Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106380
Xiang Yao , Hailin Guo , Dandan Li , Junqin Zong , Rui Zhang , Jingbo Chen , Dongli Hao , Xinyong Zhao , Jianxiu Liu , Haoran Wang , Chunjie Li
Soil compaction stress on plants remains widespread despite the presence of various mitigation methods. To address this concern, we conducted a series of studies from 2021 to 2023. Preliminary tests assessed the effects of the combined application of yeast and glucose on the porosity of compacted soil and on turfgrass growth under conditions of soil compaction. In subsequent dose screening studies, two-factor tests were performed to identify the best combination of yeast and glucose doses that enhance soil porosity and promote turfgrass growth under compaction stress. Therewith, we evaluated the effects of the identified best combination of yeast and glucose on plant growth and on physicochemical properties of shallow soil. It was found that the best dose for enhancing turfgrass growth in compacted soil was 200 g of yeast and 200 g of glucose per square meter. This combination significantly improved turf quality by 40 %, reduced soil bulk density by 9.11 %, and enhanced soil nutrition within 28 days. Additionally, notable enhancements in plant growth were observed in coastal saline-alkali lands and alpine meadows. The findings suggest that this innovative microbial-based approach could substantially improve plant growth under soil compaction stress. Furthermore, it proposes that investigating composite microbial inoculants, incorporating cellulose-degrading microbes, could concurrently address crop straw accumulation and extensive soil compaction.
{"title":"Novel approaches for alleviating shallow soil compaction using microbial fertilizers and their beneficial impacts on plant growth and soil physicochemical properties","authors":"Xiang Yao , Hailin Guo , Dandan Li , Junqin Zong , Rui Zhang , Jingbo Chen , Dongli Hao , Xinyong Zhao , Jianxiu Liu , Haoran Wang , Chunjie Li","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil compaction stress on plants remains widespread despite the presence of various mitigation methods. To address this concern, we conducted a series of studies from 2021 to 2023. Preliminary tests assessed the effects of the combined application of yeast and glucose on the porosity of compacted soil and on turfgrass growth under conditions of soil compaction. In subsequent dose screening studies, two-factor tests were performed to identify the best combination of yeast and glucose doses that enhance soil porosity and promote turfgrass growth under compaction stress. Therewith, we evaluated the effects of the identified best combination of yeast and glucose on plant growth and on physicochemical properties of shallow soil. It was found that the best dose for enhancing turfgrass growth in compacted soil was 200 g of yeast and 200 g of glucose per square meter. This combination significantly improved turf quality by 40 %, reduced soil bulk density by 9.11 %, and enhanced soil nutrition within 28 days. Additionally, notable enhancements in plant growth were observed in coastal saline-alkali lands and alpine meadows. The findings suggest that this innovative microbial-based approach could substantially improve plant growth under soil compaction stress. Furthermore, it proposes that investigating composite microbial inoculants, incorporating cellulose-degrading microbes, could concurrently address crop straw accumulation and extensive soil compaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106380"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106366
Lucas Raimundo Rauber , Dalvan José Reinert , Paulo Ivonir Gubiani , Arcângelo Loss
Cover crops (CCs) are fundamental to conservation agriculture. However, the specific effect of different species and consortia of CCs on soil structure still needs to be well understood. In addition, the effect of seasonality on soil structure requires further investigation. Thus, this study aimed to report which species or consortia of CCs improve the structure and infiltration of water in the soil more broadly and whether seasonality influences the physical properties and the infiltration of water of the soil in a no-till area in southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted under a Psammentic Paleudult, involving six treatments: T1 - bare soil with maintenance of the surface crust (BS), as the control condition; T2 - permanent grasses (predominantly Paspalum notatum) (PG); T3 - black oats (Avena strigosa) + forage turnip (Raphanus sativus) in winter, followed by beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) or cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in summer (OT/B); T4 - ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in winter, followed by black beans or pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in summer (Rg/B); T5 - black oats + vetch (Vicia villosa) in winter, followed by black beans or cowpea in summer (OV/B); and T6 - forage peanut (Arachis pintoi) (FP). In 2022, after six years of experiment (medium term), we evaluated soil bulk density and pore size distribution (0–5, 5–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm layers), aggregate stability (0–10 cm layer), water infiltration (with double concentric ring and Cornell infiltrometer), soil moisture (continuous monitoring at a depth of 5 cm) and biomass input. Areas under the PG treatment presented high aggregate stability but decreased macroporosity (especially in 0–20 cm) and water infiltration compared to other treatments with CCs. The FP treatment provided the broadest and most evident benefits in soil structure. Treatments with annual cover crops, especially OT/B, had improvements in soil structure compared to the FP treatment. As biomass above and especially below ground level increased, physical properties improved. In summer, macroporosity was higher (in all layers) and soil moisture lower, which increased the steady infiltration rate by 377 % compared to winter. In conclusion, the species or consortia of CCs and seasonality influence the structure and infiltration of water in an Ultisol under no-till in southern Brazil, and the contribution of biomass from live plants is a major criterion to guide the choice of CCs with great capacity to conserve or regenerate the functionality of the soil structure.
{"title":"Structure and water infiltration in an Ultisol affected by cover crops and seasonality","authors":"Lucas Raimundo Rauber , Dalvan José Reinert , Paulo Ivonir Gubiani , Arcângelo Loss","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cover crops (CCs) are fundamental to conservation agriculture. However, the specific effect of different species and consortia of CCs on soil structure still needs to be well understood. In addition, the effect of seasonality on soil structure requires further investigation. Thus, this study aimed to report which species or consortia of CCs improve the structure and infiltration of water in the soil more broadly and whether seasonality influences the physical properties and the infiltration of water of the soil in a no-till area in southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted under a Psammentic Paleudult, involving six treatments: T1 - bare soil with maintenance of the surface crust (BS), as the control condition; T2 - permanent grasses (predominantly <em>Paspalum notatum</em>) (PG); T3 - black oats (<em>Avena strigosa</em>) + forage turnip (<em>Raphanus sativus</em>) in winter, followed by beans (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) or cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em>) in summer (OT/B); T4 - ryegrass (<em>Lolium multiflorum</em>) in winter, followed by black beans or pigeon pea (<em>Cajanus cajan</em>) in summer (Rg/B); T5 - black oats + vetch (<em>Vicia villosa</em>) in winter, followed by black beans or cowpea in summer (OV/B); and T6 - forage peanut (<em>Arachis pintoi</em>) (FP). In 2022, after six years of experiment (medium term), we evaluated soil bulk density and pore size distribution (0–5, 5–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm layers), aggregate stability (0–10 cm layer), water infiltration (with double concentric ring and Cornell infiltrometer), soil moisture (continuous monitoring at a depth of 5 cm) and biomass input. Areas under the PG treatment presented high aggregate stability but decreased macroporosity (especially in 0–20 cm) and water infiltration compared to other treatments with CCs. The FP treatment provided the broadest and most evident benefits in soil structure. Treatments with annual cover crops, especially OT/B, had improvements in soil structure compared to the FP treatment. As biomass above and especially below ground level increased, physical properties improved. In summer, macroporosity was higher (in all layers) and soil moisture lower, which increased the steady infiltration rate by 377 % compared to winter. In conclusion, the species or consortia of CCs and seasonality influence the structure and infiltration of water in an Ultisol under no-till in southern Brazil, and the contribution of biomass from live plants is a major criterion to guide the choice of CCs with great capacity to conserve or regenerate the functionality of the soil structure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106366"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142703039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106375
Runze Zhang , Jiaxing Xu , Panxin Zhang , Yan Han , Changlu Hu , Victor Sadras , Xueyun Yang , Shulan Zhang
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Combined measurement of roots, δ18O and δ2H, and a Bayesian mixed model capture the soil profiles of wheat water uptake in a deep loamy soil” [Soil Tillage Res. 246 (2025) 106359]","authors":"Runze Zhang , Jiaxing Xu , Panxin Zhang , Yan Han , Changlu Hu , Victor Sadras , Xueyun Yang , Shulan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106375","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106375","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 106375"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106364
Yonglei Jiang , Kaiyuan Gu , Luyao Song , Cunzhi Zhang , Jiahong Liu , Haiyan Chu , Teng Yang
Soil microbiome network structure is highly related to nutrient cycling and crop growth in agroecosystems. However, how agricultural practices influence soil microbial network structure and interact with co-varying soil properties, crop yield, and other microbial properties is still unclear. In the present study, soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass and enzyme activity, and agronomic traits of tobacco were measured across seven fertilization treatments (Conventional Fertilization [CF], Incremental Fertilization [IF] 10 %, Reduced Fertilization [RF] 10 %, RF 20 %, CF combined with Rice Straw [CF + RS], RF 10 % combined with Green Manure [RF 10 % + GM], and No Fertilization [NF]) and two cropping treatments (continuous tobacco and corn-tobacco rotation). Microbial diversity and network structure were also characterized using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and network analysis. According to the results, cropping and fertilization treatments significantly affected twelve soil physicochemical properties and thirteen microbial properties. Among the microbial properties, the proportion of module hubs was most strongly correlated with tobacco yield (Pearson r = 0.613). Soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil bacterial richness and module hubs constituted the best combination of variables that cumulatively explained 63.1 % of the variation in tobacco yield, among which module hubs individually explained 18.5 % of the variation in yield. Furthermore, the piecewise structural equation model showed that module hubs in microbial network were significantly affected by agricultural practices, and they indirectly drove tobacco yield by regulating soil properties. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that microbial properties (particularly network-associated keystone species) can mediate the effects of soil properties on crop yield, although the main influence or limiting factor for yield is still soil properties.
{"title":"Fertilization and rotation enhance tobacco yield by regulating soil physicochemical and microbial properties","authors":"Yonglei Jiang , Kaiyuan Gu , Luyao Song , Cunzhi Zhang , Jiahong Liu , Haiyan Chu , Teng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106364","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106364","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil microbiome network structure is highly related to nutrient cycling and crop growth in agroecosystems. However, how agricultural practices influence soil microbial network structure and interact with co-varying soil properties, crop yield, and other microbial properties is still unclear. In the present study, soil physicochemical properties, microbial biomass and enzyme activity, and agronomic traits of tobacco were measured across seven fertilization treatments (Conventional Fertilization [CF], Incremental Fertilization [IF] 10 %, Reduced Fertilization [RF] 10 %, RF 20 %, CF combined with Rice Straw [CF + RS], RF 10 % combined with Green Manure [RF 10 % + GM], and No Fertilization [NF]) and two cropping treatments (continuous tobacco and corn-tobacco rotation). Microbial diversity and network structure were also characterized using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and network analysis. According to the results, cropping and fertilization treatments significantly affected twelve soil physicochemical properties and thirteen microbial properties. Among the microbial properties, the proportion of module hubs was most strongly correlated with tobacco yield (Pearson r = 0.613). Soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil bacterial richness and module hubs constituted the best combination of variables that cumulatively explained 63.1 % of the variation in tobacco yield, among which module hubs individually explained 18.5 % of the variation in yield. Furthermore, the piecewise structural equation model showed that module hubs in microbial network were significantly affected by agricultural practices, and they indirectly drove tobacco yield by regulating soil properties. Overall, the results of the present study suggest that microbial properties (particularly network-associated keystone species) can mediate the effects of soil properties on crop yield, although the main influence or limiting factor for yield is still soil properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106364"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142722631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106365
Xiaomai Yuan , Guichen Ban , Yibao Luo , Jinrong Wang , Dingjiao Peng , Run Liang , Tieguang He , Ziting Wang
Biochar offers environmental benefits, such as enhanced soil aggregation and carbon sequestration. However, its effect on soil aggregation and organic carbon and nitrogen sequestration across soil textures remains unclear. In this systematic review, the results of 534 experiments reported in 100 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed. The results show that biochar addition enhances macroaggregate formation, improves aggregate water stability, and enriches organic carbon and nitrogen in different-sized aggregates compared with un-amended controls. When comparing clay and loam soils to biochar, clay soils respond more effectively to biochar than did loam soils. Specifically, the size distribution of clay aggregates responded to biochar input, whereas the organic carbon within different-sized aggregates of loam soil significantly increased. The benefits of biochar are attributed to the reduction in clay bulk density (−10.9 %) and the increase in microbial biomass carbon (+32.4 %), as well as enhanced organic matter input from plant biomass (+28.3 %) in loam. Long-term experiments (> 3 yr) revealed more macroaggregate-associated organic carbon in both loam and clay soils. Based on the results of this assessment, the optimal application conditions of biochar in loam and clay soils are as follows: in loam soils with initial organic carbon levels of 5–10 g·kg−1, biochar should be applied at a rate of 10–20 t·ha−1 to maximize large macroaggregate formation; in clay soils, an application rate of 20–40 t·ha−1 of biochar is recommended. Overall, biochar improves aggregate stability and carbon and nitrogen contents, with distinct responses in clay and loam soils.
{"title":"Biochar effects on aggregation and carbon-nitrogen retention in different-sized aggregates of clay and loam soils: A meta-analysis","authors":"Xiaomai Yuan , Guichen Ban , Yibao Luo , Jinrong Wang , Dingjiao Peng , Run Liang , Tieguang He , Ziting Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar offers environmental benefits, such as enhanced soil aggregation and carbon sequestration. However, its effect on soil aggregation and organic carbon and nitrogen sequestration across soil textures remains unclear. In this systematic review, the results of 534 experiments reported in 100 peer-reviewed articles were analyzed. The results show that biochar addition enhances macroaggregate formation, improves aggregate water stability, and enriches organic carbon and nitrogen in different-sized aggregates compared with un-amended controls. When comparing clay and loam soils to biochar, clay soils respond more effectively to biochar than did loam soils. Specifically, the size distribution of clay aggregates responded to biochar input, whereas the organic carbon within different-sized aggregates of loam soil significantly increased. The benefits of biochar are attributed to the reduction in clay bulk density (−10.9 %) and the increase in microbial biomass carbon (+32.4 %), as well as enhanced organic matter input from plant biomass (+28.3 %) in loam. Long-term experiments (> 3 yr) revealed more macroaggregate-associated organic carbon in both loam and clay soils. Based on the results of this assessment, the optimal application conditions of biochar in loam and clay soils are as follows: in loam soils with initial organic carbon levels of 5–10 g·kg<sup>−1</sup>, biochar should be applied at a rate of 10–20 t·ha<sup>−1</sup> to maximize large macroaggregate formation; in clay soils, an application rate of 20–40 t·ha<sup>−1</sup> of biochar is recommended. Overall, biochar improves aggregate stability and carbon and nitrogen contents, with distinct responses in clay and loam soils.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106365"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106363
Wenguang Li , Fan Shi , Shusheng Yi , Tianyu Feng , Wei Zheng , Bingnian Zhai , Fenglian Lv
Nitrogen (N) leaching as the major N loss pathway in intensive agricultural systems. However, a comprehensive evaluation for the effects of organic fertilizer substitution on nitrate residue and leaching losses during the fallow season is not available in winter wheat-summer fallow rotation system. The present dryland wheat fertilization experiment conducted from 2014−2019 adopted a split-plot design, with manure dosage (i.e., M0; NPK group and M1; MNPK group) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer dosage as the subplot (i.e., N0, N75, N150, N225, N300). In short, the peaks of NO3− in the 0−200 cm profile gradually move toward the deep soil layer with increasing years of fertilization, and the number of peaks also gradually increases. Increasing the N rate always leads to a sharp increase in nitrate residue in the 0−200 cm profile at the harvest stage (HNR) and sowing stage (SNR) and results in a large amount of nitrate leaching loss (ΔNR) during the summer fallow season, especially when the N rate was> 150 kg ha−1. Compared to NPK, MNPK significantly increased SNR and ΔNR by 38.1 % and 171 %, respectively, but decreased HNR by 36.2 %. ΔNR was positively related to fallow season precipitation and soil water storage changes during the fallow season in the 0–200 cm profile. When the N rate was> 150 kg ha−1, the growth rate of grain yield slowed down or even decreased, and the annual average yields of N75, N150, N225, and N300 were 36.3 %, 51.5 %, 55.4 %, and 47.6 % higher than that of N0, respectively. The average grain yield of MNPK was 13.9 % higher than that of NPK. Therefore, manure combined with 150 kg ha−1 N fertilizer is the best fertilization strategy to ensure high productivity of dryland wheat, control nitrate residue, and reduce nitrate leaching loss during the summer fallow season. This results provided valuable information for the application prospect of N fertilizer reduction combined with manure in dryland agriculture.
{"title":"Effects of combined nitrogen and manure management on yield and nitrate dynamics in winter wheat-summer fallow rotation system","authors":"Wenguang Li , Fan Shi , Shusheng Yi , Tianyu Feng , Wei Zheng , Bingnian Zhai , Fenglian Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106363","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106363","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen (N) leaching as the major N loss pathway in intensive agricultural systems. However, a comprehensive evaluation for the effects of organic fertilizer substitution on nitrate residue and leaching losses during the fallow season is not available in winter wheat-summer fallow rotation system. The present dryland wheat fertilization experiment conducted from 2014−2019 adopted a split-plot design, with manure dosage (i.e., M<sub>0</sub>; NPK group and M<sub>1</sub>; MNPK group) as the main plots and nitrogen fertilizer dosage as the subplot (i.e., N<sub>0</sub>, N<sub>75</sub>, N<sub>150</sub>, N<sub>225</sub>, N<sub>300</sub>). In short, the peaks of NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> in the 0−200 cm profile gradually move toward the deep soil layer with increasing years of fertilization, and the number of peaks also gradually increases. Increasing the N rate always leads to a sharp increase in nitrate residue in the 0−200 cm profile at the harvest stage (HNR) and sowing stage (SNR) and results in a large amount of nitrate leaching loss (ΔNR) during the summer fallow season, especially when the N rate was> 150 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. Compared to NPK, MNPK significantly increased SNR and ΔNR by 38.1 % and 171 %, respectively, but decreased HNR by 36.2 %. ΔNR was positively related to fallow season precipitation and soil water storage changes during the fallow season in the 0–200 cm profile. When the N rate was> 150 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>, the growth rate of grain yield slowed down or even decreased, and the annual average yields of N<sub>75</sub>, N<sub>150</sub>, N<sub>225</sub>, and N<sub>300</sub> were 36.3 %, 51.5 %, 55.4 %, and 47.6 % higher than that of N<sub>0</sub>, respectively. The average grain yield of MNPK was 13.9 % higher than that of NPK. Therefore, manure combined with 150 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> N fertilizer is the best fertilization strategy to ensure high productivity of dryland wheat, control nitrate residue, and reduce nitrate leaching loss during the summer fallow season. This results provided valuable information for the application prospect of N fertilizer reduction combined with manure in dryland agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106363"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142702148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106367
Yuxin Cheng , Donghao Ma , JunNing Zhao , Qingpu Zhang , Xuran Li , Yingjie Zhao , Wenjuan Zheng , Bin Zhang , Zhipeng Liu
Biochar (BC) has gained worldwide attention as a soil amendment to improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, long-term field data are still lacking to evaluate the effectiveness of BC application in increasing crop yield under various specific site conditions. A 7-year field experiment of BC application with consecutive corn-wheat rotations was carried out in a semi-humid region in the HuangHuaiHai Plain in north China. Straw-derived BC was mixed with the sandy loam soil in 9 m2 (3 m × 3 m) plots to a depth of 20 cm with the application rates (w/w) of 0 t ha−1, 12 t ha−1, 24 t ha−1, 36 t ha−1, 48 t ha −1, and 60 t ha −1, respectively. Physiological indexes, e.g. plant height, spike number, number of ears, spike length, straw dry matter and root dry matter, and the crop yield, i.e. 1000-grain weight, and grain yield, were measured for each growing season under different BC treatments. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected 4 years after BC application. Laboratory measurements were conducted to determine soil properties, such as bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), aggregate size distribution, soil water retention characteristics, pore size distribution, and soil nutrient contents under different BC treatments. The results showed that plant physiological indexes and grain yield of both corn and wheat were not significantly affected by BC application, being independent of the application rate, climate variation and time. Besides, the BC application significantly improved soil physio-chemical properties, indicated by increases in soil macro-aggregate, aggregate stability, Ks, plant available water capacity and soil available nutrients. The long-term field results demonstrate that the soil fertility improved by BC application may not always lead to significant increase in crop yield. Apart from soil properties, genetic merits of the specific crop cultivar and field managements of irrigation and fertilization could be the dominating factors affecting crop growth and yield under particular soil type and climate conditions. Thus, applying BC as a soil amendment to improve crop yield should be approached with comprehensive consideration of the local environmental conditions, crop cultivars and field managements.
生物炭（BC）作为一种土壤改良剂，在提高土壤肥力和作物产量方面受到了全世界的关注。然而，目前仍缺乏长期的田间数据来评估在各种特定条件下施用生物炭提高作物产量的效果。我们在华北黄淮海平原的半湿润地区开展了一项为期 7 年的萃取物施用与玉米-小麦连作的田间试验。在 9 m2（3 m × 3 m）的地块中，将秸秆衍生的 BC 与沙壤土混合，深度为 20 cm，施用量（w/w）分别为 0 t ha-1、12 t ha-1、24 t ha-1、36 t ha-1、48 t ha -1 和 60 t ha-1。在不同的 BC 处理下，每个生长季都测量了生理指标，如株高、穗数、穗粒数、穗长、秸秆干物质和根干物质，以及作物产量，即 1000 粒重和谷物产量。在施用碱性催化还原剂 4 年后，收集了扰动和未扰动土壤样本。实验室测量测定了不同 BC 处理下的土壤特性，如容重、饱和导水率 (Ks)、集料粒径分布、土壤保水特性、孔径分布和土壤养分含量。结果表明，施用萃取物对玉米和小麦的植株生理指标和谷物产量影响不大，且与施用量、气候变异和时间无关。此外，萃取物的施用明显改善了土壤理化性质，表现为土壤宏观团粒结构、团粒稳定性、Ks、植物可用水量和土壤可利用养分的增加。长期的田间结果表明，施用萃取物改善土壤肥力并不一定能显著提高作物产量。在特定的土壤类型和气候条件下，除土壤特性外，特定作物栽培品种的遗传优势以及灌溉和施肥的田间管理可能是影响作物生长和产量的主要因素。因此，在应用萃取物作为土壤改良剂以提高作物产量时，应综合考虑当地的环境条件、作物栽培和田间管理。
{"title":"Biochar application does not improve crop growth and yield in a semi-humid region in the HuangHuaiHai Plain of China: A 7-year consecutive field experiment","authors":"Yuxin Cheng , Donghao Ma , JunNing Zhao , Qingpu Zhang , Xuran Li , Yingjie Zhao , Wenjuan Zheng , Bin Zhang , Zhipeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106367","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106367","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar (BC) has gained worldwide attention as a soil amendment to improve soil fertility and crop yield. However, long-term field data are still lacking to evaluate the effectiveness of BC application in increasing crop yield under various specific site conditions. A 7-year field experiment of BC application with consecutive corn-wheat rotations was carried out in a semi-humid region in the HuangHuaiHai Plain in north China. Straw-derived BC was mixed with the sandy loam soil in 9 m<sup>2</sup> (3 m × 3 m) plots to a depth of 20 cm with the application rates (w/w) of 0 t ha<sup>−1</sup>, 12 t ha<sup>−1</sup>, 24 t ha<sup>−1</sup>, 36 t ha<sup>−1</sup>, 48 t ha <sup>−1</sup>, and 60 t ha <sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Physiological indexes, e.g. plant height, spike number, number of ears, spike length, straw dry matter and root dry matter, and the crop yield, i.e. 1000-grain weight, and grain yield, were measured for each growing season under different BC treatments. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected 4 years after BC application. Laboratory measurements were conducted to determine soil properties, such as bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity (<em>K</em><sub><em>s</em></sub>), aggregate size distribution, soil water retention characteristics, pore size distribution, and soil nutrient contents under different BC treatments. The results showed that plant physiological indexes and grain yield of both corn and wheat were not significantly affected by BC application, being independent of the application rate, climate variation and time. Besides, the BC application significantly improved soil physio-chemical properties, indicated by increases in soil macro-aggregate, aggregate stability, <em>K</em><sub><em>s</em></sub>, plant available water capacity and soil available nutrients. The long-term field results demonstrate that the soil fertility improved by BC application may not always lead to significant increase in crop yield. Apart from soil properties, genetic merits of the specific crop cultivar and field managements of irrigation and fertilization could be the dominating factors affecting crop growth and yield under particular soil type and climate conditions. Thus, applying BC as a soil amendment to improve crop yield should be approached with comprehensive consideration of the local environmental conditions, crop cultivars and field managements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106367"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106371
Bharat Rattan , Manu Shankar , Ankit Garg , Lingaraj Sahoo , Sreeja Pekkat , Sreedeep S
Water deficiency caused by climate change is a global challenge for food security. Viable sustainable alternatives for enhancing water storage in the soil is a necessity for arid and drought prone regions. Water-absorbing polymer (WAP) is capable of improving the water storage in soil pores, and its efficacy can be ascertained by evaluating the resilience of plants towards wilting. The main objective of this study was field demonstration on the usefulness of fly ash-based WAP (FA-WAP) in prolonging wilting and plant survival time of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and radish (Raphanus sativus) in a silt loam. This was achieved by following a novel methodology for determining plant permanent wilting point (PWP) by integrating both soil response (suction) and plant response (stomatal conductance and photosynthetic yield), as against the common practice of considering a reference negative water potential (or soil suction) value of 1500 kPa. Using the proposed methodology, the PWP was 1300 kPa and 1150 kPa for beans and radish, respectively. The measured soil water retention curves (SWRC) demonstrated higher water availability in the WAP-amended soil compared to the control soil for both plant species, thereby prolonging plant survival time. The presence of WAP positively influenced the plant biochemical parameters (such as H2O2, MDA, proline, CHL A+B) under water deficit conditions. The WAP amendment resulted in 2.3 and 1.4 times crop yield for beans and radish, respectively, compared to the unamended soil. The use of FA-WAP has a high potential to reduce the irrigation water demand without compromising the yield of two vegetable species considered in this study.
{"title":"A field study integrating plant physiology-soil response for quantifying wilting and plant survival time in a polymer-amended soil","authors":"Bharat Rattan , Manu Shankar , Ankit Garg , Lingaraj Sahoo , Sreeja Pekkat , Sreedeep S","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106371","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106371","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water deficiency caused by climate change is a global challenge for food security. Viable sustainable alternatives for enhancing water storage in the soil is a necessity for arid and drought prone regions. Water-absorbing polymer (WAP) is capable of improving the water storage in soil pores, and its efficacy can be ascertained by evaluating the resilience of plants towards wilting. The main objective of this study was field demonstration on the usefulness of fly ash-based WAP (FA-WAP) in prolonging wilting and plant survival time of beans (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) and radish (<em>Raphanus sativus</em>) in a silt loam. This was achieved by following a novel methodology for determining plant permanent wilting point (PWP) by integrating both soil response (suction) and plant response (stomatal conductance and photosynthetic yield), as against the common practice of considering a reference negative water potential (or soil suction) value of 1500 kPa. Using the proposed methodology, the PWP was 1300 kPa and 1150 kPa for beans and radish, respectively. The measured soil water retention curves (SWRC) demonstrated higher water availability in the WAP-amended soil compared to the control soil for both plant species, thereby prolonging plant survival time. The presence of WAP positively influenced the plant biochemical parameters (such as H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, MDA, proline, CHL A+B) under water deficit conditions. The WAP amendment resulted in 2.3 and 1.4 times crop yield for beans and radish, respectively, compared to the unamended soil. The use of FA-WAP has a high potential to reduce the irrigation water demand without compromising the yield of two vegetable species considered in this study.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106371"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fertilization practices are vital for agricultural productivity and soil health. However, the impact of long-term organic and inorganic fertilization on pore structure and related functions in paddy soil is still under-explored. In this study, macroaggregates approximately 5 mm in diameter were collected from a 20-year long-term experiment with no fertilization (CK), and those treated with chemical fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer (RS), and a combination of both (RS+NPK). The pore structure of these macroaggregates was examined using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray tomography, alongside a pore network model and skeleton analysis. The soil functions concerning the pore structure at the aggregate scale were assessed through their physical and topological properties. Results indicated that the pore structure of the macroaggregates responded differently to organic versus inorganic fertilization. Specifically, the application of NPK significantly reduced the connected porosity, accessibility, and network complexity within the macroaggregates, whereas the opposite effects were observed with the RS treatment. Connectivity analysis showed that the critical pores in CK, NPK, and RS+NPK treatments originated from plant roots, while those in the RS treatment were likely formed through the decomposition of rice straw. Compared to CK, the NPK treatment exhibited fewer channels with high hydraulic conductance, indicating impaired transportability of water and nutrients under saturated conditions, while the opposite was true for the RS treatments. Furthermore, skeleton analysis highlighted that the NPK treatment has fewer paths for preferential and capillary flow compared to CK, indicating reduced accessibility of air, water, and nutrients under unsaturated conditions. These findings are essential for understanding the changes in soil functions related to pore structure following organic and inorganic fertilizer applications and for optimizing fertilization strategies to preserve soil structure and health.
施肥对农业生产率和土壤健康至关重要。然而，长期有机和无机施肥对水稻土孔隙结构和相关功能的影响仍未得到充分研究。本研究从一项为期 20 年的长期实验中收集了直径约 5 毫米的大团聚体，实验中未施肥（CK），施化肥（NPK）、有机肥（RS）和两者结合（RS+NPK）。利用基于同步辐射的 X 射线断层扫描技术，结合孔隙网络模型和骨架分析，对这些大集聚物的孔隙结构进行了研究。通过其物理和拓扑特性评估了有关骨料尺度孔隙结构的土壤功能。结果表明，大团聚体的孔隙结构对有机肥和无机肥的反应不同。具体来说，施用氮磷钾会显著降低大集料内部的连通孔隙度、可及性和网络复杂性，而施用 RS 则会产生相反的效果。连通性分析表明，CK、NPK 和 RS+NPK 处理中的临界孔隙源自植物根系，而 RS 处理中的临界孔隙可能是通过分解稻草形成的。与 CK 处理相比，NPK 处理的高水导率通道较少，这表明在饱和条件下水分和养分的输送能力受损，而 RS 处理的情况恰恰相反。此外，骨架分析显示，与 CK 相比，NPK 处理的优先流和毛细管流路径较少，表明在非饱和条件下空气、水和养分的可及性降低。这些发现对于了解施用有机肥和无机肥后与孔隙结构相关的土壤功能变化以及优化施肥策略以保护土壤结构和健康至关重要。
{"title":"Configuration of pore structure and related functions in macroaggregates following long-term organic and inorganic fertilization","authors":"Xiuling Yu , Xiaomin Zhang , Sibo Zhan , Shenggao Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106368","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106368","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fertilization practices are vital for agricultural productivity and soil health. However, the impact of long-term organic and inorganic fertilization on pore structure and related functions in paddy soil is still under-explored. In this study, macroaggregates approximately 5 mm in diameter were collected from a 20-year long-term experiment with no fertilization (CK), and those treated with chemical fertilizer (NPK), organic fertilizer (RS), and a combination of both (RS+NPK). The pore structure of these macroaggregates was examined using synchrotron radiation-based X-ray tomography, alongside a pore network model and skeleton analysis. The soil functions concerning the pore structure at the aggregate scale were assessed through their physical and topological properties. Results indicated that the pore structure of the macroaggregates responded differently to organic versus inorganic fertilization. Specifically, the application of NPK significantly reduced the connected porosity, accessibility, and network complexity within the macroaggregates, whereas the opposite effects were observed with the RS treatment. Connectivity analysis showed that the critical pores in CK, NPK, and RS+NPK treatments originated from plant roots, while those in the RS treatment were likely formed through the decomposition of rice straw. Compared to CK, the NPK treatment exhibited fewer channels with high hydraulic conductance, indicating impaired transportability of water and nutrients under saturated conditions, while the opposite was true for the RS treatments. Furthermore, skeleton analysis highlighted that the NPK treatment has fewer paths for preferential and capillary flow compared to CK, indicating reduced accessibility of air, water, and nutrients under unsaturated conditions. These findings are essential for understanding the changes in soil functions related to pore structure following organic and inorganic fertilizer applications and for optimizing fertilization strategies to preserve soil structure and health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106368"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142701665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<div><div>Carbon farming has been recently proposed as an effective measure for climate change mitigation through carbon (C) sequestration or C emissions reduction. In order to identify and estimate the climate change mitigation potential of carbon farming practices on European croplands we conduct a systematic review on both relative and absolute annual soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change (ΔSOC<sub>REL;</sub> ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub>) related to single and combined agroecological practices tested on mineral soils at a minimum of 0–30 cm and up to 150 cm soil depth whenever data were available. We used the term ΔSOC<sub>REL</sub> for SOC stock changes determined by the paired comparison method and the term ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> for those calculated using the SOC stock difference method. We compiled a dataset with more than 700 records on SOC change rates representing 12 carbon farming practices. Mean ΔSOC<sub>REL</sub> in Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> at 0–30 cm soil depth were collected for cover crops (0.40 ± 0.32), organic amendments (0.52 ± 0.47 and 0.38 ± 0.37 when the control is respectively unfertilized or liquid organic amendment), crop residue maintenance (0.14 ± 0.06), improved rotations (0.21 ± 0.16), reduced soil disturbance (0.24 ± 0.34), silvoarable systems (0.21 ± 0.08), organic (0.9 Mg ± 0.25) and conservation management (0.78 ± 0.62), set-aside (0.75 ± 0.68 and −0.39 ± 0.50 when the control is respectively cropland or pasture/grassland), cropland conversion into permanent grassland (0.79 ± 0.47), poplar plantations (0.25 ± 0.68 and −0.85 ± 0.53 when established on cropland or pasture/grassland). SOC sequestration was detected only for organic amendments, cover crops, poplar plantations, conservation management, organic management, and combined carbon farming practices for which we estimated a median ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> ranging between 0.32 and 0.96 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> at 0–30 cm. The ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> observed at 0–30 cm soil depth from cropland conversion into short rotation forestry resulted in an increase of C, while negative values were observed when the control was grassland. Cropland conversion into permanent grassland or pasture showed positive ΔSOC<sub>REL</sub> at 0–30 and 0–90 and 0–100 cm soil depth. Reduced soil disturbance full soil profile assessment at 0–50 cm soil depth completely counterweighted any SOC stock increase found in topsoil at 0–30 and 0–40 cm soil depth, therefore resulting in no net climate benefit. Conservation management, organic management, and combining cover crops with organic amendments are the most effective strategies shifting arable land from C source to net sink, with median ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> at 0–30 cm soil depth of 0.63, 0.91 and 0.96 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Permanent grasslands and pastures were negatively affected by any type of land-use change, at least in topsoil. Natural ecological successions after cropland abandonment (20-year set-asid
{"title":"Carbon farming practices for European cropland: A review on the effect on soil organic carbon","authors":"Tashina Petersson , Gabriele Antoniella , Lucia Perugini , Maria Vincenza Chiriacò , Tommaso Chiti","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106353","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106353","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon farming has been recently proposed as an effective measure for climate change mitigation through carbon (C) sequestration or C emissions reduction. In order to identify and estimate the climate change mitigation potential of carbon farming practices on European croplands we conduct a systematic review on both relative and absolute annual soil organic carbon (SOC) stock change (ΔSOC<sub>REL;</sub> ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub>) related to single and combined agroecological practices tested on mineral soils at a minimum of 0–30 cm and up to 150 cm soil depth whenever data were available. We used the term ΔSOC<sub>REL</sub> for SOC stock changes determined by the paired comparison method and the term ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> for those calculated using the SOC stock difference method. We compiled a dataset with more than 700 records on SOC change rates representing 12 carbon farming practices. Mean ΔSOC<sub>REL</sub> in Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> at 0–30 cm soil depth were collected for cover crops (0.40 ± 0.32), organic amendments (0.52 ± 0.47 and 0.38 ± 0.37 when the control is respectively unfertilized or liquid organic amendment), crop residue maintenance (0.14 ± 0.06), improved rotations (0.21 ± 0.16), reduced soil disturbance (0.24 ± 0.34), silvoarable systems (0.21 ± 0.08), organic (0.9 Mg ± 0.25) and conservation management (0.78 ± 0.62), set-aside (0.75 ± 0.68 and −0.39 ± 0.50 when the control is respectively cropland or pasture/grassland), cropland conversion into permanent grassland (0.79 ± 0.47), poplar plantations (0.25 ± 0.68 and −0.85 ± 0.53 when established on cropland or pasture/grassland). SOC sequestration was detected only for organic amendments, cover crops, poplar plantations, conservation management, organic management, and combined carbon farming practices for which we estimated a median ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> ranging between 0.32 and 0.96 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> at 0–30 cm. The ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> observed at 0–30 cm soil depth from cropland conversion into short rotation forestry resulted in an increase of C, while negative values were observed when the control was grassland. Cropland conversion into permanent grassland or pasture showed positive ΔSOC<sub>REL</sub> at 0–30 and 0–90 and 0–100 cm soil depth. Reduced soil disturbance full soil profile assessment at 0–50 cm soil depth completely counterweighted any SOC stock increase found in topsoil at 0–30 and 0–40 cm soil depth, therefore resulting in no net climate benefit. Conservation management, organic management, and combining cover crops with organic amendments are the most effective strategies shifting arable land from C source to net sink, with median ΔSOC<sub>ABS</sub> at 0–30 cm soil depth of 0.63, 0.91 and 0.96 Mg C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. Permanent grasslands and pastures were negatively affected by any type of land-use change, at least in topsoil. Natural ecological successions after cropland abandonment (20-year set-asid","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 106353"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142691181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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