtain the three-dimensional (3-D) distribution model of magnetite-bearing rocks within 5 km underground, which corresponds well with the existing shallow ore sites and demonstrates the existence of available deep resources in the study area.
{"title":"Joint Inversion Method of Gravity and Magnetic Data with Adaptive Zoning Using Gramian in Both Petrophysical and Structural Domains","authors":"Tingyi Wang, Guoqing Ma, Qingfa Meng, Taihan Wang, Zhexin Jiang","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09832-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09832-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Different observation data are utilized to obtain a unified geophysical model based on the correlations of underground geological bodies in joint inversions. By specifying a type of Gramian constraints, Gramian as a coupling term can link geophysical models through relationships of physical properties or structural similarities. Considering the complex relationships of physical properties of underground geological bodies, we proposed an adaptive zoning method to automatically divide the whole inversion area into subregions with different relationships of physical properties and to determine the number and range of subregions that utilized correlation between geophysical data before joint inversions. On this basis, we considered the use of a combination of Gramian coupling terms rather than one term to link petrophysical and structural domains during joint inversions. Synthetic tests showed that the algorithm is capable of having a robust estimate of the spatial distribution and relationships between density and magnetization intensity of geological bodies. The idea was also applied to the ore concentration area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to obtain the three-dimensional (3-D) distribution model of magnetite-bearing rocks within 5 km underground, which corresponds well with the existing shallow ore sites and demonstrates the existence of available deep resources in the study area.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 4","pages":"1291 - 1330"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140814380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09836-w
Luping Qu, Wenyong Pan, Kristopher Innanen, Marie Macquet, Donald Lawton
As an emerging seismic acquisition technology, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has drawn significant attention in earth science for long-term and cost-effective monitoring of underground activities. Field seismic experiments with optical fibers in a vertical seismic profile (VSP) configuration were conducted at the Newell County Facility of Carbon Management Canada in Alberta, Canada, for ({text{CO}}_2) injection and storage monitoring. Seismic full-waveform inversion (FWI) represents one promising approach for high-resolution imaging of subsurface model properties. In this study, anisotropic FWI with variable density is applied to the DAS-recorded walk-away VSP data for characterizing the subsurface velocity, anisotropy, and density structures, serving as baseline models for future time-lapse studies at the pilot site. Synthetic inversion experiments suggest that, without accounting for anisotropy, the inverted density structures by isotropic FWI are damaged by strong trade-off artifacts. Anisotropic FWI can provide more accurate P-wave velocity, density, and valuable anisotropy models. Field data applications are then performed to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods. Compared to the inversion outputs of isotropic FWI, the inverted P-wave velocity by anisotropic FWI matches trend variation of the well log more closely. In the inverted density model, the ({text{CO}}_2) injection formation can be clearly resolved. The inverted anisotropy parameters provide informative references to interpret the structures and lithology around the target ({text{CO}}_2) injection zone.
作为一种新兴的地震采集技术,分布式声学传感技术(DAS)在地球科学领域备受关注,可用于对地下活动进行长期、经济有效的监测。在加拿大阿尔伯塔省的加拿大碳管理公司纽厄尔县设施,使用垂直地震剖面(VSP)配置的光纤进行了野外地震实验,用于注入和储存监测({text{CO}}_2)。地震全波形反演(FWI)是对地下模型特性进行高分辨率成像的一种可行方法。在本研究中,各向异性全波形反演(FWI)与可变密度被应用于 DAS 记录的走航式 VSP 数据,以描述地下速度、各向异性和密度结构的特征,作为试验场未来延时研究的基线模型。合成反演实验表明,如果不考虑各向异性,各向同性全波成像反演的密度结构就会受到强烈的权衡假象的破坏。各向异性 FWI 可以提供更准确的 P 波速度、密度和有价值的各向异性模型。随后进行了野外数据应用,以验证所提方法的有效性和优越性。与各向异性 FWI 的反演结果相比,各向异性 FWI 反演的 P 波速度与测井曲线的变化趋势更加吻合。在反演的密度模型中,可以清晰地分辨出注入层。反演的各向异性参数为解释目标注入区周围的结构和岩性提供了信息参考。
{"title":"Feasibility Study of Anisotropic Full-Waveform Inversion with DAS Data in a Vertical Seismic Profile Configuration at the Newell County Facility, Alberta, Canada","authors":"Luping Qu, Wenyong Pan, Kristopher Innanen, Marie Macquet, Donald Lawton","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09836-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09836-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As an emerging seismic acquisition technology, distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has drawn significant attention in earth science for long-term and cost-effective monitoring of underground activities. Field seismic experiments with optical fibers in a vertical seismic profile (VSP) configuration were conducted at the Newell County Facility of Carbon Management Canada in Alberta, Canada, for <span>({text{CO}}_2)</span> injection and storage monitoring. Seismic full-waveform inversion (FWI) represents one promising approach for high-resolution imaging of subsurface model properties. In this study, anisotropic FWI with variable density is applied to the DAS-recorded walk-away VSP data for characterizing the subsurface velocity, anisotropy, and density structures, serving as baseline models for future time-lapse studies at the pilot site. Synthetic inversion experiments suggest that, without accounting for anisotropy, the inverted density structures by isotropic FWI are damaged by strong trade-off artifacts. Anisotropic FWI can provide more accurate P-wave velocity, density, and valuable anisotropy models. Field data applications are then performed to validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed methods. Compared to the inversion outputs of isotropic FWI, the inverted P-wave velocity by anisotropic FWI matches trend variation of the well log more closely. In the inverted density model, the <span>({text{CO}}_2)</span> injection formation can be clearly resolved. The inverted anisotropy parameters provide informative references to interpret the structures and lithology around the target <span>({text{CO}}_2)</span> injection zone.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 4","pages":"1117 - 1142"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140642670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-17DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09827-x
Michael Mayer, Seiji Kato, Michael Bosilovich, Peter Bechtold, Johannes Mayer, Marc Schröder, Ali Behrangi, Martin Wild, Shinya Kobayashi, Zhujun Li, Tristan L’Ecuyer
Accurate diagnosis of regional atmospheric and surface energy budgets is critical for understanding the spatial distribution of heat uptake associated with the Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI). This contribution discusses frameworks and methods for consistent evaluation of key quantities of those budgets using observationally constrained data sets. It thereby touches upon assumptions made in data products which have implications for these evaluations. We evaluate 2001–2020 average regional total (TE) and dry static energy (DSE) budgets using satellite-based and reanalysis data. For the first time, a consistent framework is applied to the ensemble of the 5th generation European Reanalysis (ERA5), version 2 of modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA-2), and the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA55). Uncertainties of the computed budgets are assessed through inter-product spread and evaluation of physical constraints. Furthermore, we use the TE budget to infer fields of net surface energy flux. Results indicate biases < 1 W/m2 on the global, < 5 W/m2 on the continental, and ~ 15 W/m2 on the regional scale. Inferred net surface energy fluxes exhibit reduced large-scale biases compared to surface flux data based on remote sensing and models. We use the DSE budget to infer atmospheric diabatic heating from condensational processes. Comparison to observation-based precipitation data indicates larger uncertainties (10–15 Wm−2 globally) in the DSE budget compared to the TE budget, which is reflected by increased spread in reanalysis-based fields. Continued validation efforts of atmospheric energy budgets are needed to document progress in new and upcoming observational products, and to understand their limitations when performing EEI research.
{"title":"Assessment of Atmospheric and Surface Energy Budgets Using Observation-Based Data Products","authors":"Michael Mayer, Seiji Kato, Michael Bosilovich, Peter Bechtold, Johannes Mayer, Marc Schröder, Ali Behrangi, Martin Wild, Shinya Kobayashi, Zhujun Li, Tristan L’Ecuyer","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09827-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09827-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Accurate diagnosis of regional atmospheric and surface energy budgets is critical for understanding the spatial distribution of heat uptake associated with the Earth’s energy imbalance (EEI). This contribution discusses frameworks and methods for consistent evaluation of key quantities of those budgets using observationally constrained data sets. It thereby touches upon assumptions made in data products which have implications for these evaluations. We evaluate 2001–2020 average regional total (TE) and dry static energy (DSE) budgets using satellite-based and reanalysis data. For the first time, a consistent framework is applied to the ensemble of the 5th generation European Reanalysis (ERA5), version 2 of modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications (MERRA-2), and the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA55). Uncertainties of the computed budgets are assessed through inter-product spread and evaluation of physical constraints. Furthermore, we use the TE budget to infer fields of net surface energy flux. Results indicate biases < 1 W/m<sup>2</sup> on the global, < 5 W/m<sup>2</sup> on the continental, and ~ 15 W/m<sup>2</sup> on the regional scale. Inferred net surface energy fluxes exhibit reduced large-scale biases compared to surface flux data based on remote sensing and models. We use the DSE budget to infer atmospheric diabatic heating from condensational processes. Comparison to observation-based precipitation data indicates larger uncertainties (10–15 Wm<sup>−2</sup> globally) in the DSE budget compared to the TE budget, which is reflected by increased spread in reanalysis-based fields. Continued validation efforts of atmospheric energy budgets are needed to document progress in new and upcoming observational products, and to understand their limitations when performing EEI research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 6","pages":"1827 - 1854"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10712-024-09827-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140607550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sparse representation and inversion have been widely used in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data. In particular, the low-rank representation of seismic signals shows that they can be determined by a few elementary modes with predominantly large singular values. We review global and local low-rank representation for seismic reflectivity models and then apply it to least-squares migration (LSM) in acoustic and viscoacoustic media. In the global singular value decomposition (SVD), the elementary modes determined by singular vectors represent horizontal and vertical stratigraphic segments sorted from low to high wavenumbers, and the corresponding singular values reflect the contribution of these basic modes to form a broadband reflectivity model. In contrast, local SVD for grouped patch matrices can capture nonlocal similarity and thus accurately represent the reflectivity model with fewer ranks than the global SVD method. Taking advantage of this favorable sparsity, we introduce a local low-rank regularization into LSM to estimate subsurface reflectivity models. A two-step algorithm is developed to solve this low-rank constrained inverse problem: the first step is for least-squares data fitting and the second is for weighted nuclear-norm minimization. Numerical experiments for synthetic and field data demonstrate that the low-rank constraint outperforms conventional shaping and total-variation regularizations, and can produce high-quality reflectivity images for complicated structures and low signal-to-noise data.
{"title":"Low-rank Representation for Seismic Reflectivity and its Applications in Least-squares Imaging","authors":"Jidong Yang, Jianping Huang, Hao Zhang, Jiaxing Sun, Hejun Zhu, George McMechan","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09828-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09828-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sparse representation and inversion have been widely used in the acquisition and processing of geophysical data. In particular, the low-rank representation of seismic signals shows that they can be determined by a few elementary modes with predominantly large singular values. We review global and local low-rank representation for seismic reflectivity models and then apply it to least-squares migration (LSM) in acoustic and viscoacoustic media. In the global singular value decomposition (SVD), the elementary modes determined by singular vectors represent horizontal and vertical stratigraphic segments sorted from low to high wavenumbers, and the corresponding singular values reflect the contribution of these basic modes to form a broadband reflectivity model. In contrast, local SVD for grouped patch matrices can capture nonlocal similarity and thus accurately represent the reflectivity model with fewer ranks than the global SVD method. Taking advantage of this favorable sparsity, we introduce a local low-rank regularization into LSM to estimate subsurface reflectivity models. A two-step algorithm is developed to solve this low-rank constrained inverse problem: the first step is for least-squares data fitting and the second is for weighted nuclear-norm minimization. Numerical experiments for synthetic and field data demonstrate that the low-rank constraint outperforms conventional shaping and total-variation regularizations, and can produce high-quality reflectivity images for complicated structures and low signal-to-noise data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 3","pages":"845 - 886"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10712-024-09828-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140607941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-01DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09830-2
José M. Carcione, Francesco Mainardi, Ayman N. Qadrouh, Mamdoh Alajmi, Jing Ba
The rheological models of Lomnitz and Jeffreys have been widely used in earthquake seismology (to simulate a nearly constant Q medium) and to describe the creep and relaxation behavior of rocks as a function of time. Other similar models, such as those of Becker, Scott Blair and Kolsky, show similar properties, particularly the Scott Blair model describes a perfectly constant Q as a function of frequency. We first give a historical overview of the main scientists and the development and versions of the various models and priorities of discovery. Then, we clarify the relationship between the different versions of these models in terms of mathematical expressions of the complex modulus and calculate the phase velocity and quality factor Q as a function of frequency, illustrating the various special cases. In addition, we give useful hints for the numerical calculation of these moduli, which include special cases of the hypergeometric function.
{"title":"The Rheological Models of Becker, Scott Blair, Kolsky, Lomnitz and Jeffreys Revisited, and Implications for Wave Attenuation and Velocity Dispersion","authors":"José M. Carcione, Francesco Mainardi, Ayman N. Qadrouh, Mamdoh Alajmi, Jing Ba","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09830-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09830-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rheological models of Lomnitz and Jeffreys have been widely used in earthquake seismology (to simulate a nearly constant <i>Q</i> medium) and to describe the creep and relaxation behavior of rocks as a function of time. Other similar models, such as those of Becker, Scott Blair and Kolsky, show similar properties, particularly the Scott Blair model describes a perfectly constant <i>Q</i> as a function of frequency. We first give a historical overview of the main scientists and the development and versions of the various models and priorities of discovery. Then, we clarify the relationship between the different versions of these models in terms of mathematical expressions of the complex modulus and calculate the phase velocity and quality factor <i>Q</i> as a function of frequency, illustrating the various special cases. In addition, we give useful hints for the numerical calculation of these moduli, which include special cases of the hypergeometric function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 3","pages":"695 - 720"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140340633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-14DOI: 10.1007/s10712-024-09823-1
{"title":"Acknowledgement of Reviewers for 2023","authors":"","doi":"10.1007/s10712-024-09823-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10712-024-09823-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49458,"journal":{"name":"Surveys in Geophysics","volume":"45 2","pages":"605 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142411751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}