Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.004
Paulo de Moraes Antunes , Natalia Sabaneeff , Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia , Leonardo Kayat Bittencourt
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Even following appropriate initial treatments, a subset of the patients develops tumor recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is pivotal in investigating local recurrence, but its performance is limited in detecting recurrence at other sites (especially in subcentimeter lymph nodes). Recently, an expert consensus proposed a scoring system for MRI-based assessment of local recurrence, called prostate imaging for recurrence reporting system (PI-RR). This case-based review describes the expected post-treatment changes and MRI findings of local PCa recurrence after RP and RT.
{"title":"Prostate Imaging for Recurrence Reporting System Made Easy: A Case-Based Review of Prostate Cancer Local Recurrence on Magnetic Resonance Imaging","authors":"Paulo de Moraes Antunes , Natalia Sabaneeff , Eduardo Thadeu de Oliveira Correia , Leonardo Kayat Bittencourt","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Even following appropriate initial treatments, a subset of the patients develops tumor recurrence. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is pivotal in investigating local recurrence, but its performance is limited in detecting recurrence at other sites (especially in subcentimeter lymph nodes). Recently, an expert consensus proposed a scoring system for MRI-based assessment of local recurrence, called prostate imaging for recurrence reporting system (PI-RR). This case-based review describes the expected post-treatment changes and MRI findings of local PCa recurrence after RP and RT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 1","pages":"Pages 56-70"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.005
Emily Abramczyk MD , Muhammad Umer Nisar MD , Jane K. Nguyen MD, PhD , Nicholas Austin DO , Ryan D. Ward MD, MBA , Christopher Weight MD , Andrei S. Purysko MD
A significant proportion of men with prostate cancer will experience biochemical recurrence (BCR), which is characterized by an elevation in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after receiving treatment with curative intent. Imaging plays an important role in the management of patients with BCR. It can help identify sites of recurrence to determine the most appropriate management strategies, ranging from salvage treatment for local recurrences to systemic treatments for those with advanced, distant disease. PET/CT with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-radioligands is the most sensitive method for the detection of prostate cancer recurrence, with significantly higher cancer detection rates compared to conventional imaging techniques such as bone scan and computed tomography, even at lower PSA levels. Nevertheless, interpretation of PSMA PET/CT images can be challenging, particularly for the evaluation of local recurrence due to urinary activity that can mimic or mask the presence of cancer. Furthermore, some prostate cancers may not express PSMA and have false negative results. Multiparametric prostate MRI is an excellent method for the evaluation of local recurrence and can overcome some of the limitations of PSMA PET/CT. In this review, we discuss the role of imaging in managing patients with prostate cancer BCR and describe the potential benefits of MRI in the PSMA-radioligand imaging era, emphasizing the assessment of local recurrence.
{"title":"The Role of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Radioligand and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Prostate Cancer Biochemical Recurrence","authors":"Emily Abramczyk MD , Muhammad Umer Nisar MD , Jane K. Nguyen MD, PhD , Nicholas Austin DO , Ryan D. Ward MD, MBA , Christopher Weight MD , Andrei S. Purysko MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A significant proportion of men with prostate cancer will experience biochemical recurrence (BCR), which is characterized by an elevation in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after receiving treatment with curative intent. Imaging plays an important role in the management of patients with BCR. It can help identify sites of recurrence to determine the most appropriate management strategies, ranging from salvage treatment for local recurrences to systemic treatments for those with advanced, distant disease. PET/CT with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-radioligands is the most sensitive method for the detection of prostate cancer recurrence, with significantly higher cancer detection rates compared to conventional imaging techniques such as bone scan and computed tomography, even at lower PSA levels. Nevertheless, interpretation of PSMA PET/CT images can be challenging, particularly for the evaluation of local recurrence due to urinary activity that can mimic or mask the presence of cancer. Furthermore, some prostate cancers may not express PSMA and have false negative results. Multiparametric prostate MRI is an excellent method for the evaluation of local recurrence and can overcome some of the limitations of PSMA PET/CT. In this review, we discuss the role of imaging in managing patients with prostate cancer BCR and describe the potential benefits of MRI in the PSMA-radioligand imaging era, emphasizing the assessment of local recurrence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 1","pages":"Pages 71-82"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.007
Andrei S. Purysko MD
{"title":"Letter From the Guest Editor","authors":"Andrei S. Purysko MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"46 1","pages":"Page 1"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.012
Stephen L. Sartin MD , Dhanwin R. Shetty MD , Chad D. Strange MD , Gabriela Gayer MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Rishi Agrawal MD , Mylene T. Truong MD
Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) has become the mainstay imaging modality for evaluating oncology patients with certain cancers. The most common FDG PET/CT applications include staging/restaging, assessing response to therapy and detecting tumor recurrence. It is important to be aware of potential pitfalls and technical artifacts on PET/CT in the chest and abdomen to ensure accurate interpretation, avoid unnecessary intervention and optimize patient care.
{"title":"Pitfalls in Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Thorax and Abdomen","authors":"Stephen L. Sartin MD , Dhanwin R. Shetty MD , Chad D. Strange MD , Gabriela Gayer MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Rishi Agrawal MD , Mylene T. Truong MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.012","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-<span>D</span>-glucose (FDG) has become the mainstay imaging modality for evaluating oncology patients with certain cancers. The most common FDG PET/CT applications include staging/restaging, assessing response to therapy and detecting tumor recurrence. It is important to be aware of potential pitfalls and technical artifacts on PET/CT in the chest and abdomen to ensure accurate interpretation, avoid unnecessary intervention and optimize patient care.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Pages 488-495"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.005
Lauren T. Erasmus BSc , Chad D. Strange MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Rishi Agrawal MD , Girish S. Shroff MD , Edith M. Marom MD , Mylene T. Truong MD
Imaging plays a key role in clinical staging of lung cancer and guiding therapy. A thorough understanding of the staging system including the nomenclature and updates is necessary to tailor treatment plans and optimize patient care. The 9th edition of the Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging system for lung cancer has no changes for T classification and subdivides N2 and M1c categories. In nodal staging, N2 splits into N2a, ipsilateral mediastinal single station involvement and N2b, ipsilateral mediastinal multiple stations involvement. In the staging of multiple extrathoracic metastases, M1c splits into M1c1, multiple extrathoracic metastases in one organ system and M1c2, multiple extrathoracic metastases in multiple organ systems. Awareness of the proposed changes in TNM-9 staging classification is essential to provide methodical and accurate imaging interpretation.
{"title":"Imaging of Lung Cancer Staging: TNM 9 Updates","authors":"Lauren T. Erasmus BSc , Chad D. Strange MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Rishi Agrawal MD , Girish S. Shroff MD , Edith M. Marom MD , Mylene T. Truong MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.005","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Imaging plays a key role in clinical staging of lung cancer and guiding therapy. A thorough understanding of the staging system including the nomenclature and updates is necessary to tailor treatment plans and optimize patient care. The 9th edition of the Tumor, Node, Metastasis staging system for lung cancer has no changes for T classification and subdivides N2 and M1c categories. In nodal staging, N2 splits into N2a, ipsilateral mediastinal single station involvement and N2b, ipsilateral mediastinal multiple stations involvement. In the staging of multiple extrathoracic metastases, M1c splits into M1c1, multiple extrathoracic metastases in one organ system and M1c2, multiple extrathoracic metastases in multiple organ systems. Awareness of the proposed changes in TNM-9 staging classification is essential to provide methodical and accurate imaging interpretation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Pages 410-419"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.006
Vera Sorin MD , Zehavit Kirshenboim MD , Maximiliano Klug MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Edith M. Marom MD
Staging classification is essential in cancer management and is based on three components: tumor extent (T), lymph node involvement (N), and distant metastatic disease (M). For thymic epithelial malignancies, clinical Tumour, Node, Metastasis (cTNM) staging is primarily determined by imaging, making radiologists integral to clinical practice, treatment decisions, and maintaining the quality of staging databases. The ninth edition of the TNM classification for thymic epithelial tumors will be implemented in January 2025. This review outlines the definitions for the TNM categories in the updated edition, provides examples, and elaborates on the radiologist’s role and imaging considerations.
{"title":"The Ninth Edition TNM Staging Classification for Thymic Epithelial Tumors","authors":"Vera Sorin MD , Zehavit Kirshenboim MD , Maximiliano Klug MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Edith M. Marom MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.006","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Staging classification is essential in cancer management and is based on three components: tumor extent (T), lymph node involvement (N), and distant metastatic disease (M). For thymic epithelial malignancies, clinical Tumour, Node, Metastasis (cTNM) staging is primarily determined by imaging, making radiologists integral to clinical practice, treatment decisions, and maintaining the quality of staging databases. The ninth edition of the TNM classification for thymic epithelial tumors will be implemented in January 2025. This review outlines the definitions for the TNM categories in the updated edition, provides examples, and elaborates on the radiologist’s role and imaging considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Pages 420-429"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.007
Rishi Agrawal MD , Shubendu Mishra MD , Chad D. Strange MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Girish S. Shroff MD , Carol C. Wu MD , Mylene T. Truong MD
Chest radiography is one of the most commonly performed imaging tests, and benefits include accessibility, speed, cost, and relatively low radiation exposure. Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and is responsible for the most cancer deaths. Knowledge of the role of chest radiography in assessing patients with lung cancer is important. This article discusses radiographic manifestations of lung cancer, the utility of chest radiography in lung cancer management, as well as the limitations of chest radiography and when computed tomography (CT) is indicated.
{"title":"The Role of Chest Radiography in Lung Cancer","authors":"Rishi Agrawal MD , Shubendu Mishra MD , Chad D. Strange MD , Jitesh Ahuja MD , Girish S. Shroff MD , Carol C. Wu MD , Mylene T. Truong MD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.007","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chest radiography is one of the most commonly performed imaging tests, and benefits include accessibility, speed, cost, and relatively low radiation exposure. Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States and is responsible for the most cancer deaths. Knowledge of the role of chest radiography in assessing patients with lung cancer is important. This article discusses radiographic manifestations of lung cancer, the utility of chest radiography in lung cancer management, as well as the limitations of chest radiography and when computed tomography (CT) is indicated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Pages 430-439"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.009
Abrahão Elias-Neto MD , Ana Paula F.C. Gonzaga MD , Fernanda A. Braga MD , Natália B.N. Gomes MD, PhD , Ulysses S. Torres MD, PhD , Giuseppe D’Ippolito MD, PhD
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with its incidence on the rise globally. This paper provides a comprehensive review of prognostic imaging markers in HCC, emphasizing their role in risk stratification and clinical decision-making. We explore quantitative and qualitative criteria derived from imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can offer valuable insights into the biological behavior of the tumor. While many of these markers are not yet widely integrated into current clinical guidelines, they represent a promising future direction for approaching this highly heterogeneous cancer. However, standardization and validation of these markers remain important challenges. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of ongoing research to enhance clinical practices and improve outcomes for patients with HCC.
{"title":"Imaging Prognostic Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Abrahão Elias-Neto MD , Ana Paula F.C. Gonzaga MD , Fernanda A. Braga MD , Natália B.N. Gomes MD, PhD , Ulysses S. Torres MD, PhD , Giuseppe D’Ippolito MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.009","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with its incidence on the rise globally. This paper provides a comprehensive review of prognostic imaging markers in HCC, emphasizing their role in risk stratification and clinical decision-making. We explore quantitative and qualitative criteria derived from imaging studies, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can offer valuable insights into the biological behavior of the tumor. While many of these markers are not yet widely integrated into current clinical guidelines, they represent a promising future direction for approaching this highly heterogeneous cancer. However, standardization and validation of these markers remain important challenges. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of ongoing research to enhance clinical practices and improve outcomes for patients with HCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Pages 454-463"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.013
Gabriela Gayer
{"title":"Letter from the Editor","authors":"Gabriela Gayer","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.013","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Page 409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141879656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-01DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.010
Natália B.N. Gomes MD, PhD , Ulysses S. Torres MD, PhD , Maria Lucia C.G. Ferraz MD, PhD , Giuseppe D’Ippolito MD, PhD
Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare chronic liver disease, associated with a high level of morbidity and high mortality; approximately 40% of patients with severe untreated disease die within 6 months of diagnosis. It should be treated to achieve complete biochemical and histologic resolution of the disease using corticosteroids and immunosuppression to prevent further progression to cirrhosis. The use of invasive liver biopsy is recommended for the staging and assessment of inflammation and fibrosis for treatment decision-making in the face of an unsatisfactory response or clinical remission, including being a determinant for withdrawal of immunosuppression. On the other hand, liver biopsy is invasive, costly, and not free of complications. It also has potential sampling error and poor interobserver agreement. The limitations of liver biopsy highlight the importance of developing new imaging biomarkers that allow accurate and non-invasive assessment of autoimmune hepatitis in terms of liver inflammation and fibrosis, developing the virtual biopsy concept. Therefore, we review the state-of-the-art of Magnetic Resonance Imaging sequences for the noninvasive evaluation of autoimmune hepatitis, including historical advances and future directions.
{"title":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation in Autoimmune Hepatitis: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"Natália B.N. Gomes MD, PhD , Ulysses S. Torres MD, PhD , Maria Lucia C.G. Ferraz MD, PhD , Giuseppe D’Ippolito MD, PhD","doi":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.010","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.sult.2024.07.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare chronic liver disease, associated with a high level of morbidity and high mortality; approximately 40% of patients with severe untreated disease die within 6 months of diagnosis. It should be treated to achieve complete biochemical and histologic resolution of the disease using corticosteroids and immunosuppression to prevent further progression to cirrhosis. The use of invasive liver biopsy is recommended for the staging and assessment of inflammation and fibrosis for treatment decision-making in the face of an unsatisfactory response or clinical remission, including being a determinant for withdrawal of immunosuppression. On the other hand, liver biopsy is invasive, costly, and not free of complications. It also has potential sampling error and poor interobserver agreement. The limitations of liver biopsy highlight the importance of developing new imaging biomarkers that allow accurate and non-invasive assessment of autoimmune hepatitis in terms of liver inflammation and fibrosis, developing the virtual biopsy concept. Therefore, we review the state-of-the-art of Magnetic Resonance Imaging sequences for the noninvasive evaluation of autoimmune hepatitis, including historical advances and future directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49541,"journal":{"name":"Seminars in Ultrasound Ct and Mri","volume":"45 6","pages":"Pages 464-475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141789628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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