Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland最新文献_第9页

Pitfalls of crude pooling in assessing diagnostic accuracy: A cautionary note 在评估诊断准确性的粗池的陷阱：一个警告。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-06-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.05.005

Javier Arredondo Montero MD, PhD

引用次数: 0

Ultrasound-guided versus laparoscopic-guided transversus abdominus plane block for laparoscopic cholecystectomy – A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials 超声引导与腹腔镜引导下经腹平面阻滞用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术-随机临床试验的系统回顾和荟萃分析。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.05.003

Matthew G. Davey , Gordon R. Daly , Noel E. Donlon , Nuala A. Healy , Arnold D.K. Hill

Background

The use of transversus abdominus plane (TAP) blocks have come into vogue in recent times, with the ambition to reduce post-operative pain following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. TAP block is commonly performed using an ultrasound-guided approach (US-TAP), with emerging data indicating that laparoscopic-guided (L-TAP) approach may also be useful.

Aim

To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing outcomes following US-TAP and L-TAP block in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Methods

A systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4.

Results

6 RCTs including 428 patients were included. Overall, 212 patients were randomised to US-TAP (49.5 %) and 216 to L-TAP (50.5 %) respectively. A non-significant difference was observed between groups for mean age, gender, mean body mass indices, and American Society of Anesthesiologists grades (all P > 0.050). At meta-analyses, a non-significant difference was observed for US-TAP and L-TAP with respect to 2-, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 48-h post-operative visual analogue scores. A non-significant difference was also observed in relation to intraoperative duration, breakthrough opioid consumption, and post-operative vomiting, at meta-analysis. Patients who underwent US-TAP had longer anesthetic administration times (mean difference: 6.38, 95 % confidence interval: 2.77–10.00, P < 0.001) compared to those randomised to undergo L-TAP.

Conclusion

L-TAP and US-TAP provided similar post-operative pain scores, intraoperative duration, breakthrough opioid consumption, and post-operative vomiting following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. However, the time taken to perform L-TAP was significantly shorter. Should expertise allow, L-TAP should be considered in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

背景：近年来，为了减少腹腔镜胆囊切除术后的疼痛，使用腹横平面（TAP）阻滞已成为一种时尚。TAP阻滞通常使用超声引导入路（US-TAP）进行，新出现的数据表明腹腔镜引导（L-TAP）入路也可能有用。目的：对随机临床试验（rct）进行系统回顾和荟萃分析，比较腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者采用US-TAP和L-TAP阻断治疗的结果。方法：按照PRISMA指南进行系统评价。meta分析使用Review Manager版本5.4进行。结果：共纳入6项rct，共纳入428例患者。总体而言，212名患者随机分配到US-TAP组（49.5%）和216名患者随机分配到L-TAP组（50.5%）。各组间的平均年龄、性别、平均体重指数和美国麻醉医师学会评分差异无统计学意义（P均为0.050）。在荟萃分析中，US-TAP和L-TAP在术后2、6、12、24和48小时的视觉模拟评分方面无显著差异。在荟萃分析中，也观察到术中持续时间、突破性阿片类药物消耗和术后呕吐方面的无显著差异。采用US-TAP的患者麻醉时间更长（平均差异：6.38,95%可信区间：2.77-10.00，P）。结论：L-TAP和US-TAP在腹腔镜胆囊切除术后的术后疼痛评分、术中持续时间、突破性阿片类药物消耗和术后呕吐方面具有相似的差异。然而，执行L-TAP所需的时间明显缩短。在专业知识允许的情况下，腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者应考虑L-TAP。

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引用次数: 0

Knowledge gaps and radiation exposure concerns: Time for a revamp of radiation training structures for trainee surgeons 知识差距和辐射暴露问题：是时候对实习外科医生的辐射培训结构进行改革了。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.05.002

Lylas Aljohmani , Aoife Gaffney , Linda Kelly , Lucy-Anne O'Sullivan , Eunice Leyva , Michael O'Connor , Jackie McCavana , Eric Heffernan , Christine Quinlan , Roisin Dolan

Objective

This study aims to assess surgical trainee knowledge of occupational radiation exposure, personal protection equipment (PPE) compliance, and prior radiation protection training.

Design

A cross-sectional quantitative study using a questionnaire-based survey.

Setting

Tertiary care hospitals in Ireland.

Participants

79 surgical trainees across six surgical disciplines, with a 70 % response rate.

Results

Seventy-nine of 112 surgical trainees (70 %) completed the survey. Most were specialist registrars (47 %), with orthopaedics, plastic surgery, and urology comprising 70 % of respondents. Although 78 % had attended a radiation safety course, 40 % lacked fluoroscopy-specific training. Knowledge gaps were evident—60 % of questions were commonly answered incorrectly, with only 11 % correctly identifying CT radiation dose. Despite frequent fluoroscopy use, dosimeter use was poor: only 7.6 % always wore one. Prior training correlated with increased PPE use and awareness of long-term radiation risks, including fertility concerns. While 67 % expressed concern about exposure, only 21.5 % said it influenced speciality choice. The most used PPE was lead skirt/top (72 %), followed by thyroid shield (52 %), while lead glasses and gloves were rarely worn.

Conclusion

Significant knowledge gaps and low PPE compliance were observed amongst surgical trainees. Given the strong desire for further training, we recommend a modernised, interactive national radiation safety training program tailored to surgical specialities.

目的：本研究旨在评估外科培训生的职业辐射暴露知识、个人防护装备（PPE）符合性以及先前的辐射防护培训。设计：采用基于问卷的横断面定量研究。环境：爱尔兰三级保健医院。参与者：来自6个外科学科的79名外科实习生，反应率为70%。结果：112名外科培训生中有79人（70%）完成了调查。大多数是专科登记员（47%），其中骨科、整形外科和泌尿外科占70%。虽然78%的人参加过辐射安全课程，但40%的人缺乏专门的透视培训。知识差距很明显——60%的问题通常回答错误，只有11%的问题正确识别了CT辐射剂量。尽管经常使用透视检查，但剂量计的使用很差：只有7.6%的人总是佩戴剂量计。先前的培训与PPE使用的增加和对长期辐射风险的认识相关，包括生育问题。虽然67%的人表示担心暴露，但只有21.5%的人表示这会影响专业选择。使用最多的PPE是铅裙/上衣（72%），其次是甲状腺屏蔽（52%），而很少戴铅眼镜和手套。结论：外科培训生存在明显的知识缺口和较低的PPE依从性。鉴于对进一步培训的强烈愿望，我们建议为外科专业量身定制一个现代化的、互动的国家辐射安全培训计划。

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引用次数: 0

POSE-UK: Paediatric orthopaedic surgery exposure in the UK POSE-UK：英国儿童骨科手术暴露。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.04.003

Chloe Jane Lowe , Jun Wei Lim , Stephanie Buchan , Anouska Ayub , Felicity Pease , Emily Baird

Aim

This study aims to investigate the early exposure of orthopaedic trainees to paediatric orthopaedics and explore their training experiences, focusing on the factors influencing their decision to either select or deselect paediatric orthopaedics as a subspecialty.

Method

A national survey was distributed electronically to members of the British Orthopaedic Trainees' Association following a pilot survey sent to British Society of Children's Orthopaedic Surgery members. The survey concentrated on trainees' experiences and interest in paediatric orthopaedics. It included open, closed, and free-text questions, with the responses thematically analysed using NVivo software.

Results

133 responses were received from trainees across the UK and Ireland. The findings showed significant variation in the timing of the first exposure to paediatric orthopaedics, with 25 % not encountering it until Specialty Trainee level 6 or later. Most participants had mixed placements involving both adult and paediatric orthopaedics. Limited theatre exposure and insufficient emphasis on paediatric orthopaedic surgery during training may contribute to a lack of interest. A worrying lack of confidence was noted amongst trainees in performing standard emergency paediatric orthopaedic procedures, which are expected competencies for newly appointed consultants, regardless of their intended subspecialty. Furthermore, many trainees indicated that they might not meet the required work-based assessments and indicative numbers necessary to complete training.

Conclusion

Earlier and more extensive exposure to paediatric orthopaedics during training could help foster greater interest in the subspecialty. Enhanced training in standard emergency paediatric orthopaedic presentations is essential to ensure trainees are confident in performing these procedures as newly appointed general orthopaedic consultants.

目的：本研究旨在调查骨科实习生对儿科骨科的早期接触情况，探讨其培训经历，重点研究影响其选择或不选择儿科骨科作为亚专科的因素。方法：在向英国儿童骨科外科学会成员发送试点调查后，向英国骨科实习协会成员分发了一份全国性的电子调查。调查集中于受训者对儿科骨科的经验和兴趣。它包括开放、封闭和自由文本问题，并使用NVivo软件对回答进行主题分析。结果：从英国和爱尔兰的学员那里收到了133份回复。研究结果显示，首次接触儿科骨科的时间存在显著差异，25%的儿童直到专业培训生6级或更高水平才接触到儿科骨科。大多数参与者的位置混合，包括成人和儿科骨科。在培训期间，有限的手术室暴露和对儿科骨科手术的重视不够可能导致缺乏兴趣。令人担忧的是，受训者在执行标准儿科急诊矫形手术方面缺乏信心，而这是新任命的顾问所期望具备的能力，无论其拟从事何种专科。此外，许多受训人员表示，他们可能达不到完成培训所需的基于工作的评估和指示性数字。结论：在培训期间更早和更广泛地接触儿科骨科可以帮助培养对该亚专科的更大兴趣。加强标准儿科急诊骨科演示的培训是必不可少的，以确保受训者作为新任命的普通骨科顾问有信心执行这些程序。

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引用次数: 0

Intern involvement in emergency general surgical handover and implications for patient care 急诊普通外科手术交接及其对病人护理的影响。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.05.004

Niall Murnaghan , Jessica M. Ryan , William P. Duggan , Deborah A. McNamara

Background

Surgical handover is a key risk area in patient care, yet the impact of junior team member involvement in the process is not well understood. This study aims to assess the level of intern involvement in emergency general surgery (EGS) handover and its impact on daily tasks.

Methods

Overt, structured, non-participant observations of morning EGS handover meetings were carried out to assess intern involvement. The same interns were then observed over the course of the day-shift immediately following the handover. During these observation periods, details of all patient care queries addressed to the interns were recorded.

Results

Five general surgery interns (42%) were observed across six EGS handover meetings. A total of 100 clinical queries were recorded during 25 h of observation. Only 2/6 handover meetings had full intern involvement. While all appeared to be actively listening during handover, questions were asked, and readbacks were provided by interns during 4/6 and 3/6 handovers, respectively. Clinical queries directed at interns who were fully involved in the morning handover were more likely to be answered immediately (96.6 %,n = 29 vs. 78.6 %,n = 55; p = 0.024) and using memory of the verbal handover (50 %,n = 15 vs 24.3 %,n = 17; p = 0.012). One incidence of negligible harm occurred, due to omission of a patient's allergy information from the handover.

Conclusion

Interns who are fully involved in handover show evidence of learning and are more likely to respond to queries faster and from memory. Reduced involvement in the post-call handover process has the potential to delay, and therefore negatively impact, patient care.

背景：手术交接是患者护理的一个关键风险领域，然而初级团队成员参与这一过程的影响尚未得到很好的理解。本研究旨在评估实习生在急诊普外科（EGS）工作交接中的参与程度及其对日常工作的影响。方法：采用公开的、结构化的、非参与性的观察方法，对上午的EGS交接会议进行评估。然后，这些实习生在交接后的白班进行观察。在这些观察期间，记录了所有向实习生提出的病人护理问题的细节。结果：在6次EGS交接会议中观察到5名普外科实习生（42%）。在25小时的观察中，共记录了100例临床询问。只有2/6的交接会议有实习生全程参与。虽然所有人在交接过程中都表现得很积极，但在4月6日和3月6日的交接期间，实习生分别提出了问题，并提供了反馈。直接向充分参与早间交接的实习生提出的临床问题更有可能立即得到回答(96.6%,n = 29 vs. 78.6%,n = 55；P = 0.024)和使用言语切换记忆(50%,n = 15 vs 24.3%,n = 17；p = 0.012)。由于在交接过程中遗漏了患者的过敏信息，发生了一个可忽略不计的伤害事件。结论：充分参与交接的实习生表现出学习能力，更有可能更快地根据记忆对问题做出反应。减少对呼叫后交接过程的参与有可能延迟，从而对患者护理产生负面影响。

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引用次数: 0

The impact of direct consultant-to-consultant referrals on the spinal care pathway: A clinical audit 直接咨询师到咨询师转诊对脊柱护理途径的影响：临床审计。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.05.001

Arnav Barve , Paul McCarroll , Kevin Clesham , Harry Marland , Jake M. McDonnell , Stacey Darwish , Marcus Timlin , Sam Lynch , Seamus Morris , Joseph S. Butler , Keith Synnott

Background

The institution in focus is a tertiary referral centre for all spinal pathology in the country. Traditionally, referrals to this centre have been reviewed by an on-call resident at the referring hospital. However, on May 10, 2023, this changed to a direct consultant-to-consultant referral protocol. This study aims to evaluate the impact of this change in protocol on the spinal care pathway.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted based on patients with spinal pathology referred to the tertiary centre from February 2023 to August 2023. Referrals made using the traditional referral system (‘Before’ from 08/02/2023–09/05/2023) were compared to referrals made through the consultant-led referral system (‘After’ from 10/05/2023–08/08/2023). Parameters such as the number of referrals, number of surgically managed patients, and patients with complete imaging at the time of referral (TOR) were statistically compared between the groups.

Results

There were 31.2 % fewer referrals in the ‘After’ group (223) than in the ‘Before’ group (324). The proportion of patients with complete imaging at TOR increased significantly (67.3 % vs. 81.6 %, p < 0.05). Also, the number of patients who were treated surgically increased significantly (33.3 % vs. 40.4 %, p < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of patients referred for follow-up to the outpatient department (OPD) decreased significantly (5.2 % vs. 0.9 %; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The consultant-to-consultant referral protocol decreased the overall referral numbers, increased the number of patients with complete imaging, increased the surgical yield, and decreased the rates of OPD follow-up. This can be attributed to more efficient consultant-led local decision-making, which fortifies the benefits of this referral protocol.

背景：重点机构是三级转诊中心所有脊柱病理在该国。传统上，转诊到本中心的病人由转诊医院的一名随叫随到的住院医生进行复查。然而，在2023年5月10日，这改为直接咨询师对咨询师的推荐协议。本研究旨在评估这一方案改变对脊柱护理途径的影响。方法：对2023年2月至2023年8月在第三中心就诊的脊柱病理患者进行回顾性分析。使用传统转介系统（208/02/23 -09/05/2023）的转介个案与使用顾问转介系统（208/05/2023 -08/08/2023）的转介个案进行比较。转诊人数、手术处理患者人数、转诊时影像完整的患者（TOR）等参数在两组间进行统计学比较。结果：“治疗后”组（223例）比“治疗前”组（324例）少31.2%。结论：医师对医师的转诊方案减少了总体转诊人数，增加了完整影像的患者数量，提高了手术成功率，降低了OPD随访率。这可归因于更有效的顾问领导的地方决策，这加强了这种转诊协议的好处。

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引用次数: 0

Small bowel obstruction secondary to peritoneal tuberculosis: A case report 腹膜结核继发小肠梗阻1例。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.04.027

Marcus James Renshaw, Pete John Webster

Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) can affect many organ systems, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here, it may manifest as intestinal, peritoneal, hepato-pancreato-biliary TB, or as TB lymphadenitis. We report a case of small bowel obstruction secondary to peritoneal TB deposits in a patient who had previous received BCG vaccination. The patient was managed with emergency laparotomy and received TB treatment post-operatively. This article highlights the innocuous presentation of peritoneal TB and difficulties obtaining a diagnosis. Furthermore, we review the efficacy of the BCG vaccine and remind the reader of the importance of a travel history in the acute abdomen setting.

肺外结核（EPTB）可影响许多器官系统，包括胃肠道。结核可表现为肠结核、腹膜结核、肝-胰-胆道结核或结核淋巴结炎。我们报告一例小肠梗阻继发于腹膜结核沉积的病人谁曾接受过卡介苗接种。患者接受了紧急剖腹手术，并在术后接受了结核病治疗。本文强调腹膜结核的无害表现和难以获得诊断。此外，我们回顾了卡介苗的功效，并提醒读者在急腹症背景下旅行史的重要性。

引用次数: 0

Fit for Purpose: Does radiation personal protective equipment provision match the requirements of our trauma and orthopaedics surgical workforce? 适合用途：放射个人防护设备的供应是否符合创伤和矫形外科工作人员的要求？

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.04.028

Hannah Sevenoaks , Joanna Richards , Sophie Howles , Louise McMenemy , Robyn Brown , Lorraine Murphy , Deepa Bose , David S. Johnson , North West Orthopaedic Research Collaborative , West Midlands Orthopaedic Research Collaborative , Wessex Orthopaedic Learning Forum , Bristol Orthopaedic Registrars Group

Introduction

The use of ionising radiation for fluoroscopic interventions is widespread across many surgical specialities. Employers have a legal responsibility to ensure healthcare workers are appropriately protected from this hazard, with one component of this being provision of radiation personal protective equipment (PPE).

Methods

Independent studies were undertaken across four regions of England in 2023 (North West (NW), Wessex, West Midlands and Severn) in 35 hospital trusts to catalogue and evaluate radiation PPE provision in theatres. Size and appropriateness of radiation PPE for surgeon use (i.e. wrap-around protection and ≥0.25 mm lead weight equivalence (LWE)) was correlated with size requirements of the workforce.

Results

For all radiation PPE in orthopaedic theatres 67.4 % (n = 844/1253) did not meet the standard of providing 0.25 mm LWE wrap around torso protection. Approximately one third (33.9 %) of all surgeons (n = 294/865) in NW, Wessex or West Midlands were unable to access a wrap around gown of size appropriate to them. We found a mismatch in the size of the radiation PPE provision and the size requirements of all surgeons irrespective of gender, which particularly affected those using the larger and smaller sizes of gown.

Conclusions

Provision of radiation PPE for orthopaedic surgeons across four large regions of England is inadequate. We encourage all trusts and surgeons to appraise their current provision.

导读：电离辐射在透视治疗中的应用已广泛应用于许多外科专科。雇主有法律责任确保卫生保健工作者受到适当保护，免受这种危害，其中一个组成部分是提供辐射个人防护设备（PPE）。方法：于2023年在英格兰四个地区（西北（NW），威塞克斯，西米德兰兹和塞文）的35家医院信托基金中进行了独立研究，以编目和评估手术室的辐射PPE供应。外科医生使用的辐射防护用品的尺寸和适当性（即环绕保护和≥0.25 mm铅重当量（LWE））与工作人员的尺寸要求相关。结果：在所有骨科手术室中，67.4% （n = 844/1253）的放射防护用品不符合提供0.25 mm LWE包裹躯干保护的标准。在西北、威塞克斯或西米德兰兹，大约三分之一（33.9%）的外科医生（n = 294/865）无法获得适合他们尺寸的裹身衣。我们发现辐射防护用品的尺寸与所有外科医生的尺寸要求不匹配，而不考虑性别，这尤其影响到那些使用较大和较小尺寸的手术服的人。结论：在英格兰的四个大地区，为骨科医生提供辐射PPE是不够的。我们鼓励所有的信托和外科医生评估他们目前的规定。

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引用次数: 0

List of editors 编辑人员名单

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-16 DOI: 10.1016/S1479-666X(25)00104-0

引用次数: 0

Call Yourself a Surgeon? The use of the title surgeon among non-surgical cosmetic practitioners in the United Kingdom 自称外科医生？头衔外科医生的使用在英国的非手术美容从业人员。

IF 2.3 4区医学 Q2 SURGERY

Surgeon-Journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland

Pub Date : 2025-05-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2025.04.050

James Olding , Rohan Shankarghatta , Bachun Cheema , Nafeesa Hussain , Hassan Hussain , Alessandra Kuhn Dall’Magro , Ashraf Messiha

Background

The global growth in cosmetic procedures has generated ongoing debate around what constitutes a medical procedure. Non-surgical procedures account for the majority of all cosmetic treatments performed, however in many jurisdictions, regulatory frameworks have not kept pace. In the United Kingdom, the term surgeon has partial protection in law in a medical context, being restricted to medical doctors registered with the General Medical Council (GMC). UK law thus permits all medically qualified doctors to call themselves surgeons. This sets up a conflict with multiple Codes of Conduct and Regulatory guidance documents, which set out clear definitions of what constitutes a surgeon.

Methods

We conducted a review of a public database including 350 non-surgical aesthetics doctors, identifying, practitioners presenting as surgeons. Information was checked against the GMC register, and guidance form Advertising Standards Authority Guidance and the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

Results

We found that 62 % of practitioners presenting as surgeons did not meet the identified criteria in regulatory guidance. These consisted in practising surgeons without specialist registration (equivalent to board certification), hair restoration surgery practitioners, and practitioners solely offering non-surgical treatments.

Discussion

Collaborative dialogue across surgical and medical aesthetics sectors is needed to agree accepted terminology in medical and surgical aesthetics practice. This is crucial to both empower patient choice and to allow aesthetics practitioners to meaningfully convey their previous experience and training, which may have been in a surgical setting. Doctors who have not undertaken surgical training should avoid terminology that could confuse patients.

背景：整容手术的全球增长引发了关于什么是医疗程序的持续争论。非手术程序占所有美容治疗的大多数，但在许多司法管辖区，监管框架没有跟上步伐。在联合王国，“外科医生”一词在医疗方面受到法律的部分保护，仅限于在总医学委员会（GMC）注册的医生。因此，英国法律允许所有有医学资格的医生称自己为外科医生。这与多个行为准则和监管指导文件产生了冲突，这些规范和指导文件明确定义了什么是外科医生。方法：我们对一个公共数据库进行了回顾，其中包括350名非手术美学医生，确定从业人员以外科医生的身份出现。这些信息是根据GMC注册、广告标准局指导和英国皇家外科医生学院的指导进行检查的。结果：我们发现62%的医生以外科医生的身份出现，不符合监管指导中确定的标准。这些包括没有专科注册（相当于委员会认证）的执业外科医生、头发修复手术从业员，以及只提供非手术治疗的从业员。讨论：需要在外科和医学美学部门之间进行协作对话，以商定医学和外科美学实践中接受的术语。这对于赋予患者选择权和允许美学从业者有意义地传达他们以前的经验和训练至关重要，这些经验和训练可能是在手术环境中进行的。没有接受过外科训练的医生应避免使用可能混淆患者的术语。

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引用次数: 0