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On Assignment Problems Related to Gromov–Wasserstein Distances on the Real Line 实线上与Gromov-Wasserstein距离有关的分配问题
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1137/22m1497808
Robert Beinert, Cosmas Heiss, Gabriele Steidl
Let and , , be real numbers. We show by an example that the assignment problem begin{align*} max_{sigma in S_n} F_sigma (x,y) := frac 12 sum_{i,k=1}^n |x_i- x_k|^alpha , |y_{sigma (i)}- y_{sigma (k)}|^alpha, quad alpha gt 0, end{align*} is in general neither solved by the identical permutation nor the anti-identical permutation if . Indeed the above maximum can be, depending on the number of points, arbitrarily far away from and . The motivation to deal with such assignment problems came from their relation to Gromov–Wasserstein distances, which have recently received a lot of attention in imaging and shape analysis.
设和为实数。我们通过一个例子证明了分配问题begin{align*} max_{sigma in S_n} F_sigma (x,y) := frac 12 sum_{i,k=1}^n |x_i- x_k|^alpha , |y_{sigma (i)}- y_{sigma (k)}|^alpha, quad alpha gt 0, end{align*}一般既不能用同置换解决,也不能用反同置换解决。实际上,根据点的数量,上述最大值可以是任意距离和的值。处理这种赋值问题的动机来自于它们与Gromov-Wasserstein距离的关系,后者最近在成像和形状分析中受到了很多关注。
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引用次数: 2
Toward Single Particle Reconstruction without Particle Picking: Breaking the Detection Limit 无粒子拾取的单粒子重构:突破检测极限
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.1137/22m1503828
Tamir Bendory, Nicolas Boumal, William Leeb, Eitan Levin, Amit Singer
Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has recently joined X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy as a high-resolution structural method to resolve biological macromolecules. In a cryo-EM experiment, the microscope produces images called micrographs. Projections of the molecule of interest are embedded in the micrographs at unknown locations, and under unknown viewing directions. Standard imaging techniques first locate these projections (detection) and then reconstruct the 3-D structure from them. Unfortunately, high noise levels hinder detection. When reliable detection is rendered impossible, the standard techniques fail. This is a problem, especially for small molecules. In this paper, we pursue a radically different approach: we contend that the structure could, in principle, be reconstructed directly from the micrographs, without intermediate detection. The aim is to bring small molecules within reach for cryo-EM. To this end, we design an autocorrelation analysis technique that allows one to go directly from the micrographs to the sought structures. This involves only one pass over the micrographs, allowing online, streaming processing for large experiments. We show numerical results and discuss challenges that lay ahead to turn this proof-of-concept into a complementary approach to state-of-the-art algorithms.
单粒子低温电子显微镜(cryo-EM)最近加入了x射线晶体学和核磁共振波谱学,成为一种高分辨率的结构方法来分析生物大分子。在低温电子显微镜实验中,显微镜产生的图像被称为显微照片。感兴趣的分子的投影嵌入在未知位置的显微照片中,在未知的观察方向下。标准成像技术首先定位这些投影(检测),然后从它们重建三维结构。不幸的是,高噪音水平阻碍了检测。当可靠的检测变得不可能时,标准技术就失效了。这是一个问题,特别是对于小分子。在本文中,我们采用了一种完全不同的方法:我们认为结构原则上可以直接从显微照片中重建,而无需中间检测。其目的是将小分子带入低温电子显微镜的触手可及范围内。为此,我们设计了一种自相关分析技术,允许人们直接从显微照片到所寻找的结构。这只需要通过一次显微照片,就可以对大型实验进行在线流式处理。我们展示了数值结果,并讨论了将这种概念验证转化为最先进算法的补充方法所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 1
On Learning the Invisible in Photoacoustic Tomography with Flat Directionally Sensitive Detector 利用平面定向敏感探测器学习光声层析成像中的不可见性
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-05-18 DOI: 10.1137/22m148793x
Bolin Pan, Marta M. Betcke
In photoacoustic tomography (PAT) with a flat sensor, we routinely encounter two types of limited data. The first is due to using a finite sensor and is especially perceptible if the region of interest is large relative to the sensor or located farther away from the sensor. In this paper, we focus on the second type caused by a varying sensitivity of the sensor to the incoming wavefront direction, which can be modelled as binary, i.e., by a cone of sensitivity. Such visibility conditions result, in the Fourier domain, in a restriction of both the image and the data to a bowtie, akin to the one corresponding to the range of the forward operator. The visible wavefrontsets in image and data domains, are related by the wavefront direction mapping. We adapt the wedge restricted curvelet decomposition, we previously proposed for the representation of the full PAT data, to separate the visible and invisible wavefronts in the image. We optimally combine fast approximate operators with tailored deep neural network architectures into efficient learned reconstruction methods which perform reconstruction of the visible coefficients, and the invisible coefficients are learned from a training set of similar data.
在光声层析成像(PAT)与平面传感器,我们经常遇到两种类型的有限数据。首先是由于使用有限传感器,如果感兴趣的区域相对于传感器较大或位于远离传感器的地方,则特别可感知。在本文中,我们关注的是由传感器对入射波前方向的不同灵敏度引起的第二种类型,它可以被建模为二进制,即通过灵敏度锥。在傅里叶域中,这样的可见性条件导致图像和数据都被限制为一个领结,类似于前向运算符范围对应的领结。通过波前方向映射,将图像域和数据域的可见波前集联系起来。我们采用楔形限制曲线分解,我们之前提出的表示完整的PAT数据,分离图像中的可见和不可见波前。我们最优地将快速近似算子与定制的深度神经网络架构结合到有效的学习重建方法中,该方法执行可见系数的重建,而不可见系数则从类似数据的训练集中学习。
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引用次数: 0
On the Convergence of Stochastic Gradient Descent for Linear Inverse Problems in Banach Spaces Banach空间中线性逆问题的随机梯度下降收敛性
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1137/22m1518542
Bangti Jin, Željko Kereta
In this work we consider stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for solving linear inverse problems in Banach spaces. SGD and its variants have been established as one of the most successful optimization methods in machine learning, imaging, and signal processing, to name a few. At each iteration SGD uses a single datum, or a small subset of data, resulting in highly scalable methods that are very attractive for large-scale inverse problems. Nonetheless, the theoretical analysis of SGD-based approaches for inverse problems has thus far been largely limited to Euclidean and Hilbert spaces. In this work we present a novel convergence analysis of SGD for linear inverse problems in general Banach spaces: we show the almost sure convergence of the iterates to the minimum norm solution and establish the regularizing property for suitable a priori stopping criteria. Numerical results are also presented to illustrate features of the approach.
本文研究了用随机梯度下降法求解Banach空间中的线性逆问题。SGD及其变体已被确立为机器学习、成像和信号处理等领域最成功的优化方法之一。在每次迭代中,SGD使用单个数据,或者数据的一个小子集,从而产生高度可伸缩的方法,这对于大规模的逆问题非常有吸引力。然而,迄今为止,基于sgd的反问题方法的理论分析主要局限于欧几里得和希尔伯特空间。本文给出了一般Banach空间中线性逆问题的SGD的收敛性分析:我们证明了迭代到最小范数解的几乎肯定收敛,并建立了合适的先验停止准则的正则化性质。数值结果说明了该方法的特点。
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引用次数: 0
A Nonlocal Graph-PDE and Higher-Order Geometric Integration for Image Labeling 图像标注的非局部图pde和高阶几何积分
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1137/22m1496141
Dmitrij Sitenko, Bastian Boll, Christoph Schnörr
This paper introduces a novel nonlocal partial difference equation (G-PDE) for labeling metric data on graphs. The G-PDE is derived as a nonlocal reparametrization of the assignment flow approach that was introduced in [J. Math. Imaging Vision, 58 (2017), pp. 211–238]. Due to this parameterization, solving the G-PDE numerically is shown to be equivalent to computing the Riemannian gradient flow with respect to a nonconvex potential. We devise an entropy-regularized difference of convex (DC) functions decomposition of this potential and show that the basic geometric Euler scheme for integrating the assignment flow is equivalent to solving the G-PDE by an established DC programming scheme. Moreover, the viewpoint of geometric integration reveals a basic way to exploit higher-order information of the vector field that drives the assignment flow, in order to devise a novel accelerated DC programming scheme. A detailed convergence analysis of both numerical schemes is provided and illustrated by numerical experiments.
本文提出了一种新的非局部偏差分方程(G-PDE),用于标记图上度量数据。G-PDE是在文献[J]中引入的分配流方法的非局部再参数化。数学。影像视觉,58 (2017),pp. 211-238。由于这种参数化,数值求解G-PDE被证明等同于计算关于非凸势的黎曼梯度流。我们设计了一种熵正则化的凸差分(DC)函数分解,并证明了积分分配流的基本几何欧拉格式等价于用已建立的DC规划格式求解G-PDE。此外,几何积分的观点揭示了利用驱动分配流的矢量场的高阶信息来设计一种新的加速直流规划方案的基本方法。对两种格式进行了详细的收敛性分析,并通过数值实验加以说明。
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引用次数: 1
Elastica Models for Color Image Regularization 彩色图像正则化的弹性模型
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-03-30 DOI: 10.1137/22m147935x
Hao Liu, Xue-Cheng Tai, Ron Kimmel, Roland Glowinski
The choice of a proper regularization measure plays an important role in the field of image processing. One classical approach treats color images as two- dimensional surfaces embedded in a five-dimensional spatial-chromatic space. In this case, a natural regularization term arises as the image surface area. Choosing the chromatic coordinates as dominating over the spatial ones, we can think of the image spatial coordinates could as a parameterization of the image surface manifold in a three-dimensional color space. Minimizing the area of the image manifold leads to the Beltrami flow or mean curvature flow of the image surface in the three-dimensional color space, while minimizing the elastica of the image surface yields an additional interesting regularization. Recently, we proposed a color elastica model, which minimizes both the surface area and the elastica of the image manifold. In this paper, we propose to modify the color elastica and introduce two new models for color image regularization. The revised measures are motivated by the relations between the color elastica model, Euler’s elastica model, and the total variation model for gray level images. Compared to our previous color elastica model, the new models are direct extensions of Euler’s elastica model to color images. The proposed models are nonlinear and challenging to minimize. To overcome this difficulty, two operator-splitting methods are suggested. Specifically, nonlinearities are decoupled by the introduction of new vector- and matrix-valued variables. Then, the minimization problems are converted to initial value problems which are time-discretized by operator splitting. Each subproblem, after splitting, either has a closed-form solution or can be solved efficiently. The effectiveness and advantages of the proposed models are demonstrated by comprehensive experiments. The benefits of incorporating the elastica of the image surface as regularization terms compared to common alternatives are empirically validated.
选择合适的正则化测度在图像处理领域中起着重要的作用。一种经典的方法将彩色图像视为嵌入在五维空间色彩空间中的二维表面。在这种情况下,自然正则化项作为图像表面积出现。选择色坐标占主导地位而不是空间坐标,我们可以认为图像空间坐标可以作为图像表面流形在三维色彩空间中的参数化。最小化图像流形的面积会导致图像表面在三维色彩空间中的贝尔特拉米流或平均曲率流,而最小化图像表面的弹性会产生额外的有趣的正则化。最近,我们提出了一种颜色弹性模型,该模型可以最小化图像流形的表面积和弹性。本文对彩色图像正则化模型进行了改进,提出了两种新的彩色图像正则化模型。基于灰度图像的颜色弹性模型、欧拉弹性模型和总变分模型之间的关系,提出了改进的度量方法。与我们之前的彩色弹性模型相比,新模型是欧拉弹性模型对彩色图像的直接扩展。所提出的模型是非线性的,很难最小化。为了克服这一困难,提出了两种算子分割方法。具体地说,非线性是通过引入新的向量和矩阵值变量来解耦的。然后,将最小化问题转化为初始值问题,并通过算子分裂进行时间离散。每个子问题在分裂后,要么具有封闭解,要么能够有效地求解。综合实验证明了所提模型的有效性和优越性。与常见的替代方案相比,将图像表面的弹性作为正则化项的好处得到了经验验证。
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引用次数: 0
A Projected Nesterov–Kaczmarz Approach to Stellar Population-Kinematic Distribution Reconstruction in Extragalactic Archaeology 基于Nesterov-Kaczmarz方法的河外考古中恒星人口运动分布重建
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1137/22m1503002
Fabian Hinterer, Simon Hubmer, Prashin Jethwa, Kirk M. Soodhalter, Glenn van de Ven, Ronny Ramlau
In this paper, we consider the problem of reconstructing a galaxy’s stellar population-kinematic distribution function from optical integral field unit measurements. These quantities are connected via a high-dimensional integral equation. To solve this problem, we propose a projected Nesterov–Kaczmarz reconstruction method, which efficiently leverages the problem structure and incorporates physical prior information such as smoothness and nonnegativity constraints. To test the performance of our reconstruction approach, we apply it to a dataset simulated from a known ground truth density, and validate it by comparing our recoveries to those obtained by the widely used pPXF software.
本文考虑从光学积分场单位测量中重建星系恒星群-运动分布函数的问题。这些量通过一个高维积分方程联系起来。为了解决这一问题,我们提出了一种投影Nesterov-Kaczmarz重建方法,该方法有效地利用了问题的结构,并结合了平滑性和非负性约束等物理先验信息。为了测试我们的重建方法的性能,我们将其应用于已知地面真值密度模拟的数据集,并通过将我们的恢复与广泛使用的pPXF软件获得的恢复进行比较来验证它。
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引用次数: 2
Turning Grain Maps into Diagrams 将颗粒图转换为图表
3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2023-02-07 DOI: 10.1137/22m1491988
Andreas Alpers, Maximilian Fiedler, Peter Gritzmann, Fabian Klemm
The present paper studies mathematical models for representing, imaging, and analyzing polycrystalline materials. We introduce various techniques for converting grain maps into diagram or tessellation representations that rely on constrained clustering. In particular, we show how to significantly accelerate the computation of generalized balanced power diagrams and how to extend it to allow for optimization over all relevant parameters. A comparison of the accuracy of the proposed approaches is given based on a three-dimensional real-world data set of voxels.
本文研究了多晶材料表征、成像和分析的数学模型。我们介绍了将谷物图转换为依赖于约束聚类的图或镶嵌表示的各种技术。特别是,我们展示了如何显著加快广义平衡功率图的计算,以及如何扩展它以允许对所有相关参数进行优化。基于真实世界的三维体素数据集,对所提方法的精度进行了比较。
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引用次数: 1
Steerable Near-Quadrature Filter Pairs in Three Dimensions. 三维可操纵近正交滤波器对。
IF 2.1 3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-26 DOI: 10.1137/21m143529x
Tommy M Tang, Hemant D Tagare

Steerable filter pairs that are near quadrature have many image processing applications. This paper proposes a new methodology for designing such filters. The key idea is to design steerable filters by minimizing a departure-from-quadrature function. These minimizing filter pairs are almost exactly in quadrature. The polar part of the filters is nonnegative, monotonic, and highly focused around an axis, and asymptotically the filters achieve exact quadrature. These results are established by exploiting a relation between the filters and generalized Hilbert matrices. These near-quadrature filters closely approximate three dimensional Gabor filters. We experimentally verify the asymptotic mathematical results and further demonstrate the use of these filter pairs by efficient calculation of local Fourier shell correlation of cryogenic electron microscopy.

接近正交的可操纵滤波器对有许多图像处理应用。本文提出了一种设计这种滤波器的新方法。关键思想是通过最小化偏离正交函数来设计可控制滤波器。这些最小滤波器对几乎完全是正交的。滤波器的极性部分是非负的,单调的,并且围绕轴高度聚焦,并且渐近滤波器达到精确的正交。这些结果是通过利用滤波器与广义希尔伯特矩阵之间的关系得到的。这些近正交滤波器非常接近三维Gabor滤波器。我们通过实验验证了渐近数学结果,并通过低温电子显微镜局部傅里叶壳相关的有效计算进一步证明了这些滤波器对的使用。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis for Full-Field Photoacoustic Tomography with Variable Sound Speed. 变声速全场光声层析成像分析。
IF 2.1 3区 数学 Q3 COMPUTER SCIENCE, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1137/21m1463409
Linh Nguyen, Markus Haltmeier, Richard Kowar, Ngoc Do

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a non-invasive imaging modality that requires recovering the initial data of the wave equation from certain measurements of the solution outside the object. In the standard PAT measurement setup, the used data consist of time-dependent signals measured on an observation surface. In contrast, the measured data from the recently invented full-field detection technique provide the solution of the wave equation on a spatial domain at a single instant in time. While reconstruction using classical PAT data has been extensively studied, not much is known for the full field PAT problem. In this paper, we build mathematical foundations of the latter problem for variable sound speed and settle its uniqueness and stability. Moreover, we introduce an exact inversion method using time-reversal and study its convergence. Our results demonstrate the suitability of both the full field approach and the proposed time-reversal technique for high resolution photoacoustic imaging.

光声层析成像(PAT)是一种非侵入性成像模式,需要从物体外部溶液的某些测量中恢复波动方程的初始数据。在标准PAT测量设置中,使用的数据由在观测表面上测量的时间相关信号组成。相反,来自最近发明的全场检测技术的测量数据在单个时刻提供了空间域上波动方程的解。虽然使用经典PAT数据的重建已经得到了广泛的研究,但对全场PAT问题知之甚少。在本文中,我们建立了后一个变声速问题的数学基础,并解决了它的唯一性和稳定性。此外,我们还介绍了一种使用时间反演的精确反演方法,并研究了它的收敛性。我们的结果证明了全场方法和所提出的时间反转技术对高分辨率光声成像的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences
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