Soil & Tillage Research最新文献_第4页

Field-scale mapping of soil available phosphorus in cropland via interpretable machine learning and multispectral remote sensing 利用可解释机器学习和多光谱遥感技术进行农田土壤有效磷的田间测绘

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107091

Jinkai Qiu , Xiuying Xu , Liqiang Qi , Ye Kang , Wei Zhang , Yanliang Zhang

Soil available phosphorus (SAP) is a key indicator for assessing crop fertilization requirements. Accurately and quickly mapping the spatial distribution of SAP in cropland is crucial for guiding variable fertilization decisions. To explore a suitable model for estimating SAP at the field scale and enhance its credibility and interpretability, this study focused on multiple croplands at the Jianshan Farm in Heilongjiang Province. Soil samples were collected during the autumn bare soil period, and synchronous Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was acquired. A dataset was constructed by integrating spectral remote sensing factors with topographic variables. Random Forest Regression (RFR), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), and Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) were employed to establish models for estimating SAP content in cropland. The zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA) was used to perform hyperparameter optimization and performance analysis on the best-performing model. On this basis, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was adopted to quantitatively analyze the contribution and impact of environmental variables on model predictions. Spatial distribution mapping of SAP content was conducted for both the experimental and newly added plots to evaluate the model's applicability. The results indicated that the ZOA-BPNN-G model, developed using raw bands, soil indices, and topographic variables, achieved the highest accuracy in estimating SAP (R²=0.6229, r = 0.8385, RMSE=8.4359 mg/kg, MAE=5.9816 mg/kg, MAPE=15.5123 %). Compared with the estimation model before optimization, R² increased by 9.55 %age points, and r increased by 7.91 %age points, while the values of other evaluation indicators decreased. The raw bands and soil indices are the primary explanatory variables for estimating SAP content, with key features including NDSI, B8A, BI, and B3. Interpretability analysis and uncertainty analysis improved the transparency and credibility of the model. The proposed estimation model achieved good SAP mapping results on the experimental plots and had a strong correspondence with the SAP measured data. The MAPE for the newly added plot reached 13.1288 %, confirming the application feasibility of the proposed method to the autumn bare soil in the study area. It can provide theoretical and technical support for the rapid detection of SAP content and the generation of variable fertilization prescription maps.

土壤速效磷（SAP）是评价作物施肥需要量的重要指标。准确、快速地绘制农田土壤养分的空间分布图对于指导变量施肥决策至关重要。本文以黑龙江省剑山农场的多农田为研究对象，探讨了适合农田尺度的土壤水分含量估算模型，提高了模型的可信度和可解释性。在秋季裸土期采集土壤样品，获取同步Sentinel-2卫星影像。将光谱遥感因子与地形变量相结合，构建数据集。采用随机森林回归（RFR）、分类增强（CatBoost）和反向传播神经网络（BPNN）建立了农田SAP含量估算模型。采用斑马优化算法（ZOA）对性能最佳的模型进行超参数优化和性能分析。在此基础上，采用Shapley加性解释（SHAP）方法定量分析环境变量对模型预测的贡献和影响。对实验样地和新增样地进行了SAP含量的空间分布图绘制，以评价模型的适用性。结果表明，利用原始波段、土壤指数和地形变量建立的ZOA-BPNN-G模型对土壤水分含量的估计精度最高（R2=0.6229, r = 0.8385，RMSE=8.4359 mg/kg， MAE=5.9816 mg/kg， MAPE=15.5123 %）。与优化前的估计模型相比，R2提高了9.55%年龄点，r提高了7.91%年龄点，其他评价指标值均有所下降。原始带和土壤指数是估算SAP含量的主要解释变量，主要特征包括NDSI、B8A、BI和B3。可解释性分析和不确定性分析提高了模型的透明度和可信度。该估计模型在试验区取得了较好的SAP映射效果，与SAP实测数据具有较强的对应性。新增样地MAPE达到13.1288 %，证实了该方法在研究区秋季裸土上的应用可行性。可为快速检测土壤中SAP含量和生成变量施肥处方图提供理论和技术支持。

{"title":"Field-scale mapping of soil available phosphorus in cropland via interpretable machine learning and multispectral remote sensing","authors":"Jinkai Qiu , Xiuying Xu , Liqiang Qi , Ye Kang , Wei Zhang , Yanliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil available phosphorus (SAP) is a key indicator for assessing crop fertilization requirements. Accurately and quickly mapping the spatial distribution of SAP in cropland is crucial for guiding variable fertilization decisions. To explore a suitable model for estimating SAP at the field scale and enhance its credibility and interpretability, this study focused on multiple croplands at the Jianshan Farm in Heilongjiang Province. Soil samples were collected during the autumn bare soil period, and synchronous Sentinel-2 satellite imagery was acquired. A dataset was constructed by integrating spectral remote sensing factors with topographic variables. Random Forest Regression (RFR), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost), and Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) were employed to establish models for estimating SAP content in cropland. The zebra optimization algorithm (ZOA) was used to perform hyperparameter optimization and performance analysis on the best-performing model. On this basis, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) method was adopted to quantitatively analyze the contribution and impact of environmental variables on model predictions. Spatial distribution mapping of SAP content was conducted for both the experimental and newly added plots to evaluate the model's applicability. The results indicated that the ZOA-BPNN-G model, developed using raw bands, soil indices, and topographic variables, achieved the highest accuracy in estimating SAP (R<sup>2</sup>=0.6229, r = 0.8385, RMSE=8.4359 mg/kg, MAE=5.9816 mg/kg, MAPE=15.5123 %). Compared with the estimation model before optimization, R<sup>2</sup> increased by 9.55 %age points, and r increased by 7.91 %age points, while the values of other evaluation indicators decreased. The raw bands and soil indices are the primary explanatory variables for estimating SAP content, with key features including NDSI, B8A, BI, and B3. Interpretability analysis and uncertainty analysis improved the transparency and credibility of the model. The proposed estimation model achieved good SAP mapping results on the experimental plots and had a strong correspondence with the SAP measured data. The MAPE for the newly added plot reached 13.1288 %, confirming the application feasibility of the proposed method to the autumn bare soil in the study area. It can provide theoretical and technical support for the rapid detection of SAP content and the generation of variable fertilization prescription maps.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107091"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Prediction model for soil depth profile and tillage resistance in plow tillage 犁耕土壤深度剖面与耕作阻力预测模型

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107082

Yuying Song , Xuan Zheng , Jinbao Liu , Huaijun Yang , Fan Li , Heyan Hu

Plowing is the most fundamental operation in agricultural cultivation. Numerical simulation and optimization of post-tillage soil distribution and draft force are crucial for understanding the soil–plow interaction and improving moldboard design. In this study, discrete element method (DEM) simulations were conducted based on dimensional analysis and Buckingham's π theorem. Using the initial soil coordinates, moldboard bulk angle, lateral soil throw, soil turning angle, and soil furrow profile as independent variables, and soil depth displacement and tillage resistance as dependent variables, predictive models for both soil depth distribution after plowing and draft force were established. The optimization parameters for the moldboard geometry were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and an orthogonal experimental design. The coefficient of determination (R²) for all predictive models exceeded 0.8. The average error between the measured and predicted values was 7.45 % for the soil depth distribution and 11.01 % for the tillage resistance. The proposed model demonstrates high accuracy and can provide theoretical support for the design of high-performance plowed surfaces.

耕地是农业耕作中最基本的操作。耕后土壤分布和牵引力的数值模拟与优化对于理解土犁相互作用和改进犁板设计具有重要意义。在本研究中，离散元法（DEM）基于量纲分析和白金汉π定理进行了模拟。以初始土壤坐标、挡泥板体积角、侧抛土量、土壤转弯角、土壤沟廓线为自变量，以土壤深度位移和耕作阻力为因变量，建立了犁后土壤深度分布和牵引力的预测模型。采用响应面法（RSM）和正交试验设计确定了模板几何形状的优化参数。所有预测模型的决定系数（R²）均超过0.8。实测值与预测值的平均误差分别为7.45 %和11.01 %。该模型具有较高的精度，可为高性能犁面设计提供理论支持。

{"title":"Prediction model for soil depth profile and tillage resistance in plow tillage","authors":"Yuying Song , Xuan Zheng , Jinbao Liu , Huaijun Yang , Fan Li , Heyan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107082","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107082","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Plowing is the most fundamental operation in agricultural cultivation. Numerical simulation and optimization of post-tillage soil distribution and draft force are crucial for understanding the soil–plow interaction and improving moldboard design. In this study, discrete element method (DEM) simulations were conducted based on dimensional analysis and Buckingham's π theorem. Using the initial soil coordinates, moldboard bulk angle, lateral soil throw, soil turning angle, and soil furrow profile as independent variables, and soil depth displacement and tillage resistance as dependent variables, predictive models for both soil depth distribution after plowing and draft force were established. The optimization parameters for the moldboard geometry were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and an orthogonal experimental design. The coefficient of determination (R²) for all predictive models exceeded 0.8. The average error between the measured and predicted values was 7.45 % for the soil depth distribution and 11.01 % for the tillage resistance. The proposed model demonstrates high accuracy and can provide theoretical support for the design of high-performance plowed surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107082"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Straw plus straw interlayer alter soil organic carbon and bacterial community in a saline-alkali soil from the Yellow River Delta 秸秆加秸秆夹层对黄河三角洲盐碱地土壤有机碳和细菌群落的影响

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107088

Huili Zhao , Yanwen Wang , Jiaqi Li , Xuze Hu , Ying Zhao , Xiaohong Guo , Gary Y. Gan

Salt stress and nutrient deficiency severely restrict soil carbon storage and microbial diversity in the Yellow River Delta. Soil amendments has been widely recognized as an effective approach to improving saline-alkali soil fertility. However, the effects and interactions of straw return plus desulfurized gypsum or straw interlayer on soil carbon content and bacterial communities remain unclear. We conducted field experiments with five treatments: (1) no addition (CK), (2) straw return alone (S), (3) straw return plus desulfurized gypsum (DG_S), (4) straw return plus straw interlayer (SL_S), and (5) straw return plus desulfurized gypsum plus straw interlayer (DG_SL_S). The results indicated that compared with straw return alone, DG_S, SL_S, and DG_SL_S further improved soil nutrient availability, with DG_S and SL_S increasing SOC by 25.1 % and 33.26 %, respectively. Conversely, DG_S, SL_S, and DG_SL_S significantly reduced DOC content, whereas DG_S and DG_SL_S reduced MBC by 8 % and 10.81 %, respectively. All amendment treatments significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated that the amendment treatments significantly enhanced bacterial richness, diversity, and altered community structure. Compared with the straw return alone, straw return plus straw interlayer showed significantly higher relative abundances of Gemmatimonadota, Chloroflexi, Aquicella, and Salinimicrobium, and lower Actinobacteria. DOC, MBC, β-1, 4-glucosidase, and cellobiohydrolase were core drivers of bacterial community changes. Bacterial co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that DG_S and SL_S treatments enhanced bacterial community stability, complexity, and connectivity compared with straw return alone, thereby promoting organic carbon cycling and sequestration. Functional predictions indicated all amendments optimized soil carbon sequestration and nutrient conversion by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and nitrogen sulfur cycling, and reducing the TCA cycle. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that straw combined with desulfurized gypsum or straw interlayers significantly enhances bacterial diversity and soil fertility, emerging as effective strategies for sustainable agriculture in the Yellow River Delta.

盐胁迫和养分缺乏严重限制了黄河三角洲土壤碳储量和微生物多样性。土壤改良剂是提高盐碱地肥力的有效途径，已得到广泛认可。然而，秸秆还田加脱硫石膏或秸秆夹层对土壤碳含量和细菌群落的影响及其相互作用尚不清楚。采用5种处理进行田间试验，分别为：(1)不添加（CK）、(2)单独秸秆还土(S)、(3)秸秆还土加脱硫石膏（DG_S）、(4)秸秆还土加秸秆中间层（SL_S）、(5)秸秆还土加脱硫石膏加秸秆中间层（DG_SL_S）。结果表明，与秸秆单独还林相比，DG_S、SL_S和DG_SL_S进一步提高了土壤养分有效性，其中DG_S和SL_S分别提高了25.1 %和33.26 %。相反，DG_S、SL_S和DG_SL_S显著降低了DOC含量，DG_S和DG_SL_S分别降低了8 %和10.81 %。所有改良处理均显著提高了土壤酶活性。α和β多样性分析表明，改良处理显著提高了细菌丰富度和多样性，改变了群落结构。与单独秸秆还田相比，秸秆还田加秸秆间层显著提高了Gemmatimonadota、Chloroflexi、Aquicella和salinimicroum的相对丰度，并显著提高了放线菌的相对丰度。DOC、MBC、β- 1,4 -葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素生物水解酶是细菌群落变化的核心驱动因素。细菌共生网络分析表明，与单独秸秆还草相比，DG_S和SL_S处理提高了细菌群落的稳定性、复杂性和连通性，从而促进了有机碳的循环和固存。功能预测表明，所有改良均通过增强碳水化合物代谢、脂质代谢和氮硫循环，减少TCA循环，优化了土壤碳固存和养分转化。综上所述，秸秆与脱硫石膏或秸秆夹层结合可显著提高土壤细菌多样性和肥力，是黄河三角洲农业可持续发展的有效策略。

{"title":"Straw plus straw interlayer alter soil organic carbon and bacterial community in a saline-alkali soil from the Yellow River Delta","authors":"Huili Zhao , Yanwen Wang , Jiaqi Li , Xuze Hu , Ying Zhao , Xiaohong Guo , Gary Y. Gan","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt stress and nutrient deficiency severely restrict soil carbon storage and microbial diversity in the Yellow River Delta. Soil amendments has been widely recognized as an effective approach to improving saline-alkali soil fertility. However, the effects and interactions of straw return plus desulfurized gypsum or straw interlayer on soil carbon content and bacterial communities remain unclear. We conducted field experiments with five treatments: (1) no addition (CK), (2) straw return alone (S), (3) straw return plus desulfurized gypsum (DG_S), (4) straw return plus straw interlayer (SL_S), and (5) straw return plus desulfurized gypsum plus straw interlayer (DG_SL_S). The results indicated that compared with straw return alone, DG_S, SL_S, and DG_SL_S further improved soil nutrient availability, with DG_S and SL_S increasing SOC by 25.1 % and 33.26 %, respectively. Conversely, DG_S, SL_S, and DG_SL_S significantly reduced DOC content, whereas DG_S and DG_SL_S reduced MBC by 8 % and 10.81 %, respectively. All amendment treatments significantly enhanced soil enzyme activities. Alpha and beta diversity analysis indicated that the amendment treatments significantly enhanced bacterial richness, diversity, and altered community structure. Compared with the straw return alone, straw return plus straw interlayer showed significantly higher relative abundances of <em>Gemmatimonadota</em>, <em>Chloroflexi</em>, <em>Aquicella,</em> and <em>Salinimicrobium</em>, and lower <em>Actinobacteria</em>. DOC, MBC, β-1, 4-glucosidase, and cellobiohydrolase were core drivers of bacterial community changes. Bacterial co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated that DG_S and SL_S treatments enhanced bacterial community stability, complexity, and connectivity compared with straw return alone, thereby promoting organic carbon cycling and sequestration. Functional predictions indicated all amendments optimized soil carbon sequestration and nutrient conversion by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and nitrogen sulfur cycling, and reducing the TCA cycle. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that straw combined with desulfurized gypsum or straw interlayers significantly enhances bacterial diversity and soil fertility, emerging as effective strategies for sustainable agriculture in the Yellow River Delta.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107088"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Contribution of Lumbricus terrestris enhancement to soil fertility and maize and wheat yields in soil tillage systems 土壤耕作制度下蚓类对土壤肥力和玉米、小麦产量提高的贡献

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107087

P. Euteneuer , H. Wagentristl , R. Hood-Nowotny , R.W. Neugschwandtner , G. Bodner , A. Hofer , M. Windisch , E. Weiler , S. Widy , K.R. Butt

Earthworms provide important ecosystem services such as plant yield increase and soil structure improvement. Soil tillage systems affect earthworm abundance, e.g., that of Lumbricus terrestris, the burrows of which can increase water infiltration. We tested the impact and mechanisms of additional L. terrestris on plant growth and soil physical parameters in Austria. At two sites, 14 individuals m⁻² were inoculated under different soil tillage systems into large enclosures of 7.5 m², to compare enhanced versus ambient numbers of L. terrestris for maize (Zea mays) followed by wheat (Triticum aestivum). Tested soil tillage systems were plough (CON, 30 cm depth), cultivator (RED; 15 cm depth) and no soil tillage (NT; 0 cm depth). The success rate of inoculation was similar between the soil tillage systems at 33–44 %. Number of middens were increased for enhancement than control and was highest for NT than RED and CON. At level enhancement, grain yield and N grain yield of maize were increased by 10; 13 % and 17; 23 % respectively for CON and RED, while wheat was unaffected, due to insufficient precipitation. At flowering of maize, topsoil moisture at site 2 was 18 % and 17 % higher for enhancement than control for CON and RED, while NT and wheat were unaffected. Soil aggregate stability was 2.7–2.9 times more stable at level enhancement than control for CON and RED for maize, respectively. It was shown that earthworms contribute to plant growth and soil fertility within a relatively short period. Increased numbers of earthworms had the highest effect on plants and soil parameters for CON and RED, which are usually considered to have a weaker soil structure than NT. Earthworms can therefore facilitate the conversion from CON and RED to NT for climate change adaptation and can improve soil fertility.

蚯蚓在提高植物产量和改善土壤结构等方面具有重要的生态系统服务作用。土壤耕作制度会影响蚯蚓的丰度，例如蚓类蚯蚓的丰度，蚓类蚯蚓的地洞可以增加水分入渗。本研究在奥地利试验了添加陆地草对植物生长和土壤物理参数的影响及其机制。在两个试验点，在7.5 m2的大围场中接种14个m−2个体，比较玉米（Zea mays）和小麦（Triticum aestivum）的地缢虫数量。试验土壤耕作系统为犁耕（CON， 30 cm深）、耕耘机（RED， 15 cm深）和免耕（NT， 0 cm深）。不同土壤耕作方式的接种成功率相似，为33-44 %。强化处理的禾本科数比对照增加，NT处理的禾本科数比RED处理和con处理的禾本科数最多。强化处理玉米籽粒产量和氮粒产量提高10个百分点；13 %和17；CON和RED分别为23% %，而小麦因降水不足而不受影响。玉米开花期，CON和RED处理的2点表层土壤水分分别比对照高18 %和17 %，NT和小麦不受影响。玉米土壤团聚体稳定性在CON和RED处理下分别比对照高2.7 ~ 2.9倍。结果表明，蚯蚓在较短的时间内对植物生长和土壤肥力有贡献。蚯蚓数量的增加对CON和RED的植物和土壤参数的影响最大，这两个地区通常被认为土壤结构比NT弱，因此蚯蚓可以促进从CON和RED向NT的转变，以适应气候变化，并可以提高土壤肥力。

{"title":"Contribution of Lumbricus terrestris enhancement to soil fertility and maize and wheat yields in soil tillage systems","authors":"P. Euteneuer , H. Wagentristl , R. Hood-Nowotny , R.W. Neugschwandtner , G. Bodner , A. Hofer , M. Windisch , E. Weiler , S. Widy , K.R. Butt","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Earthworms provide important ecosystem services such as plant yield increase and soil structure improvement. Soil tillage systems affect earthworm abundance, e.g., that of <em>Lumbricus terrestris</em>, the burrows of which can increase water infiltration. We tested the impact and mechanisms of additional <em>L. terrestris</em> on plant growth and soil physical parameters in Austria. At two sites, 14 individuals m<sup>−2</sup> were inoculated under different soil tillage systems into large enclosures of 7.5 m<sup>2</sup>, to compare enhanced <em>versus</em> ambient numbers of <em>L. terrestris</em> for maize (<em>Zea mays</em>) followed by wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em>). Tested soil tillage systems were plough (CON, 30 cm depth), cultivator (RED; 15 cm depth) and no soil tillage (NT; 0 cm depth). The success rate of inoculation was similar between the soil tillage systems at 33–44 %. Number of middens were increased for enhancement than control and was highest for NT than RED and CON. At level enhancement, grain yield and N grain yield of maize were increased by 10; 13 % and 17; 23 % respectively for CON and RED, while wheat was unaffected, due to insufficient precipitation. At flowering of maize, topsoil moisture at site 2 was 18 % and 17 % higher for enhancement than control for CON and RED, while NT and wheat were unaffected. Soil aggregate stability was 2.7–2.9 times more stable at level enhancement than control for CON and RED for maize, respectively. It was shown that earthworms contribute to plant growth and soil fertility within a relatively short period. Increased numbers of earthworms had the highest effect on plants and soil parameters for CON and RED, which are usually considered to have a weaker soil structure than NT. Earthworms can therefore facilitate the conversion from CON and RED to NT for climate change adaptation and can improve soil fertility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107087"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Broadcasting cover crops at corn harvest can maximize biomass and reduce nitrogen leaching 玉米收获期撒播覆盖作物可使生物量最大化，减少氮淋失

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107064

Mary Michael Lipford Zahed , Joseph R. Haymaker , Joshua Mott , A. Ozzie Abaye , Mark S. Reiter

Mitigating nitrogen (N) leaching from agricultural fields is critical for improving water quality in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Because N mineralization continues after corn (Zea mays L.) uptake ceases, losses may occur between harvest and cover crop (CC) establishment. The objectives of this study were to identify effective establishment methods and CC species for N uptake and biomass production; determine whether planting at harvest enhances N scavenging compared to delayed planting; and assess impacts on corn yield. Four seeding methods were evaluated: (1) broadcasting with incorporation at corn harvest, (2) broadcasting without incorporation at corn harvest, (3) broadcasting with incorporation four weeks post-harvest, and (4) drilling four weeks post-harvest, using cereal rye (Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), and a three-species mix. In Year 2, fall soil nitrate concentrations at 0–15 cm depth in post-harvest treatments (11.4–11.8 mg kg⁻¹) were more than double that of at-harvest treatments (5.2 mg kg⁻¹), with at-harvest incorporated rye showing the lowest winter nitrate (1.7 mg kg⁻¹). At-harvest mix and hairy vetch accumulated the most N in aboveground biomass (181–208 kg ha⁻¹). Year 1 corn yield increased following at-harvest hairy vetch (11,022–11,384 kg ha⁻¹) and incorporated mix (11,587 kg ha⁻¹) compared to the control (8895 kg ha⁻¹), though not in Year 2. Incorporation did not significantly affect outcomes compared to non-incorporated treatments. Planting CCs at corn harvest maximized N accumulation, biomass, and nitrate reduction, offering a practical strategy to mitigate N leaching.

减少农田氮淋失对改善切萨皮克湾流域水质至关重要。由于氮矿化在玉米（Zea mays L.）吸收停止后仍在继续，因此在收获和覆盖作物（CC）建立之间可能发生损失。本研究的目的是确定氮素吸收和生物量生产的有效建立方法和CC物种；确定收获期播种是否比延迟播种更能提高氮的清除能力；并评估对玉米产量的影响。对四种播种方法进行了评价：(1)玉米收获时撒播混播，(2)玉米收获时不撒播，(3)收获后四周撒播混播，(4)收获后四周打孔，使用谷物黑麦（Secale cereale L.）、毛豌豆（Vicia villosa Roth）、油菜籽（Brassica napus L.）和三种混合物。在第二年，收获后处理0-15 cm深度的秋季土壤硝酸盐浓度（11.4-11.8 mg kg - 1）是收获时处理（5.2 mg kg - 1）的两倍多，收获时掺入黑麦的冬季硝酸盐最低（1.7 mg kg - 1）。收获期混交种和毛缕野豌豆积累的地上生物量氮最多（181 ~ 208 kg ha−1）。与对照（8895 kg ha - 1）相比，收获叶紫薇（11,022-11,384 kg ha - 1）和掺入混合物（11,587 kg ha - 1）后，第一年玉米产量增加，但第二年没有增加。与非合并治疗相比，合并治疗对结果没有显著影响。在玉米收获时种植碳捕集剂可使氮积累、生物量和硝酸盐减少最大化，为缓解氮淋失提供了切实可行的策略。

{"title":"Broadcasting cover crops at corn harvest can maximize biomass and reduce nitrogen leaching","authors":"Mary Michael Lipford Zahed , Joseph R. Haymaker , Joshua Mott , A. Ozzie Abaye , Mark S. Reiter","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107064","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mitigating nitrogen (N) leaching from agricultural fields is critical for improving water quality in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Because N mineralization continues after corn (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) uptake ceases, losses may occur between harvest and cover crop (CC) establishment. The objectives of this study were to identify effective establishment methods and CC species for N uptake and biomass production; determine whether planting at harvest enhances N scavenging compared to delayed planting; and assess impacts on corn yield. Four seeding methods were evaluated: (1) broadcasting with incorporation at corn harvest, (2) broadcasting without incorporation at corn harvest, (3) broadcasting with incorporation four weeks post-harvest, and (4) drilling four weeks post-harvest, using cereal rye (<em>Secale cereale</em> L.), hairy vetch (<em>Vicia villosa</em> Roth), rapeseed (<em>Brassica napus</em> L.), and a three-species mix. In Year 2, fall soil nitrate concentrations at 0–15 cm depth in post-harvest treatments (11.4–11.8 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>) were more than double that of at-harvest treatments (5.2 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>), with at-harvest incorporated rye showing the lowest winter nitrate (1.7 mg kg<sup>−1</sup>). At-harvest mix and hairy vetch accumulated the most N in aboveground biomass (181–208 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>). Year 1 corn yield increased following at-harvest hairy vetch (11,022–11,384 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and incorporated mix (11,587 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) compared to the control (8895 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>), though not in Year 2. Incorporation did not significantly affect outcomes compared to non-incorporated treatments. Planting CCs at corn harvest maximized N accumulation, biomass, and nitrate reduction, offering a practical strategy to mitigate N leaching.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107064"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Alley cropping associated with conservation tillage can promote short-term soil aggregation and carbon sequestration in European woody crops 旱作配合保护性耕作能促进欧洲木本作物短期土壤团聚和碳固存

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107073

Manuel González-Rosado , Virginia Sánchez-Navarro , Beatriz Lozano-García , Jesús Aguilera-Huertas , Luis Parras-Alcántara , Dénes Lóczy , María Almagro , María Martínez-Mena , Carolina Boix-Fayos , Elvira Díaz-Pereira , María Dolores Gómez-López , Gregorio García-Fernández , Raúl Zornoza

Crop diversification has been reported as an effective strategy for regenerative agriculture, soil health and crop resilience under climate change scenarios. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of alley cropping and conservation tillage in different European woody crops on crop yields, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil aggregation and water retention, compared to monocultures under conventional tillage. A three-year field trial was conducted in spring at two depths, 0–10 and 10–30 cm, in four diversified woody crops: i) Almond trees (Prunus dulcis) intercropped with caper (Capparis spinosa) and no-till, or thymus (Thymus hyemalis) and no-till in Calcaric Regosol; 2) Olive trees (Olea europaea) intercropped with saffron (Crocus sativus) and no-till, vetch rotated with oat (Vicia sativa/Avena sativa) and reduced tillage (10 cm depth), or lavender (Lavandula x intermedia) and reduced tillage (10 cm depth) in Calcaric Cambisol; 3) Mandarin trees(Citrus sinensis) intercropped with vetch/barley (Vicia sativa/Hordeum vulgare) rotated with fava bean with conventional tillage, or rotations of fava bean (Vicia faba), purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) with conventional tillage (30 cm depth) in Calcaric Regosol; and 4) Vineyard (Vitis vinifera) intercropped with yarrow (Achillea millefolium) or a native grass mix under conventional tillage (30–40 cm depth) in Chromic Cambisol. This study provides a clear differentiation between the effects of alley cropping and those of tillage management. Results showed that alley cropping did not significantly contribute to improve the studied soil properties after three years of implementation, although the cash crop yield was not negatively affected. However, when alley cropping was associated with conservation tillage, we observed a significant increase in soil organic carbon content (49 % and 36 % for no-till and reduced tillage, respectively), soil water retention (10 % and 18 % for no-till and reduced tillage, respectively) and higher proportion of macroaggregates (4.6 % and 5.3 % for no-till and reduced tillage, respectively) compared to conventional tillage. Therefore, conservation tillage needs to be implemented in association with alley cropping to improve soil properties at short-term, promoting soil carbon sequestration without compromising crop yields.

据报道，作物多样化是气候变化情景下可再生农业、土壤健康和作物恢复力的有效策略。本研究的目的是评估不同欧洲木本作物在旱作和保护性耕作下与常规耕作下单作相比对作物产量、土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤团聚体和保水性的短期影响。春季在0-10和10-30 cm两个深度对四种不同木本作物进行了为期三年的田间试验：i)在Calcaric Regosol中间作刺山柑免耕或胸草免耕的杏树（Prunus dulcis）；2)在Calcaric Cambisol中，橄榄树（Olea europaea）间作藏红花（Crocus sativus）和免耕，野豌豆与燕麦（Vicia sativa/Avena sativa）轮作并减少耕作（10 cm深），或薰衣草（Lavandula x intermedia）和减少耕作（10 cm深）；3)柑橘树（Citrus sinensis）间作紫薇/大麦（Vicia sativa/Hordeum vulgare）轮作常规耕作的蚕豆，或在Calcaric Regosol中轮作蚕豆（Vicia faba）、马齿苋（Portulaca oleracea）和豇豆（Vigna unguiculata）（30 cm深）；4)在Chromic Cambisol常规耕作（30-40 cm深）下，葡萄（Vitis vinifera）间作洋杨草（Achillea millefolium）或本地混合草。本研究提供了一个明确区分的效果，巷种和耕作管理的影响。结果表明，施用三年后，间作对改善土壤性质的贡献不显著，但对经济作物的产量没有负面影响。然而，当旱作与保护性耕作相结合时，我们观察到与常规耕作相比，土壤有机碳含量（免耕和免耕分别为49% %和36% %）、土壤保水率（免耕和免耕分别为10 %和18 %）和大团聚体比例（免耕和免耕分别为4.6 %和5.3 %）显著增加。因此，保护性耕作需要与间作结合实施，在短期内改善土壤性质，在不影响作物产量的情况下促进土壤固碳。

{"title":"Alley cropping associated with conservation tillage can promote short-term soil aggregation and carbon sequestration in European woody crops","authors":"Manuel González-Rosado , Virginia Sánchez-Navarro , Beatriz Lozano-García , Jesús Aguilera-Huertas , Luis Parras-Alcántara , Dénes Lóczy , María Almagro , María Martínez-Mena , Carolina Boix-Fayos , Elvira Díaz-Pereira , María Dolores Gómez-López , Gregorio García-Fernández , Raúl Zornoza","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Crop diversification has been reported as an effective strategy for regenerative agriculture, soil health and crop resilience under climate change scenarios. The objective of this study was to assess the short-term effect of alley cropping and conservation tillage in different European woody crops on crop yields, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, soil aggregation and water retention, compared to monocultures under conventional tillage. A three-year field trial was conducted in spring at two depths, 0–10 and 10–30 cm, in four diversified woody crops: i) Almond trees <em>(Prunus dulcis)</em> intercropped with caper (<em>Capparis spinosa)</em> and no-till, or thymus (<em>Thymus hyemalis)</em> and no-till in Calcaric Regosol; 2) Olive trees (<em>Olea europaea</em>) intercropped with saffron (<em>Crocus sativus)</em> and no-till, vetch rotated with oat (<em>Vicia sativa</em>/<em>Avena sativa)</em> and reduced tillage (10 cm depth), or lavender (<em>Lavandula x intermedia)</em> and reduced tillage (10 cm depth) in Calcaric Cambisol; 3) Mandarin trees(<em>Citrus sinensis)</em> intercropped with vetch/barley (<em>Vicia sativa/Hordeum vulgare</em>) rotated with fava bean with conventional tillage, or rotations of fava bean (<em>Vicia faba</em>), purslane (<em>Portulaca oleracea</em>) and cowpea (<em>Vigna unguiculata</em>) with conventional tillage (30 cm depth) in Calcaric Regosol; and 4) Vineyard (<em>Vitis vinifera)</em> intercropped with yarrow (<em>Achillea millefolium)</em> or a native grass mix under conventional tillage (30–40 cm depth) in Chromic Cambisol. This study provides a clear differentiation between the effects of alley cropping and those of tillage management. Results showed that alley cropping did not significantly contribute to improve the studied soil properties after three years of implementation, although the cash crop yield was not negatively affected. However, when alley cropping was associated with conservation tillage, we observed a significant increase in soil organic carbon content (49 % and 36 % for no-till and reduced tillage, respectively), soil water retention (10 % and 18 % for no-till and reduced tillage, respectively) and higher proportion of macroaggregates (4.6 % and 5.3 % for no-till and reduced tillage, respectively) compared to conventional tillage. Therefore, conservation tillage needs to be implemented in association with alley cropping to improve soil properties at short-term, promoting soil carbon sequestration without compromising crop yields.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107073"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146014529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Impact of optimized tillage and mulching practices on soil water and yield responses to precipitation: A 20-year field experiment study 优化耕作和覆盖方式对土壤水分和产量对降水响应的影响：20年田间试验研究

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107086

Jia Wang , Jun Fan , Zijun Dai , Mingde Hao

The effects of long-term no-tillage (NT) and mulching on water retention, yield increase, and yield stability under different precipitation conditions are inconsistent, and few studies have simultaneously explored the combined effects of these factors. Therefore, we conducted a 20-year field experiment (2004–2023) to study the effects of tillage systems (conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT)) and mulching patterns (no mulching (NM), plastic mulching (PM), straw mulching (SM), and straw and plastic dual mulching (SPM)) under different precipitation conditions on soil water storage (SWS) and utilization characteristics, yield and its stability. The results showed that long-term no-tillage significantly increased SWS during both the fallow and growing periods under three precipitation types. SPM significantly increased pre-sowing SWS (SWS_GB) compared to single mulching (PM and SM) in dry and wet years (P < 0.05). In dry years, PM increased the consumption of deep soil water (100–220 cm), and the evapotranspiration (ET) of PM was the highest (P < 0.05). In dry and normal years, NT and SPM significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) and precipitation use efficiency (PUE) during the growing period. The combination of no-tillage and mulching enhances soil water content, and long-term implementation contributes to higher yield and increased yield stability. The effect of NT and mulching on yield increase was positively correlated with the duration of cultivation. Specifically, after 10, 15, and 20 years, the yield under NT was significantly higher than CT by 6.5 %, 6.0 %, and 8.3 %. Over the 20 years, the yield under PM, SM, and SPM was higher than NM by 13.8 %, 10.1 %, and 20.3 % (P < 0.05). PUE, SWS_GB, and WUE are important factors affecting yield in dry and normal years. Therefore, NT and SPM have broader applicability across different precipitation types. In particular, under the future trends of global warming and increasing aridity, this practice is well-suited for the arid and semi-arid regions.

不同降水条件下，长期免耕和覆盖对保水、增产和产量稳定性的影响并不一致，很少有研究同时探讨这些因素的联合作用。为此，本研究通过2004-2023年20年的田间试验，研究了不同降水条件下常规耕作（CT）和免耕（NT）制度和覆盖模式（免耕（NM）、地膜覆盖（PM）、秸秆覆盖（SM）和秸秆与塑料双覆盖（SPM））对土壤水分储存（SWS）和利用特性、产量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明：3种降水类型下，长期免耕均显著增加了休耕期和生长期的SWS。在干湿年份，与单覆盖（PM和SM）相比，SPM显著提高了播前SWS (SWSGB) （P <； 0.05）。在干旱年，PM增加了深层土壤水分的消耗（100-220 cm）， PM的蒸散量（ET）最高（P <； 0.05）。在干旱和正常年，氮肥和SPM显著提高了生育期水分利用效率（WUE）和降水利用效率（PUE）。免耕与覆盖相结合可提高土壤含水量，长期实施可提高产量，提高产量稳定性。氮肥和覆盖对产量的影响与栽培年限呈正相关。具体而言，在10年、15年和20年后，NT处理的产量显著高于CT处理，分别提高了6.5 %、6.0 %和8.3 %。20 a间，PM、SM和SPM的产量分别比NM高13.8 %、10.1 %和20.3 % （P <； 0.05）。在干旱年和正常年，PUE、SWSGB和WUE是影响产量的重要因素。因此，NT和SPM在不同降水类型中具有更广泛的适用性。特别是在未来全球变暖和干旱加剧的趋势下，这种做法非常适合干旱和半干旱地区。

{"title":"Impact of optimized tillage and mulching practices on soil water and yield responses to precipitation: A 20-year field experiment study","authors":"Jia Wang , Jun Fan , Zijun Dai , Mingde Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107086","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107086","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effects of long-term no-tillage (NT) and mulching on water retention, yield increase, and yield stability under different precipitation conditions are inconsistent, and few studies have simultaneously explored the combined effects of these factors. Therefore, we conducted a 20-year field experiment (2004–2023) to study the effects of tillage systems (conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT)) and mulching patterns (no mulching (NM), plastic mulching (PM), straw mulching (SM), and straw and plastic dual mulching (SPM)) under different precipitation conditions on soil water storage (SWS) and utilization characteristics, yield and its stability. The results showed that long-term no-tillage significantly increased SWS during both the fallow and growing periods under three precipitation types. SPM significantly increased pre-sowing SWS (SWS<sub>GB</sub>) compared to single mulching (PM and SM) in dry and wet years (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In dry years, PM increased the consumption of deep soil water (100–220 cm), and the evapotranspiration (ET) of PM was the highest (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In dry and normal years, NT and SPM significantly improved water use efficiency (WUE) and precipitation use efficiency (PUE) during the growing period. The combination of no-tillage and mulching enhances soil water content, and long-term implementation contributes to higher yield and increased yield stability. The effect of NT and mulching on yield increase was positively correlated with the duration of cultivation. Specifically, after 10, 15, and 20 years, the yield under NT was significantly higher than CT by 6.5 %, 6.0 %, and 8.3 %. Over the 20 years, the yield under PM, SM, and SPM was higher than NM by 13.8 %, 10.1 %, and 20.3 % (<em>P</em> < 0.05). PUE, SWS<sub>GB</sub>, and WUE are important factors affecting yield in dry and normal years. Therefore, NT and SPM have broader applicability across different precipitation types. In particular, under the future trends of global warming and increasing aridity, this practice is well-suited for the arid and semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107086"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and evaluation of bio-inspired track shoes for improved traction and mobility in complex topography 仿生跑鞋的设计和评估，以改善复杂地形的牵引力和机动性

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107071

Fu Zhang , Le Yang , Xinyue Wang , Yakun Zhang , Yumei Liu , Sanling Fu

Agricultural operations in hilly and mountainous terrain rely heavily on the mobility of tracked vehicles, yet conventional track designs frequently suffer from limited adhesion and excessive slippage on clay-rich slopes. Although nature provides efficient locomotion models for such environments, specifically the Saanen goat (Capra hircus), effectively translating the morphology and motion mechanics of goat hooves into engineered structures to solve these traction deficits remains an open challenge. To solve the challenge, a bio-inspired track shoe mimicking the goat hoof’s force–structure coupling was developed. Interfacial shear tests on clay soils were combined with a discrete element method (DEM) simulation framework to optimize unit spacing, height, and arrangement. Subsequently, a composite structure incorporating a 40° hoof flap opening angle was designed and validated through soil trench tests using additively manufactured thermoplastic polyurethane tracks. The optimized configuration (4 mm spacing, 3 mm height, and dual-row arrangement) achieved an adhesion force of 6.89 N, representing a 14.07 % improvement over straight-plate tracks. Notably, the composite structure with the hoof flap provided further gains, increasing adhesion by 6.24 % compared with the optimized single bionic design and by 21.19 % relative to the conventional spur type. These results demonstrate that goat-hoof-inspired structures offer a viable approach to enhancing the traction performance of agricultural vehicles, contributing to improved mobility and operational safety in complex topography.

丘陵和山区的农业作业严重依赖履带车辆的机动性，然而传统的履带设计在富含粘土的斜坡上经常受到有限的附着力和过度滑移的影响。尽管自然界为这种环境提供了有效的运动模型，特别是萨南山羊（Capra hircus），但有效地将山羊蹄的形态和运动力学转化为工程结构来解决这些牵引力缺陷仍然是一个悬而未决的挑战。为了解决这一挑战，仿生跑鞋模仿了羊蹄的力-结构耦合。将黏性土界面剪切试验与离散元法（DEM）模拟框架相结合，优化单元间距、高度和布置。随后，采用增材制造的热塑性聚氨酯履带，设计了一种包含40°蹄瓣张开角的复合结构，并通过土沟试验进行了验证。优化后的结构（4 mm间距，3 mm高度，双排排列）获得了6.89 N的附着力，比直板轨道提高了14.07 %。值得注意的是，带有蹄瓣的复合材料结构提供了进一步的增益，与优化的单一仿生设计相比，附着力提高了6.24 %，与传统的刺型相比，附着力提高了21.19 %。这些结果表明，以羊蹄为灵感的结构为提高农用车辆的牵引性能提供了一种可行的方法，有助于改善复杂地形下的机动性和操作安全性。

{"title":"Design and evaluation of bio-inspired track shoes for improved traction and mobility in complex topography","authors":"Fu Zhang , Le Yang , Xinyue Wang , Yakun Zhang , Yumei Liu , Sanling Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agricultural operations in hilly and mountainous terrain rely heavily on the mobility of tracked vehicles, yet conventional track designs frequently suffer from limited adhesion and excessive slippage on clay-rich slopes. Although nature provides efficient locomotion models for such environments, specifically the Saanen goat (Capra hircus), effectively translating the morphology and motion mechanics of goat hooves into engineered structures to solve these traction deficits remains an open challenge. To solve the challenge, a bio-inspired track shoe mimicking the goat hoof’s force–structure coupling was developed. Interfacial shear tests on clay soils were combined with a discrete element method (DEM) simulation framework to optimize unit spacing, height, and arrangement. Subsequently, a composite structure incorporating a 40° hoof flap opening angle was designed and validated through soil trench tests using additively manufactured thermoplastic polyurethane tracks. The optimized configuration (4 mm spacing, 3 mm height, and dual-row arrangement) achieved an adhesion force of 6.89 N, representing a 14.07 % improvement over straight-plate tracks. Notably, the composite structure with the hoof flap provided further gains, increasing adhesion by 6.24 % compared with the optimized single bionic design and by 21.19 % relative to the conventional spur type. These results demonstrate that goat-hoof-inspired structures offer a viable approach to enhancing the traction performance of agricultural vehicles, contributing to improved mobility and operational safety in complex topography.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107071"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146000548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The economics of conservation agriculture within a conceptual and methodological assessment framework 在概念和方法评估框架内的保护性农业经济学

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107084

Abdoulaye Tapsoba, Sébastien Loubier

Conservation agriculture (CA) involves the simultaneous adoption of three agroecological practices: no-tillage or reduced tillage, maintenance of soil organic cover, and crop diversification. This paper develops a conceptual and methodological framework for assessing the economic benefits of CA. More than 150 studies were reviewed to create a conceptual diagram that identifies and links the key economic and environmental effects of adopting CA. The review reveals contradictory impacts of CA on production costs. Labor and machinery costs are significantly reduced, but these savings may be offset by increased pesticide costs due to greater weed pressure. Evidence is also mixed regarding whether CA adoption increases or decreases crop yields and water pollution. However, implementing CA is likely to promote biodiversity, reduce soil erosion, mitigate global warming, and improve soil quality in the long term. These effects vary depending on the CA practices adopted, experiment duration, climatic conditions, soil textures, and crop types. Adopting no-tillage alone may be ineffective at controlling soil erosion and is likely to result in yield losses or insignificant yield gains. CA impacts extend from individual farms to national and global levels and involve various risks and uncertainties. In light of these findings, a methodological approach is proposed to assess the probability distributions of the private and public benefits that CA generates. Assessing these benefits will help farmers and policymakers make informed decisions, thereby ensuring successful transitions to CA practices.

保护性农业（CA）涉及同时采用三种农业生态实践：免耕或少耕、维持土壤有机覆盖和作物多样化。本文开发了一个概念和方法框架来评估CA的经济效益。我们回顾了150多项研究，以创建一个概念图，确定并联系采用CA的关键经济和环境影响。回顾揭示了CA对生产成本的相互矛盾的影响。人工和机械成本显著降低，但这些节省可能会被杂草压力增加导致的农药成本增加所抵消。关于采用CA是增加还是减少作物产量和水污染，证据也很复杂。然而，从长远来看，实施CA可能会促进生物多样性，减少土壤侵蚀，减缓全球变暖，并改善土壤质量。这些影响取决于所采用的CA做法、试验持续时间、气候条件、土壤质地和作物类型。单独采用免耕在控制土壤侵蚀方面可能无效，而且可能导致产量损失或微不足道的产量增加。CA的影响从个体农场延伸到国家和全球层面，并涉及各种风险和不确定性。根据这些发现，提出了一种方法学方法来评估CA产生的私人和公共利益的概率分布。评估这些效益将有助于农民和政策制定者做出明智的决策，从而确保向CA实践的成功过渡。

{"title":"The economics of conservation agriculture within a conceptual and methodological assessment framework","authors":"Abdoulaye Tapsoba, Sébastien Loubier","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conservation agriculture (CA) involves the simultaneous adoption of three agroecological practices: no-tillage or reduced tillage, maintenance of soil organic cover, and crop diversification. This paper develops a conceptual and methodological framework for assessing the economic benefits of CA. More than 150 studies were reviewed to create a conceptual diagram that identifies and links the key economic and environmental effects of adopting CA. The review reveals contradictory impacts of CA on production costs. Labor and machinery costs are significantly reduced, but these savings may be offset by increased pesticide costs due to greater weed pressure. Evidence is also mixed regarding whether CA adoption increases or decreases crop yields and water pollution. However, implementing CA is likely to promote biodiversity, reduce soil erosion, mitigate global warming, and improve soil quality in the long term. These effects vary depending on the CA practices adopted, experiment duration, climatic conditions, soil textures, and crop types. Adopting no-tillage alone may be ineffective at controlling soil erosion and is likely to result in yield losses or insignificant yield gains. CA impacts extend from individual farms to national and global levels and involve various risks and uncertainties. In light of these findings, a methodological approach is proposed to assess the probability distributions of the private and public benefits that CA generates. Assessing these benefits will help farmers and policymakers make informed decisions, thereby ensuring successful transitions to CA practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107084"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145995180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluating how drying conditions influence short-term carbon mineralization assays for soil health assessment 评价干燥条件对土壤健康评价中短期碳矿化分析的影响

IF 6.8 1区农林科学 Q1 SOIL SCIENCE

Soil & Tillage Research

Pub Date : 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2026.107070

Ryan D. Stewart, Caroline C. Wolcott

The resilience of subsurface microbial communities to stressors such as drought is an important aspect of healthy and well-functioning soils. The short-term carbon mineralization test (STCM) was developed to quantify the initial flux of carbon dioxide that is produced when soils are dried and then rapidly rewetted. This method is increasingly being adopted as a biological measure of soil health, yet there has been little consideration of how the drying procedure affects results. In this study, we compared STCM results for soil samples that were oven dried for 2–3 d versus air dried for 21 d. The samples came from a research farm in Virginia, United States, and represented four distinct management practices, two sampling depths, and three sampling dates. Oven-drying the samples tended to produce greater STCM values, and factors such as soil management did not significantly modify the correlation between drying procedures. An analysis of the relative differences between oven- and air-dried values showed that air-drying tended to produce greater fluxes in soils with limited carbon resources (i.e., low STCM values), whereas the opposite trend was observed in samples with greater carbon resources (i.e., high STCM values). By imposing elevated temperatures (e.g., 55 °C) and rapid drying, oven conditions appear to emphasize shifts in microbial resource allocation and functioning that occur under stress, and therefore may be preferable when using STCM assays for soil health assessment.

地下微生物群落对干旱等压力源的恢复能力是土壤健康和功能良好的一个重要方面。开发了短期碳矿化试验（STCM），以量化土壤干燥后迅速再湿润时产生的二氧化碳的初始通量。这种方法越来越多地被采用作为土壤健康的生物学测量，但很少考虑干燥过程如何影响结果。在这项研究中，我们比较了烘箱干燥2-3天和风干21天的土壤样品的STCM结果。样品来自美国弗吉尼亚州的一个研究农场，代表了四种不同的管理方法、两种采样深度和三个采样日期。烘箱干燥的样品倾向于产生更大的STCM值，土壤管理等因素并没有显著改变干燥过程之间的相关性。对烘箱和风干值之间相对差异的分析表明，在碳资源有限（即STCM值低）的土壤中，风干往往产生更大的通量，而在碳资源较多（即STCM值高）的样品中，则观察到相反的趋势。通过施加高温（例如55°C）和快速干燥，烘箱条件似乎强调了在压力下发生的微生物资源分配和功能的变化，因此在使用STCM分析进行土壤健康评估时可能更可取。

{"title":"Evaluating how drying conditions influence short-term carbon mineralization assays for soil health assessment","authors":"Ryan D. Stewart, Caroline C. Wolcott","doi":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.still.2026.107070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The resilience of subsurface microbial communities to stressors such as drought is an important aspect of healthy and well-functioning soils. The short-term carbon mineralization test (STCM) was developed to quantify the initial flux of carbon dioxide that is produced when soils are dried and then rapidly rewetted. This method is increasingly being adopted as a biological measure of soil health, yet there has been little consideration of how the drying procedure affects results. In this study, we compared STCM results for soil samples that were oven dried for 2–3 d versus air dried for 21 d. The samples came from a research farm in Virginia, United States, and represented four distinct management practices, two sampling depths, and three sampling dates. Oven-drying the samples tended to produce greater STCM values, and factors such as soil management did not significantly modify the correlation between drying procedures. An analysis of the relative differences between oven- and air-dried values showed that air-drying tended to produce greater fluxes in soils with limited carbon resources (i.e., low STCM values), whereas the opposite trend was observed in samples with greater carbon resources (i.e., high STCM values). By imposing elevated temperatures (e.g., 55 °C) and rapid drying, oven conditions appear to emphasize shifts in microbial resource allocation and functioning that occur under stress, and therefore may be preferable when using STCM assays for soil health assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49503,"journal":{"name":"Soil & Tillage Research","volume":"259 ","pages":"Article 107070"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145980650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0