Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106312
S. Kulju , J. Ala-Ilomäki
An integration soil contact model and a modular terramechanics simulator VieteriSim for vehicles running on wheels and tracks were developed. The presented computational method extends the soil contact model by introducing a user defined pressure-sinkage relationship according to a theoretical function or an experimental data set, a numerical integration of pressure over a contact area with a desired resolution and vector based rolling resistance coefficient calculation. The convergence of the model and the capability of the computational method are demonstrated by simulating a cut-to-length timber forwarder running on a soft terrain with and without bogie tracks.
{"title":"Integration soil contact model – A flexible pressure-sinkage method for simulating low speed vehicles with wheels and tracks","authors":"S. Kulju , J. Ala-Ilomäki","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An integration soil contact model and a modular terramechanics simulator VieteriSim for vehicles running on wheels and tracks were developed. The presented computational method extends the soil contact model by introducing a user defined pressure-sinkage relationship according to a theoretical function or an experimental data set, a numerical integration of pressure over a contact area with a desired resolution and vector based rolling resistance coefficient calculation. The convergence of the model and the capability of the computational method are demonstrated by simulating a cut-to-length timber forwarder running on a soft terrain with and without bogie tracks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 106312"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142444648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite the heightened contribution of soil erosion to soil degradation in the Sahel, its impact, particularly topsoil loss, on crop productivity remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of simulated erosion by removing topsoil on the grain yield of pearl millet in the Sahel. Three-year field experiments conducted on an Arenosol in Niger examined different levels of topsoil removal (0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 cm) and fertilization (unfertilized and fertilized) on the grain yield of pearl millet. Results showed that topsoil removal of 2.5 cm or more significantly reduced grain yield, with effects projected to become apparent in 5–6 years based on erosion rates previously reported. Under normal rainfall conditions in the first and third years, 2.5-cm topsoil removal under unfertilized conditions resulted in a yield reduction of 37 % cm⁻¹, surpassing the values reported in other humid to semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Conversely, the grain yield remained unaffected following a 1-cm topsoil removal. Fertilizer application compensated for the grain yield loss in the plots of 2.5- and 5.0-cm topsoil removal but not effectively in the 10-cm removal plot. In conclusion, the loss of the thin Ap horizon markedly reduced plant-available water and nutrients in soils, leading to a decreased grain yield of pearl millet in the Sahel. Given the Ap horizon thinness and soil erosion prevalence in the Sahel, recognizing the topsoil loss in the early stages of soil erosion and implementing countermeasures are imperative to avoid a sharp decline in grain yield.
{"title":"Pearl millet yield reduction by soil erosion and its recovery potential through fertilizer application on an Arenosol in the Sahel","authors":"Tomohiro Nishigaki , Kenta Ikazaki , Hitoshi Shinjo , Ueru Tanaka , Dougbedji Fatondji , Shinya Funakawa","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106324","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106324","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite the heightened contribution of soil erosion to soil degradation in the Sahel, its impact, particularly topsoil loss, on crop productivity remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of simulated erosion by removing topsoil on the grain yield of pearl millet in the Sahel. Three-year field experiments conducted on an Arenosol in Niger examined different levels of topsoil removal (0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 cm) and fertilization (unfertilized and fertilized) on the grain yield of pearl millet. Results showed that topsoil removal of 2.5 cm or more significantly reduced grain yield, with effects projected to become apparent in 5–6 years based on erosion rates previously reported. Under normal rainfall conditions in the first and third years, 2.5-cm topsoil removal under unfertilized conditions resulted in a yield reduction of 37 % cm⁻¹, surpassing the values reported in other humid to semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Conversely, the grain yield remained unaffected following a 1-cm topsoil removal. Fertilizer application compensated for the grain yield loss in the plots of 2.5- and 5.0-cm topsoil removal but not effectively in the 10-cm removal plot. In conclusion, the loss of the thin Ap horizon markedly reduced plant-available water and nutrients in soils, leading to a decreased grain yield of pearl millet in the Sahel. Given the Ap horizon thinness and soil erosion prevalence in the Sahel, recognizing the topsoil loss in the early stages of soil erosion and implementing countermeasures are imperative to avoid a sharp decline in grain yield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 106324"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-15DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106326
Baiyang Song , Dai Nakamura , Takayuki Kawaguchi , Shunzo Kawajiri , Dahu Rui
This study investigates the reinforcement effect of Kentucky bluegrass roots on slope soil under freeze-thaw conditions, with a focus on the Hokkaido region of Japan. Using direct shear tests combined with X-ray CT scanning, we analyzed the impact of root parameters (such as root mass and volume) on the shear strength of root-soil composites. The results revealed that freeze-thaw cycle did not cause significant root breakage or diminish the root system's ability to stabilize the soil compared to non-freeze-thaw conditions. Root-soil samples demonstrated notable ductility during shear deformation, with shear stress continuing to increase after reaching peak values. In contrast, soil samples stabilized after reaching peak shear stress without further increase. Although no significant differences in shear behavior were observed between root-soil and soil samples in the initial shearing stage, the freeze-thaw cycle led to some consolidation in root-soil samples, reducing their resistance to elastic deformation. Moreover, longer root growth periods resulted in a more pronounced increase in shear stress. CT scan image reconstruction allowed us to quantify root system parameters, such as root volume and distribution near the shear plane, which showed a strong correlation with maximum shear stress. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of herbaceous plant roots, particularly Kentucky bluegrass, in maintaining soil stability under freeze-thaw conditions.
本研究以日本北海道地区为重点，调查了肯塔基蓝草根在冻融条件下对边坡土壤的加固作用。通过直接剪切试验和 X 射线 CT 扫描，我们分析了根系参数（如根系质量和体积）对根系-土壤复合材料剪切强度的影响。结果表明，与非冻融条件相比，冻融循环不会导致根系明显断裂，也不会削弱根系稳定土壤的能力。根系-土壤样本在剪切变形过程中表现出明显的延展性，剪切应力在达到峰值后继续增加。相比之下，土壤样本在达到剪切应力峰值后会趋于稳定，不会继续增加。虽然在剪切初始阶段，根土样本和土壤样本的剪切行为没有明显差异，但冻融循环导致根土样本出现一定程度的固结，从而降低了它们对弹性变形的抵抗力。此外，根系生长时间越长，剪切应力增加越明显。通过 CT 扫描图像重建，我们可以量化根系参数，如根的体积和在剪切面附近的分布，这些参数与最大剪切应力有很强的相关性。我们的研究结果证明了草本植物根系，尤其是肯塔基蓝草，在冻融条件下保持土壤稳定性的有效性。
{"title":"Quantifying the shear behavior of fine-grained soil with herbaceous plant roots under freeze-thaw conditions using X-ray CT scan","authors":"Baiyang Song , Dai Nakamura , Takayuki Kawaguchi , Shunzo Kawajiri , Dahu Rui","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106326","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106326","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the reinforcement effect of Kentucky bluegrass roots on slope soil under freeze-thaw conditions, with a focus on the Hokkaido region of Japan. Using direct shear tests combined with X-ray CT scanning, we analyzed the impact of root parameters (such as root mass and volume) on the shear strength of root-soil composites. The results revealed that freeze-thaw cycle did not cause significant root breakage or diminish the root system's ability to stabilize the soil compared to non-freeze-thaw conditions. Root-soil samples demonstrated notable ductility during shear deformation, with shear stress continuing to increase after reaching peak values. In contrast, soil samples stabilized after reaching peak shear stress without further increase. Although no significant differences in shear behavior were observed between root-soil and soil samples in the initial shearing stage, the freeze-thaw cycle led to some consolidation in root-soil samples, reducing their resistance to elastic deformation. Moreover, longer root growth periods resulted in a more pronounced increase in shear stress. CT scan image reconstruction allowed us to quantify root system parameters, such as root volume and distribution near the shear plane, which showed a strong correlation with maximum shear stress. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of herbaceous plant roots, particularly Kentucky bluegrass, in maintaining soil stability under freeze-thaw conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"246 ","pages":"Article 106326"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142440945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gully erosion is the most severe form of soil erosion, and mapping gully erosion susceptibility accurately and automatically is crucial for guiding policy decisions. Topography and vegetation cover were general factors for assessing gully susceptibility, yet little attention has been paid to the spatiotemporal variations in vegetation. This study aims to predict gully-prone areas using stable factors (topography, hydrology, soil, etc.) considering the monthly variability in vegetation based on a machine learning approach in the Mollisol region of China. A total of 1890 gully and non-gully points were extracted to establish an inventory database. Twelve treatments were conducted including the stable factors and individual NDVI from January to December, respectively. All potential factors were evaluated for contributing to the gully erosion prediction, and a set of rules based on accuracy, AUC, and kappa were used to evaluate the model performance. The results demonstrated that NDVI varied widely between gully and non-gully areas and the importance of NDVI varied in diverse months. NDVI in August was the most important explanatory factor (25 %) to gully occurrence mapping, followed by the plan curvature (14 %), and elevation (13 %), respectively. The gully-prone areas predicted by NDVI in August exhibited higher accuracy, followed by that in May and June. This was attributed to the greater difference in NDVI between the gully and non-gully areas in June (0.30), May (0.23), and August (0.16). Overall, the very low, low, moderate, high, and very high gully susceptibility levels occupied 35 %, 23 %, 18 %, 14 %, and 10 % of the study area, respectively. This study advances our understanding of spatial-temporal heterogeneity in NDVI among gully and non-gully areas that need to be considered in gully mapping. Further, an automatic and accurate gully mapping approach can provide valuable information to identify areas where urgent and appropriate measures should be applied.
{"title":"Gully erosion susceptibility mapping considering seasonal variations of NDVI using a machine learning approach in the Mollisol region of China","authors":"Ruilu Gao , Maofang Gao , Shuihong Yao , Yanru Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106322","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gully erosion is the most severe form of soil erosion, and mapping gully erosion susceptibility accurately and automatically is crucial for guiding policy decisions. Topography and vegetation cover were general factors for assessing gully susceptibility, yet little attention has been paid to the spatiotemporal variations in vegetation. This study aims to predict gully-prone areas using stable factors (topography, hydrology, soil, etc.) considering the monthly variability in vegetation based on a machine learning approach in the Mollisol region of China. A total of 1890 gully and non-gully points were extracted to establish an inventory database. Twelve treatments were conducted including the stable factors and individual NDVI from January to December, respectively. All potential factors were evaluated for contributing to the gully erosion prediction, and a set of rules based on accuracy, AUC, and kappa were used to evaluate the model performance. The results demonstrated that NDVI varied widely between gully and non-gully areas and the importance of NDVI varied in diverse months. NDVI in August was the most important explanatory factor (25 %) to gully occurrence mapping, followed by the plan curvature (14 %), and elevation (13 %), respectively. The gully-prone areas predicted by NDVI in August exhibited higher accuracy, followed by that in May and June. This was attributed to the greater difference in NDVI between the gully and non-gully areas in June (0.30), May (0.23), and August (0.16). Overall, the very low, low, moderate, high, and very high gully susceptibility levels occupied 35 %, 23 %, 18 %, 14 %, and 10 % of the study area, respectively. This study advances our understanding of spatial-temporal heterogeneity in NDVI among gully and non-gully areas that need to be considered in gully mapping. Further, an automatic and accurate gully mapping approach can provide valuable information to identify areas where urgent and appropriate measures should be applied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106322"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142432052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106320
Yuanyuan Li , Yuan Yuan , Jiaqi Zhao , Jiayan Yang , Chuang Yan , Mingyi Yang , Bing Wang , Fengbao Zhang
Biochar addition can change the physiochemical properties of soil, thus likely influencing soil’s resistance to rill flow (reflected by rill erodibility (Kr, s m−1) and critical shear stress (τc, Pa). However, the persistent time effects of biochar on Kr and τc have remained unexplored. This study aimed to assess the impact of biochar composed of apple branches on Kr and τc, and to investigate the relationships between Kr, τc and soil properties. The undisturbed soil core samples to a depth of 5 cm were collected from field plots that had received biochar at rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, and 7 % (w/w) after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The Kr and τc of these samples were evaluated through a flume experiment, with scouring soil samples under three flow discharges (e.g., 0.00025, 0.00045, and 0.00065 m−3 s−1) and five slope gradients (e.g., 5.24, 8.75, 17.63, 26.79, and 40.40 %). The results revealed that the ranges of Kr and τc for no biochar treatments varied from 0.1947 to 0.2107 s m−1 and 1.6971–1.7314 Pa, with the averaged values of 0.2007 s m−1 and 1.7100 Pa, respectively. Compared with no biochar addition, the addition of 1–4 % biochar after 1–2 years generally resulted in a reduction in Kr ranging from 20 % to 59 %, while increasing τc by 2–4 %. Conversely, 5.5 and 7 % biochar addition increased Kr by 31 and 5 %, and reduced τc by 12 and 6 %. All biochar treatments after 3 years resulted in a 51 % reduction in Kr and a 5 % increase in τc relative to bare soil, showing an increasing trend with an increasing biochar addition rate. The fluctuations in Kr and τc could be elucidated by changes in cohesion (COH) and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD), with COH (total effect of −0.32 and 0.17, P<0.01) and MWD (total effect of −0.13 and 0.37, P<0.01) serving as reliable estimators of Kr and τc during the 1–2 years following biochar addition. After biochar addition for 3 years, total organic carbon (TOC) (total effect of −0.45 and 0.10, P<0.01) emerged as a significant factor influencing Kr and τc, making TOC a potential predictor of Kr and τc. The results demonstrate that biochar may be an effective measure for enhancing soil resistance to erosion on the Loess Plateau, especially when applied over the long term.
{"title":"Biochar addition enhances silt loam soil resistance to rill flow: A study based on three years of field monitoring data on China’s Loess Plateau","authors":"Yuanyuan Li , Yuan Yuan , Jiaqi Zhao , Jiayan Yang , Chuang Yan , Mingyi Yang , Bing Wang , Fengbao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar addition can change the physiochemical properties of soil, thus likely influencing soil’s resistance to rill flow (reflected by rill erodibility (K<sub><em>r</em></sub>, s m<sup>−1</sup>) and critical shear stress (τ<sub><em>c</em></sub>, Pa). However, the persistent time effects of biochar on K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> have remained unexplored. This study aimed to assess the impact of biochar composed of apple branches on K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub>, and to investigate the relationships between K<sub><em>r</em></sub>, τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> and soil properties. The undisturbed soil core samples to a depth of 5 cm were collected from field plots that had received biochar at rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 4, 5.5, and 7 % (w/w) after 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. The K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> of these samples were evaluated through a flume experiment, with scouring soil samples under three flow discharges (e.g., 0.00025, 0.00045, and 0.00065 m<sup>−3</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>) and five slope gradients (e.g., 5.24, 8.75, 17.63, 26.79, and 40.40 %). The results revealed that the ranges of K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> for no biochar treatments varied from 0.1947 to 0.2107 s m<sup>−1</sup> and 1.6971–1.7314 Pa, with the averaged values of 0.2007 s m<sup>−1</sup> and 1.7100 Pa, respectively. Compared with no biochar addition, the addition of 1–4 % biochar after 1–2 years generally resulted in a reduction in K<sub><em>r</em></sub> ranging from 20 % to 59 %, while increasing τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> by 2–4 %. Conversely, 5.5 and 7 % biochar addition increased K<sub><em>r</em></sub> by 31 and 5 %, and reduced τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> by 12 and 6 %. All biochar treatments after 3 years resulted in a 51 % reduction in K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and a 5 % increase in τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> relative to bare soil, showing an increasing trend with an increasing biochar addition rate. The fluctuations in K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> could be elucidated by changes in cohesion (COH) and mean weight diameter of soil aggregates (MWD), with COH (total effect of −0.32 and 0.17, <em>P</em><0.01) and MWD (total effect of −0.13 and 0.37, <em>P</em><0.01) serving as reliable estimators of K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub> during the 1–2 years following biochar addition. After biochar addition for 3 years, total organic carbon (TOC) (total effect of −0.45 and 0.10, <em>P</em><0.01) emerged as a significant factor influencing K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub>, making TOC a potential p<sub><em>r</em></sub>edictor of K<sub><em>r</em></sub> and τ<sub><em>c</em></sub>. The results demonstrate that biochar may be an effective measure for enhancing soil resistance to erosion on the Loess Plateau, especially when applied over the long term.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106320"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106325
Lei Du , Sara L. Bauke , Ramona Mörchen , Oliver Schmittmann , Wulf Amelung
Organic matter (OM) injection into subsoil is expected to improve subsoil properties and thus increase crop nutrient and water uptake from the subsoil. Nevertheless, detailed knowledge of the fate and persistence of injected OM in subsoil does not yet exist. For this study, we sampled a field experiment, where two types of compost of different composition (Bio-waste compost and Green-waste compost, differing in carbon:nitrogen ratio) had been injected into the subsoil at three application amounts each (3, 5, and 7 kg dry mass m−1), and assessed the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) into different density fractions, the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10), and microbial necromass in subsoil. The results demonstrate that both Bio-waste and Green-waste compost injections enhanced the SOC stock, respiration rates, and temperature sensitivity in both top- and subsoil. In the subsoil, respiration rates were increased by 78 %, simultaneously compost addition enhanced microbial growth (increase in fungal residues by 123 %) but also increased the amount of carbon (C) in the mineral fraction. Significant differences in the δ13C values of density fractions and Q10 values were only detected between compost types rather than the amount of injected compost. Especially the Bio-waste compost with a narrower C:N ratio contributed to slightly greater soil labile C content, and ultimately elevated respiration rates in the subsoil. Hence, the fate of subsoil incorporated C is controlled by its composition rather than by the injected amount. Moreover, a higher contribution of fungal necromass C to the increase in Q10 values after compost injection was observed in the present study than for bacterial necromass C, suggesting that fungi are largely responsible for the final, enhanced storage of the C injected.
{"title":"Fungal necromass is vital for the storage of subsoil C after deep injection of compost","authors":"Lei Du , Sara L. Bauke , Ramona Mörchen , Oliver Schmittmann , Wulf Amelung","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Organic matter (OM) injection into subsoil is expected to improve subsoil properties and thus increase crop nutrient and water uptake from the subsoil. Nevertheless, detailed knowledge of the fate and persistence of injected OM in subsoil does not yet exist. For this study, we sampled a field experiment, where two types of compost of different composition (Bio-waste compost and Green-waste compost, differing in carbon:nitrogen ratio) had been injected into the subsoil at three application amounts each (3, 5, and 7 kg dry mass m<sup>−1</sup>), and assessed the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) into different density fractions, the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10), and microbial necromass in subsoil. The results demonstrate that both Bio-waste and Green-waste compost injections enhanced the SOC stock, respiration rates, and temperature sensitivity in both top- and subsoil. In the subsoil, respiration rates were increased by 78 %, simultaneously compost addition enhanced microbial growth (increase in fungal residues by 123 %) but also increased the amount of carbon (C) in the mineral fraction. Significant differences in the δ<sup>13</sup>C values of density fractions and Q10 values were only detected between compost types rather than the amount of injected compost. Especially the Bio-waste compost with a narrower C:N ratio contributed to slightly greater soil labile C content, and ultimately elevated respiration rates in the subsoil. Hence, the fate of subsoil incorporated C is controlled by its composition rather than by the injected amount. Moreover, a higher contribution of fungal necromass C to the increase in Q10 values after compost injection was observed in the present study than for bacterial necromass C, suggesting that fungi are largely responsible for the final, enhanced storage of the C injected.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106325"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a first, we used Preference Ranking Organization Method and Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (PROMETHEE-GAIA) tool in agricultural research for identifying the best management decision with weakening factors for cultivation of mustard following rice under fifteen regimes of conservation agriculture (CA) practices, because of its versatility, simplicity and usefulness. We created the regime of CA practices based on energy spent for raising the crop combining different tillage practices viz., reduced tillage and zero tillage, and quantity of crop residues and fertilizer application. The performance of the CA regimes was evaluated over the conventional ones using conflicting criteria (31) related to soil, agronomy, plant protection, energy use and economics. With the PROMETHEE-II method, we found zero tillage with 100 % residue plus 75 % NPK (ZERO3) as the best performing alternative, while GAIA analysis identified ZERO3 and zero tillage with 50 % residue plus 100 % NPK (ZERO4). On integration, PROMETHEE-GAIA helped the decision makers to segregate the effects of the criteria on the outcome creating a scope for maneuvering the weak links for optimizing the performance of mustard crop under different CA-regimes. The tool has a huge potential for use in multi-factorial agricultural research.
{"title":"The PROMETHEE-GAIA: A multi-criteria decision-making method for identifying best conservation agricultural practices","authors":"Tufleuddin Biswas , Alessio Ishizaka , Anurup Majumder , Biswapati Mandal , Shamik Dey , Siddhartha Mukherjee , Aniket Baishya , Sahely Kanthal , Samrat Ghosh , Anwesha Mandal , Riti Chatterjee , Soumik Ray , Snehasish Bhunia , Swarnali Duary , Suvendu Bhattacharjee , Pradeep Mishra , Sankar Kr Acharya","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106315","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106315","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In a first, we used Preference Ranking Organization Method and Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (PROMETHEE-GAIA) tool in agricultural research for identifying the best management decision with weakening factors for cultivation of mustard following rice under fifteen regimes of conservation agriculture (CA) practices, because of its versatility, simplicity and usefulness. We created the regime of CA practices based on energy spent for raising the crop combining different tillage practices viz., reduced tillage and zero tillage, and quantity of crop residues and fertilizer application. The performance of the CA regimes was evaluated over the conventional ones using conflicting criteria (31) related to soil, agronomy, plant protection, energy use and economics. With the PROMETHEE-II method, we found zero tillage with 100 % residue plus 75 % NPK (ZERO<sub>3</sub>) as the best performing alternative, while GAIA analysis identified ZERO<sub>3</sub> and zero tillage with 50 % residue plus 100 % NPK (ZERO<sub>4</sub>). On integration, PROMETHEE-GAIA helped the decision makers to segregate the effects of the criteria on the outcome creating a scope for maneuvering the weak links for optimizing the performance of mustard crop under different CA-regimes. The tool has a huge potential for use in multi-factorial agricultural research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106315"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shallow groundwater is a key variable of the hydrological cycle and has significant impacts on the components of energy, carbon, and water balances. Moreover, shallow saline groundwater plays a critical role in secondary soil salinization. Therefore, comprehensive information on spatial distribution of shallow water table depth is fundamental for effective land management and sustainable development. But determining it by conventional methods is time-consuming and financially costly in large areas. Shallow groundwater naturally has signatures at the land surface, and it can be parameterized by properties inferred from satellite-based surface data. Against this background, this study is to introduce a novel approach and framework for Digital Shallow Water Table Mapping (DSWTM). The efficiency and performance of the proposed DSWTM was assessed by different covariate sets and employing different predictive models. In the DSWTM framework, remote sensing spectral/thermal indices, geographic and trend data were used as covariates and the PLSR, M5, Cubist, and RF algorithms were employed as predictive models under four scenarios. For two high-performance models in each scenario, the water table depth maps were generated, and associated uncertainties were quantified using the bootstrapping technique at a spatial resolution of 30 m. The results revealed that the prediction accuracies of each predictive model were constantly increasing from the first to the fourth scenario. Moreover, the Cubist and RF models had higher performance than PLSR and M5 in all scenarios. The uncertainties’ of prediction maps generated by Cubist and RF models were decreased from the first to the fourth scenarios. The RF generated maps in all scenarios had the lowest uncertainty and provided accurate prediction maps compared to Cubist. The RF as a predictive model showed the highest ability and is recommended to use in DSWTM studies. The presented DSWTM framework opened a new research window for accurate shallow water table mapping.
{"title":"Modeling and digital mapping of shallow water table depth using satellite-based spectral and thermal data: Introducing a framework for digital shallow water table mapping","authors":"Mehrdad Jeihouni , Khalil Valizadeh Kamran , Lutfiye Kusak","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shallow groundwater is a key variable of the hydrological cycle and has significant impacts on the components of energy, carbon, and water balances. Moreover, shallow saline groundwater plays a critical role in secondary soil salinization. Therefore, comprehensive information on spatial distribution of shallow water table depth is fundamental for effective land management and sustainable development. But determining it by conventional methods is time-consuming and financially costly in large areas. Shallow groundwater naturally has signatures at the land surface, and it can be parameterized by properties inferred from satellite-based surface data. Against this background, this study is to introduce a novel approach and framework for Digital Shallow Water Table Mapping (DSWTM). The efficiency and performance of the proposed DSWTM was assessed by different covariate sets and employing different predictive models. In the DSWTM framework, remote sensing spectral/thermal indices, geographic and trend data were used as covariates and the PLSR, M5, Cubist, and RF algorithms were employed as predictive models under four scenarios. For two high-performance models in each scenario, the water table depth maps were generated, and associated uncertainties were quantified using the bootstrapping technique at a spatial resolution of 30 m. The results revealed that the prediction accuracies of each predictive model were constantly increasing from the first to the fourth scenario. Moreover, the Cubist and RF models had higher performance than PLSR and M5 in all scenarios. The uncertainties’ of prediction maps generated by Cubist and RF models were decreased from the first to the fourth scenarios. The RF generated maps in all scenarios had the lowest uncertainty and provided accurate prediction maps compared to Cubist. The RF as a predictive model showed the highest ability and is recommended to use in DSWTM studies. The presented DSWTM framework opened a new research window for accurate shallow water table mapping.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106317"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416421","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106323
Jari Hyväluoma , Riikka Keskinen , Viktoriia Hetmanenko , Sami Kinnunen , Arttu Miettinen , Petri Niemi , Janne Kaseva , Helena Soinne
Management of agricultural soils for increased productivity may exert positive or negative effects on soil structure, functions, and organic carbon (SOC) stocks. In this study, a field experiment established in 1993 on a clayey soil in southwest Finland was revisited to investigate the long-term effects of deep ploughing and liming on SOC concentration and stock, particulate (POC) and mineral-associated (MOC) fractions of SOC, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD), porosity, critical pore size and cereal yield. The experiment comprised whole plots of conventional tillage (CT) to a maximum depth of ca. 20 cm, and plots deep ploughed to ca. 35 cm depth by a commercial (DP1) or by a self-made (DP2) plough. The tillage plots were divided into three split-plots assigned to liming treatments (low, medium and high). Three decades after implementation, the increasing liming rates still induced consistent differences in soil pH, a significant increasing effect on total porosity in the subsoil, and a marginally significant decrease in yield with an increase in soil acidity. The deep ploughing exerted a minor difference in topsoil texture, slightly lowered SOC concentration in the topsoil in DP2 in comparison to CT, and slightly higher subsoil SOC concentration in DP1 in comparison to CT, which indicated transfer of the topsoil SOC to deeper layers and dilution of the SOC in the new topsoil. However, no significant differences between the tillage treatments occurred in SOC stocks. In MOC and POC concentrations, there were no significant differences between the control and tillage treatments. The effects of deep ploughing on soil structural properties on the decadal time scale were minor and scattered. Cereal yield exhibited a slight negative trend for deep ploughing. For EC and BD, no treatment effects were recorded. Overall, the study showed that the legacy of soil management effects on soil properties can be persistent on decadal time scales, but no permanent structural damage due to deep ploughing nor gains in SOC stock accrual could be observed.
{"title":"The legacy of deep ploughing and liming – A 1990s experimental site revisited","authors":"Jari Hyväluoma , Riikka Keskinen , Viktoriia Hetmanenko , Sami Kinnunen , Arttu Miettinen , Petri Niemi , Janne Kaseva , Helena Soinne","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Management of agricultural soils for increased productivity may exert positive or negative effects on soil structure, functions, and organic carbon (SOC) stocks. In this study, a field experiment established in 1993 on a clayey soil in southwest Finland was revisited to investigate the long-term effects of deep ploughing and liming on SOC concentration and stock, particulate (POC) and mineral-associated (MOC) fractions of SOC, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), bulk density (BD), porosity, critical pore size and cereal yield. The experiment comprised whole plots of conventional tillage (CT) to a maximum depth of ca. 20 cm, and plots deep ploughed to ca. 35 cm depth by a commercial (DP1) or by a self-made (DP2) plough. The tillage plots were divided into three split-plots assigned to liming treatments (low, medium and high). Three decades after implementation, the increasing liming rates still induced consistent differences in soil pH, a significant increasing effect on total porosity in the subsoil, and a marginally significant decrease in yield with an increase in soil acidity. The deep ploughing exerted a minor difference in topsoil texture, slightly lowered SOC concentration in the topsoil in DP2 in comparison to CT, and slightly higher subsoil SOC concentration in DP1 in comparison to CT, which indicated transfer of the topsoil SOC to deeper layers and dilution of the SOC in the new topsoil. However, no significant differences between the tillage treatments occurred in SOC stocks. In MOC and POC concentrations, there were no significant differences between the control and tillage treatments. The effects of deep ploughing on soil structural properties on the decadal time scale were minor and scattered. Cereal yield exhibited a slight negative trend for deep ploughing. For EC and BD, no treatment effects were recorded. Overall, the study showed that the legacy of soil management effects on soil properties can be persistent on decadal time scales, but no permanent structural damage due to deep ploughing nor gains in SOC stock accrual could be observed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106323"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2024.106321
Yinli Bi , Xinpeng Du , Lexuan Tian , Mingchao Li , Kejing Yin
Preferential flow plays a key role in soil hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas of opencast coal mine waste. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly affect vegetation root growth and improve soil physical structure. However, the impact on preferential flow in new areas of waste remains poorly understood. Here, the effects of AM fungal inoculation on root spatial distribution and preferential flow within the waste area at Heidaigou opencast coal mine in China were analyzed where Amorpha fruticosa was grown for revegetation. A staining tracer method and a grid sampling method were used. Preferential flow pathway development in the newly formed waste areas was affected mainly by A. fruticosa root systems, with closer proximity to A. fruticosa resulting in more preferential flow pathways. Inoculation with the AM fungus Funneliformis mosseae significantly increased preferential flow development. In the profile closest to the A. fruticosa, the dye coverage increased by 59 %, the uniform infiltration depth by 73 %, and the maximum stained depth by 80 %. Plant roots occurred mainly at 0−20 cm soil depth, accounting for ∼ 80 % of the total root length of the entire root system. In the profile closest to A. fruticosa, inoculation with F. mosseae increased the total number of roots and the root length density by 32 %. The preferential flow pathways were developed only in roots with diameters of > 2 mm and more widely distributed at both 0−10 and 10−20 cm soil depths. Substrate infiltration was influenced mainly by roots with diameters of < 4 mm but deep infiltration was more dependent on roots with diameters > 2 mm. Mycorrhizal hyphae contributed to the preferential flow. Inoculation with the AM fungus increased the preferential flow of the newly formed drainage sites and this effect should be considered in the ecological restoration of opencast coal mine wastes in arid and semi-arid areas.
在干旱和半干旱地区的露天煤矿废弃物土壤水文过程中，优先流起着关键作用。接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌可显著影响植被根系的生长，改善土壤物理结构。然而，人们对废料新区优先流的影响仍然知之甚少。本文分析了接种AM真菌对中国黑岱沟露天煤矿废弃区内根系空间分布和优先流动的影响。研究采用了染色示踪法和网格取样法。在新形成的废料区，优先流道的发展主要受蕨类植物根系的影响，离蕨类植物越近，优先流道越多。接种 AM 真菌 Funneliformis mosseae 能显著增加优先流的发展。在最靠近 A. fruticosa 的剖面上，染料覆盖率增加了 59%，均匀渗透深度增加了 73%，最大染色深度增加了 80%。植物根系主要分布在 0-20 厘米的土壤深度，占整个根系总长度的 80%。在最靠近 A. fruticosa 的剖面上，接种 F. mosseae 后，根的总数和根长密度增加了 32%。只有直径为 > 2 毫米的根系才有优先流动路径，而且在 0-10 厘米和 10-20 厘米的土壤深度分布更广。基质渗透主要受直径为 4 毫米的根的影响，但深层渗透更依赖于直径为 2 毫米的根。菌根菌丝促成了优先流动。接种AM真菌增加了新形成的排水点的优先流量，在干旱和半干旱地区露天煤矿废弃物的生态恢复中应考虑这种效应。
{"title":"Effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on Amorpha fruticosa roots and soil preferential flow in an arid area of opencast coal mine waste","authors":"Yinli Bi , Xinpeng Du , Lexuan Tian , Mingchao Li , Kejing Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2024.106321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Preferential flow plays a key role in soil hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas of opencast coal mine waste. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can significantly affect vegetation root growth and improve soil physical structure. However, the impact on preferential flow in new areas of waste remains poorly understood. Here, the effects of AM fungal inoculation on root spatial distribution and preferential flow within the waste area at Heidaigou opencast coal mine in China were analyzed where <em>Amorpha fruticosa</em> was grown for revegetation. A staining tracer method and a grid sampling method were used. Preferential flow pathway development in the newly formed waste areas was affected mainly by <em>A. fruticosa</em> root systems<em>,</em> with closer proximity to <em>A. fruticosa</em> resulting in more preferential flow pathways. Inoculation with the AM fungus <em>Funneliformis mosseae</em> significantly increased preferential flow development. In the profile closest to the <em>A. fruticosa</em>, the dye coverage increased by 59 %, the uniform infiltration depth by 73 %, and the maximum stained depth by 80 %. Plant roots occurred mainly at 0−20 cm soil depth, accounting for ∼ 80 % of the total root length of the entire root system. In the profile closest to <em>A. fruticosa</em>, inoculation with <em>F. mosseae</em> increased the total number of roots and the root length density by 32 %. The preferential flow pathways were developed only in roots with diameters of > 2 mm and more widely distributed at both 0−10 and 10−20 cm soil depths. Substrate infiltration was influenced mainly by roots with diameters of < 4 mm but deep infiltration was more dependent on roots with diameters > 2 mm. Mycorrhizal hyphae contributed to the preferential flow. Inoculation with the AM fungus increased the preferential flow of the newly formed drainage sites and this effect should be considered in the ecological restoration of opencast coal mine wastes in arid and semi-arid areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"245 ","pages":"Article 106321"},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142416696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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