Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623060073
Peng Jiang, Songbai He, Longquan Xiao, Lihuan Li, Mingxue Liu
Abstract
Drought has been proved to be an important climatic factor affecting carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this general understanding, relatively few studies have been conducted on the effects of drought on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil in different ecosystems. To investigate whether the effects of drought on soil DOC varied in different ecosystems, and whether the difference increased with drought intensity (DI) and drought duration (DD), we conducted a meta-analysis synthesizing responses of DOC to droughts (or precipitation reduction experiments) in two main natural ecosystems: forests and grasslands. The data was gathered from 43 recent publications (457 samples of data at 34 sites) about the drought experiments across the globe. On average, drought reduced the DOC content of forest soils by 9.24%, and this effect escalated with increase in DI and mean annual temperature (MAT). In contrast, the DOC content of grassland soils was not significantly affected by drought. Overall, the effects of drought on soil DOC depend on ecosystem type (ET), mean annual precipitation (MAP), MAT and DI, and their interactions.
{"title":"Effects of Drought on Dissolved Organic Carbon Content in Grassland and Forest Soils","authors":"Peng Jiang, Songbai He, Longquan Xiao, Lihuan Li, Mingxue Liu","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623060073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623060073","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Drought has been proved to be an important climatic factor affecting carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite this general understanding, relatively few studies have been conducted on the effects of drought on dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil in different ecosystems. To investigate whether the effects of drought on soil DOC varied in different ecosystems, and whether the difference increased with drought intensity (DI) and drought duration (DD), we conducted a meta-analysis synthesizing responses of DOC to droughts (or precipitation reduction experiments) in two main natural ecosystems: forests and grasslands. The data was gathered from 43 recent publications (457 samples of data at 34 sites) about the drought experiments across the globe. On average, drought reduced the DOC content of forest soils by 9.24%, and this effect escalated with increase in DI and mean annual temperature (MAT). In contrast, the DOC content of grassland soils was not significantly affected by drought. Overall, the effects of drought on soil DOC depend on ecosystem type (ET), mean annual precipitation (MAP), MAT and DI, and their interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623060036
A. V. Chasov, F. V. Minibaeva
Abstract
The influence of positive and negative temperatures, as well as dehydration/rehydration on the maximum photochemical efficiency, the electron transfer rate in photosystem II, and non-photochemical moss quenching of Hylocomium splendens, which is widespread in the boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, is shown. It was found that this moss is resistant to low (–20 and –80°C) temperatures and significant water losses. On the contrary, in the hydrated state, it is unstable to prolonged exposure to positive temperatures (40°C). High resistance to low temperatures and dehydration allowed H. splendens to successfully adapt to growing in northern latitudes and occupy a vast area.
摘要 研究显示了正负温度以及脱水/再脱水对广泛分布于北半球北方森林中的白芨芨草（Hylocomium splendens）的最大光化学效率、光系统 II 中的电子转移率以及非光化学苔藓淬灭的影响。研究发现，这种苔藓对低温（-20 和 -80°C）和大量失水具有抵抗力。相反，在水合状态下，长时间暴露在正温（40°C）下也不稳定。对低温和脱水的高抵抗力使白芨成功适应了在北纬地区的生长，并占据了广阔的区域。
{"title":"Photosynthetic Apparatus of Hylocomium Brilliant Moss Resistant to Extreme Low Temperatures","authors":"A. V. Chasov, F. V. Minibaeva","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623060036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623060036","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The influence of positive and negative temperatures, as well as dehydration/rehydration on the maximum photochemical efficiency, the electron transfer rate in photosystem II, and non-photochemical moss quenching of <i>Hylocomium splendens</i>, which is widespread in the boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, is shown. It was found that this moss is resistant to low (–20 and –80°C) temperatures and significant water losses. On the contrary, in the hydrated state, it is unstable to prolonged exposure to positive temperatures (40°C). High resistance to low temperatures and dehydration allowed <i>H. splendens</i> to successfully adapt to growing in northern latitudes and occupy a vast area.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070068
A. V. Isaev, Yu. P. Demakov
Abstract
The relevance of the studies, carried out in the floodplain ecotopes of the Bolshaya Kokshaga reserve (Russia, the Republic of Mari El) is explained by the need to understand the patterns of formation of the forest litter properties, which are a sensitive integral indicator of the biogeocenoses’ conditions. The work has been carried out on 20 test plots located in different parts of the floodplain in areas with a point bar type of river bed evolution; the weight of the litter, its fractional composition and seasonal dynamics, as well as carbon reserves in it, were estimated in addition to the main physicochemical parameters. It was found that the weight of the litter on the studied sites decreased during the growing season from 20 to 33% of its value by the end of May. The main loss of its mass was observed in the first half of summer. The variability of the litter’s physicochemical parameters, especially its acidity, the degree of base saturation, the exchangeable calcium content, as well as the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds, was found to be tied mainly to the features of the ecotopes, and their seasonal changes turned out to be statistically insignificant. It was determined that the greatest differences between the ecotopes were in the litter mass and the carbon stock in it. The mobile potassium and exchangeable calcium content were the highest in the litter of biotopes from the central part of the floodplain, and the content of ash and mobile phosphorus was the highest in the near-river zone. The ecotopes differed least of all in terms of the litter acidity and the degree of base saturation. It was shown that the carbon mass and stock in the litter of floodplain forests were significantly lower than in watershed stands, which was explained by its partial removal during floods, having the strongest effect in near-river ecotopes. The litter from the floodplain ecotopes also had significantly lower values of acidity, ash content, the sum of exchangeable bases, and mobile potassium content compared to the watershed ecotopes. They surpassed the litter of lichen and mossy pine forests only in the mobile phosphorus content.
{"title":"Forest Litter Features in the Floodplain Forest of the Bolshaya Kokshaga Reserve","authors":"A. V. Isaev, Yu. P. Demakov","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070068","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The relevance of the studies, carried out in the floodplain ecotopes of the Bolshaya Kokshaga reserve (Russia, the Republic of Mari El) is explained by the need to understand the patterns of formation of the forest litter properties, which are a sensitive integral indicator of the biogeocenoses’ conditions. The work has been carried out on 20 test plots located in different parts of the floodplain in areas with a point bar type of river bed evolution; the weight of the litter, its fractional composition and seasonal dynamics, as well as carbon reserves in it, were estimated in addition to the main physicochemical parameters. It was found that the weight of the litter on the studied sites decreased during the growing season from 20 to 33% of its value by the end of May. The main loss of its mass was observed in the first half of summer. The variability of the litter’s physicochemical parameters, especially its acidity, the degree of base saturation, the exchangeable calcium content, as well as the content of mobile phosphorus and potassium compounds, was found to be tied mainly to the features of the ecotopes, and their seasonal changes turned out to be statistically insignificant. It was determined that the greatest differences between the ecotopes were in the litter mass and the carbon stock in it. The mobile potassium and exchangeable calcium content were the highest in the litter of biotopes from the central part of the floodplain, and the content of ash and mobile phosphorus was the highest in the near-river zone. The ecotopes differed least of all in terms of the litter acidity and the degree of base saturation. It was shown that the carbon mass and stock in the litter of floodplain forests were significantly lower than in watershed stands, which was explained by its partial removal during floods, having the strongest effect in near-river ecotopes. The litter from the floodplain ecotopes also had significantly lower values of acidity, ash content, the sum of exchangeable bases, and mobile potassium content compared to the watershed ecotopes. They surpassed the litter of lichen and mossy pine forests only in the mobile phosphorus content.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070123
O. V. Semenyuk, V. M. Telesnina, L. G. Bogatyryov, O. Yu. Baranova
Abstract
A study, regarding tree plantations and their litter, as well as some aspects of the urban ecosystems’ biological cycle as part of the optimisation of the carbon footprint has been carried out to develop proposals for managing the functioning of the city’s green frame. The topic’s relevance is provided by global warming and the need to identify sources of direct and indirect anthropogenic impact on the carbon balance, as well as the need to assess the contribution of carbon emissions to the atmosphere of urban areas. The litter, despite its small contribution to the total carbon stock of the ecosystem, is the most mobile horizon, connecting vegetation and mineral soil horizons; thus, its typology and properties are the most important characteristics that can be used to monitor urban ecosystems. It has been shown that there is an increase in the biological cycle intensity in urban ecosystems compared to the natural analogs, which is associated with the following factors: a shift in the ratio of tree species in the city’s green frame towards a significant increase in the proportion of deciduous trees, the use of a greenery maintenance system, and the destructive impact of recreation on litter. The percentage decrease in the amount of carbon in the litter of coniferous plantations as a result of recreational impact is 20–57%, in the case of the leaf litter collection, up to 90%, while the loss of carbon reserves in absolute terms is comparable and equal to 20–23 kg/100 m2 (we note that that the litter variant of larch plantations shows the absolute values of carbon losses 3 times higher). All studied variants of urban greenery subject to pronounced anthropogenic impact and demonstrate a decrease in the biological cycle isolation compared to undisturbed ones. A change in the organic matter circulation direction in urban ecosystems towards its deposition as a part of terrestrial detritus can be implemented both by regulating the intensity of the greenery maintenance, and by reducing its loss during recreation; design solutions for the organisation of landscape objects with the diversion of visitors’ transit flows from the locations of conifers ecosystems.
{"title":"The Role of Greenery in Adaptation of Urban Ecosystems to Climate Change","authors":"O. V. Semenyuk, V. M. Telesnina, L. G. Bogatyryov, O. Yu. Baranova","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070123","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>A study, regarding tree plantations and their litter, as well as some aspects of the urban ecosystems’ biological cycle as part of the optimisation of the carbon footprint has been carried out to develop proposals for managing the functioning of the city’s green frame. The topic’s relevance is provided by global warming and the need to identify sources of direct and indirect anthropogenic impact on the carbon balance, as well as the need to assess the contribution of carbon emissions to the atmosphere of urban areas. The litter, despite its small contribution to the total carbon stock of the ecosystem, is the most mobile horizon, connecting vegetation and mineral soil horizons; thus, its typology and properties are the most important characteristics that can be used to monitor urban ecosystems. It has been shown that there is an increase in the biological cycle intensity in urban ecosystems compared to the natural analogs, which is associated with the following factors: a shift in the ratio of tree species in the city’s green frame towards a significant increase in the proportion of deciduous trees, the use of a greenery maintenance system, and the destructive impact of recreation on litter. The percentage decrease in the amount of carbon in the litter of coniferous plantations as a result of recreational impact is 20–57%, in the case of the leaf litter collection, up to 90%, while the loss of carbon reserves in absolute terms is comparable and equal to 20–23 kg/100 m<sup>2</sup> (we note that that the litter variant of larch plantations shows the absolute values of carbon losses 3 times higher). All studied variants of urban greenery subject to pronounced anthropogenic impact and demonstrate a decrease in the biological cycle isolation compared to undisturbed ones. A change in the organic matter circulation direction in urban ecosystems towards its deposition as a part of terrestrial detritus can be implemented both by regulating the intensity of the greenery maintenance, and by reducing its loss during recreation; design solutions for the organisation of landscape objects with the diversion of visitors’ transit flows from the locations of conifers ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070032
E. A. Belonovskaya, A. N. Krenke, A. A. Tishkov, N. G. Tsarevskaya, I. G. Khmelshchikova
Abstract—
The paper discusses the current mosaic, syntaxonomic diversity, and elements of their composition in the recent dynamics of the forests of Valdai National Park. Using the remote methods of tree cover monitoring, a complex assessment was performed of a degree of its inherited and anthropogenic fragmentation; proportions of areas occupied by various forest communities; and the intensity of woody regeneration on meadows since 1990 (the year when the national park was established). Based on high-resolution Sentinel-2B (2017) satellite images (10–60 m), a map tile of the Valdai forest administrative unit (Lesnichestvo) was created, specifying their current state, natural and anthropogenic mosaic, and trends in succession. Assessment of the diversity of forest communities included identification of the main syntaxa of the floristic classification of the park vegetation and forests per se and refinement of their relation to the dominant classification units and forestry typology. The paper presents a brief retrospective analysis of agrarian development in the region and its implication for a structure and dynamics of forests in the park. The conclusion was made about the development of the conservation-driven successions (forestation of meadows due to woody regeneration) in recent decades and intensification of forest degradation due to the recreational use in the shore areas of Velye, Valdaiskoye, Uzhin, and other lakes. Importantly, the park’s historic Old Russian forest-field-meadow landscape that has been forming for centuries on the Valdai Hills characterised by the high biological and landscape diversity is currently deteriorating. Identification of patterns of the natural and anthropogenic landscape mosaic will allow for more rational regulation of the authorized commercial operations, including recreational activities, on lands within the park boundaries and will prevent a decline in the original biodiversity.
{"title":"Fragmentation and Diversity of the Valdai National Park Forests","authors":"E. A. Belonovskaya, A. N. Krenke, A. A. Tishkov, N. G. Tsarevskaya, I. G. Khmelshchikova","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070032","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract—</h3><p>The paper discusses the current mosaic, syntaxonomic diversity, and elements of their composition in the recent dynamics of the forests of Valdai National Park. Using the remote methods of tree cover monitoring, a complex assessment was performed of a degree of its inherited and anthropogenic fragmentation; proportions of areas occupied by various forest communities; and the intensity of woody regeneration on meadows since 1990 (the year when the national park was established). Based on high-resolution <i>Sentinel-2B</i> (2017) satellite images (10–60 m), a map tile of the Valdai forest administrative unit (Lesnichestvo) was created, specifying their current state, natural and anthropogenic mosaic, and trends in succession. Assessment of the diversity of forest communities included identification of the main syntaxa of the floristic classification of the park vegetation and forests per se and refinement of their relation to the dominant classification units and forestry typology. The paper presents a brief retrospective analysis of agrarian development in the region and its implication for a structure and dynamics of forests in the park. The conclusion was made about the development of the conservation-driven successions (forestation of meadows due to woody regeneration) in recent decades and intensification of forest degradation due to the recreational use in the shore areas of Velye, Valdaiskoye, Uzhin, and other lakes. Importantly, the park’s historic Old Russian forest-field-meadow landscape that has been forming for centuries on the Valdai Hills characterised by the high biological and landscape diversity is currently deteriorating. Identification of patterns of the natural and anthropogenic landscape mosaic will allow for more rational regulation of the authorized commercial operations, including recreational activities, on lands within the park boundaries and will prevent a decline in the original biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623060061
V. G. Onipchenko, K. N. Zamaletdinova, M. I. Makarov, M. S. Kadulin, T. I. Malysheva, G. V. Klink, T. V. Poloshevets, T. G. Elumeeva
Abstract
Contents of C, N, and P and N : P and C : N ratios in plant leaves have been studied in four alpine phytocenoses of the northwestern Caucasus to find out whether the species encountered in these areas differ in chemical composition from random samples from the local flora or not and determine the significance of the values of these traits for dominance, as well as their phylogenetic conservation. The content of nitrogen is lower in the leaves of plants from alpine heaths and Festuca varia grasslands and higher in the leaves of species of Geranium–Hedysarum meadows and alpine snowbeds than in a random sample. Dominants of productive Geranium–Hedysarum meadows contain more nitrogen than nondominant species, while the opposite dependence has been recorded for the other communities. The leaves of the components of all communities except alpine snowbeds contain less phosphorus than a random sample. Dominants of alpine heaths have less phosphorus and Geranium–Hedysarum meadows have more phosphorus in the leaves than nondominant species. The C : N ratio in the leaves is higher than the random value in species of alpine heaths and Festuca varia grasslands and lower in other communities. The dominant species have higher C : N ratios than the other species in all communities except Geranium–Hedysarum meadows. The N : P ratio is higher than the random value in species of all communities except Festuca varia grasslands. All the traits except the C : N ratio have a significant phylogenetic signal.
摘要 在高加索西北部的四个高寒植物区系中研究了植物叶片中的碳、氮、磷含量以及氮：磷和碳：氮比率，以了解这些地区的物种在化学成分上是否与当地植物区系的随机样本存在差异，并确定这些特征值对优势地位的意义及其系统发育保持情况。与随机样本相比，高山石楠和Festuca varia草地植物叶片中的氮含量较低，而天竺葵-Hedysarum草甸和高山雪床物种叶片中的氮含量较高。高产天竺葵-Hedysarum 草甸优势物种的含氮量高于非优势物种，而其他群落则相反。除高山雪床外，所有群落的叶片含磷量都低于随机样本。与非优势物种相比，高山石楠的优势物种叶片含磷量较低，而天竺葵-Hedysarum 草甸的优势物种叶片含磷量较高。高山石楠和马齿苋草地物种叶片中的碳氮比高于随机值，而其他群落则较低。在除天竺葵-Hedysarum 草甸之外的所有群落中，优势物种的碳氮比都高于其他物种。除 Festuca varia 草地外，所有群落中物种的氮磷比均高于随机值。除 C : N 比率外，所有性状都有显著的系统发育信号。
{"title":"Chemical Composition of Plant Leaves as a Functional Trait of the Formation of Alpine Plant Communities","authors":"V. G. Onipchenko, K. N. Zamaletdinova, M. I. Makarov, M. S. Kadulin, T. I. Malysheva, G. V. Klink, T. V. Poloshevets, T. G. Elumeeva","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623060061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623060061","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Contents of C, N, and P and N : P and C : N ratios in plant leaves have been studied in four alpine phytocenoses of the northwestern Caucasus to find out whether the species encountered in these areas differ in chemical composition from random samples from the local flora or not and determine the significance of the values of these traits for dominance, as well as their phylogenetic conservation. The content of nitrogen is lower in the leaves of plants from alpine heaths and Festuca varia grasslands and higher in the leaves of species of <i>Geranium</i>–<i>Hedysarum</i> meadows and alpine snowbeds than in a random sample. Dominants of productive <i>Geranium</i>–<i>Hedysarum</i> meadows contain more nitrogen than nondominant species, while the opposite dependence has been recorded for the other communities. The leaves of the components of all communities except alpine snowbeds contain less phosphorus than a random sample. Dominants of alpine heaths have less phosphorus and <i>Geranium</i>–<i>Hedysarum</i> meadows have more phosphorus in the leaves than nondominant species. The C : N ratio in the leaves is higher than the random value in species of alpine heaths and Festuca varia grasslands and lower in other communities. The dominant species have higher C : N ratios than the other species in all communities except <i>Geranium</i>–<i>Hedysarum</i> meadows. The N : P ratio is higher than the random value in species of all communities except Festuca varia grasslands. All the traits except the C : N ratio have a significant phylogenetic signal.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140885778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070135
N. S. Shikhova
Abstract
The article discusses the results of a comprehensive analysis of the ecological state and environment-stabilizing functions of woody vegetation species composition in the urban green space. The work is based on a large amount of factual material obtained during the course of a long-term monitoring of Vladivostok’s urban vegetation. A methodological substantiation for a comprehensive qualitative-quantitative assessment of species has been developed using the applied qualimetry techniques. An integral indicator, termed the species functional efficiency coefficient (SFEC) has been proposed as the main evaluation unit. It is a relative-quantitative characteristic of plant quality that is based on the vegetation’s functional efficiency and significance in urban ecosystems: prevalence in greenery planting, vitality, ability for accumulation of the pollutant metals in the urban environments, their concentration relative to the local environment background, and the capability for accumulating metals from the soil. Comparative analysis of the functional efficiency of 80 species of trees and shrubs of the urban vegetation of Vladivostok has been carried out on the basis of the proposed coefficient. Among the compared sample of plants, the SFEC decreases from 3.70 (Crataegus pinnatifida) to 1.13 (Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom.). These values correspond to 74 and 23% of the conventional quality standard (QS) of the species. The groups of species with different functional significance in the urban green space structure have been identified. The best efficiency in creating the comfortable environmental conditions in the city has been demonstrated by the widespread species: Fraxinus mandshurica, Ulmus japonica, Betulaplatyphylla, Physocarpusopulifolia, etc. They are of the maximum level of participation in the formation of the urban vegetation structure and a high ability to absorb the main pollutants of the urban environments. The SFEC values for these species are within 3.26–2.61, which corresponds to 65–52% of the QS. Also, some suggestions on a rational use of species for the formation of a comfortable urban environment and the introduction of the results into the practice of managing the urban green fund have been proposed.
{"title":"Functional Efficiency of the Woody Vegetation Species Composition in Urban Green Spaces","authors":"N. S. Shikhova","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070135","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The article discusses the results of a comprehensive analysis of the ecological state and environment-stabilizing functions of woody vegetation species composition in the urban green space. The work is based on a large amount of factual material obtained during the course of a long-term monitoring of Vladivostok’s urban vegetation. A methodological substantiation for a comprehensive qualitative-quantitative assessment of species has been developed using the applied qualimetry techniques. An integral indicator, termed the species functional efficiency coefficient (SFEC) has been proposed as the main evaluation unit. It is a relative-quantitative characteristic of plant quality that is based on the vegetation’s functional efficiency and significance in urban ecosystems: prevalence in greenery planting, vitality, ability for accumulation of the pollutant metals in the urban environments, their concentration relative to the local environment background, and the capability for accumulating metals from the soil. Comparative analysis of the functional efficiency of 80 species of trees and shrubs of the urban vegetation of Vladivostok has been carried out on the basis of the proposed coefficient. Among the compared sample of plants, the SFEC decreases from 3.70 (<i>Crataegus pinnatifida</i>) to 1.13 (<i>Malus mandshurica</i> (Maxim.) Kom.). These values correspond to 74 and 23% of the conventional quality standard (QS) of the species. The groups of species with different functional significance in the urban green space structure have been identified. The best efficiency in creating the comfortable environmental conditions in the city has been demonstrated by the widespread species: <i>Fraxinus mandshurica</i>, <i>Ulmus japonica</i>, <i>Betula</i> <i>platyphylla</i>, <i>Physocarpus</i> <i>opulifolia</i>, etc. They are of the maximum level of participation in the formation of the urban vegetation structure and a high ability to absorb the main pollutants of the urban environments. The SFEC values for these species are within 3.26–2.61, which corresponds to 65–52% of the QS. Also, some suggestions on a rational use of species for the formation of a comfortable urban environment and the introduction of the results into the practice of managing the urban green fund have been proposed.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070147
I. A. Tselitan, I. M. Danilin
Abstract
Peculiarities of the compositionally pure larch stand formation following forest fires have been studied in the northern (Evenkia, middle course of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River, 64°03′ N, 101°10′ E) and southern (Yermakovsky District, 52°23′ N, 93°33 ′ E) regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The structure, growth, and biological productivity of the forest restoration successions have been analyzed based on the materials from the sample plots. The highest phytomass value (in terms of total productivity) in larch stands is 1055.5 t abs. dry substances/ha at the age of 93 years. The structural ratio of the forest stands phytomass fractions naturally changes with an increase in their average age and density. An increase in the average age of a stand is associated with an increase in its above-ground and root phytomasses. At the same time, the relative proportion of the crown wood mass and needle mass in the total above-ground phytomass of a stand decreases. In 38-year-old larch forests, the proportion of crown mass is 18% and the share of stems is 82%. In 60-year-old forest stands, the total biomass of the crown wood and needles accounts for 14%, and the other 86% accounts for the stem weight. In the 93-year-old larch forest, the proportion of stem phytomass increases to 89%, and the proportion of combined crown wood and needles biomasses fall up to a minimum value of 11%. The maximum growth potential of the 56-year-old larch stands, according to the current increase in phytomass (in terms of total productivity), is realized at about 14.69 t abs. dry substances/ha per year. The young and middle-aged larch forests formed on the burnt areas have higher rates of growth and phytomass accumulation; in terms of the amount of fixed atmospheric carbon, they exceed the mature and overmature stands by more than two times.
{"title":"Biological Productivity of the Post-Fire Larch Forests in the Mountain Regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai","authors":"I. A. Tselitan, I. M. Danilin","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070147","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Peculiarities of the compositionally pure larch stand formation following forest fires have been studied in the northern (Evenkia, middle course of the Nizhnyaya Tunguska River, 64°03′ N, 101°10′ E) and southern (Yermakovsky District, 52°23′ N, 93°33 ′ E) regions of Krasnoyarsk Krai. The structure, growth, and biological productivity of the forest restoration successions have been analyzed based on the materials from the sample plots. The highest phytomass value (in terms of total productivity) in larch stands is 1055.5 t abs. dry substances/ha at the age of 93 years. The structural ratio of the forest stands phytomass fractions naturally changes with an increase in their average age and density. An increase in the average age of a stand is associated with an increase in its above-ground and root phytomasses. At the same time, the relative proportion of the crown wood mass and needle mass in the total above-ground phytomass of a stand decreases. In 38-year-old larch forests, the proportion of crown mass is 18% and the share of stems is 82%. In 60-year-old forest stands, the total biomass of the crown wood and needles accounts for 14%, and the other 86% accounts for the stem weight. In the 93-year-old larch forest, the proportion of stem phytomass increases to 89%, and the proportion of combined crown wood and needles biomasses fall up to a minimum value of 11%. The maximum growth potential of the 56-year-old larch stands, according to the current increase in phytomass (in terms of total productivity), is realized at about 14.69 t abs. dry substances/ha per year. The young and middle-aged larch forests formed on the burnt areas have higher rates of growth and phytomass accumulation; in terms of the amount of fixed atmospheric carbon, they exceed the mature and overmature stands by more than two times.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"245 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070160
D. G. Zamolodchikov, V. V. Kaganov, A. S. Mostovaya
Abstract
The formation of an organic carbon pool in soil is determined by the balance of incoming and outgoing fluxes. The incoming fluxes are associated with the processes of dying off and further transformation of the organic matter of plants, while the outgoing fluxes are primarily formed by the processes of organic matter destruction, although in many ecosystems the removal of carbon with water flows is also important. Heterotrophic destruction of soil organic matter, together with roots respiration, forms the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil. Comparing the emission values in different habitats makes it possible to draw conclusions about the nature of the factors that control the degradation processes in the soil. Measurements of carbon dioxide emissions from the soil were carried out by the chamber method in the second half of August 2020–2021 at five sites in the Voronezh, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Samara and Rostov regions. The work was carried out on pairs of plots covered with herbaceous vegetation and forest plantations. Emission of carbon dioxide from soil in forest stands was significantly higher (2.99 ± 0.26 g C m–2) compared to treeless areas (2.20 ± 0.11 g C m–2) (P < 0.01). A statistical analysis of the correlation between emission values and soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm, volumetric soil moisture in the 0–7 cm layer, and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation cover was carried out. Humidity and NDVI were found to be significant emission factors, while temperature was not significant. The results obtained in this work and available in other scientific publications allowed us to conclude that the emission of carbon dioxide, as a rule, increased after the conversion of grass to tree cover. However, an increase in emissions was not accompanied by a loss of soil carbon stock, which either remained constant or increased slightly. An increase in NDVI indicated an increase in net primary production in forest plantations, that is, the modified ecosystem became a carbon sink with the totality of phytomass and soil pools. This pattern of change in carbon stocks and fluxes, even in carbon-rich arid soils, makes ambitious plans to create protective forest plantations to enhance carbon sequestration meaningful.
摘要 土壤中有机碳库的形成取决于流入和流出通量的平衡。流入的通量与植物有机物的死亡和进一步转化过程有关，而流出的通量主要由有机物的破坏过程形成，尽管在许多生态系统中，随水流带走碳也很重要。土壤有机物的异养破坏与根系呼吸作用一起形成了土壤中二氧化碳的排放。通过比较不同生境的排放值，可以得出控制土壤退化过程的因素的性质。2020-2021 年 8 月下半月，在沃罗涅日州、伏尔加格勒州、阿斯特拉罕州、萨马拉州和罗斯托夫州的 5 个地点，采用箱式法对土壤中二氧化碳排放量进行了测量。这项工作是在覆盖有草本植被和森林植被的成对地块上进行的。与无林区（2.20 ± 0.11 g C m-2）相比，林区土壤的二氧化碳排放量（2.99 ± 0.26 g C m-2）明显较高（P < 0.01）。对排放值与 10 厘米深的土壤温度、0-7 厘米层的体积土壤湿度和植被覆盖的归一化差异植被指数（NDVI）之间的相关性进行了统计分析。结果发现，湿度和归一化植被指数是重要的排放因子，而温度并不重要。根据这项工作和其他科学出版物中获得的结果，我们可以得出结论：草地植被转变为树木植被后，二氧化碳排放量通常会增加。然而，排放增加并没有伴随着土壤碳储量的损失，土壤碳储量要么保持不变，要么略有增加。净差异植被指数（NDVI）的增加表明人工林的净初级生产量增加了，也就是说，经过改造的生态系统成为了一个碳汇，植物体和土壤的总量都增加了。这种碳储量和碳通量的变化模式，即使在富碳的干旱土壤中也是如此，这使得建立保护性人工林以加强碳固存的宏伟计划变得非常有意义。
{"title":"The Effect of Forest Plantations on Carbon Dioxide Emission from Soils in the Volga and Don Regions","authors":"D. G. Zamolodchikov, V. V. Kaganov, A. S. Mostovaya","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070160","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>The formation of an organic carbon pool in soil is determined by the balance of incoming and outgoing fluxes. The incoming fluxes are associated with the processes of dying off and further transformation of the organic matter of plants, while the outgoing fluxes are primarily formed by the processes of organic matter destruction, although in many ecosystems the removal of carbon with water flows is also important. Heterotrophic destruction of soil organic matter, together with roots respiration, forms the emission of carbon dioxide from the soil. Comparing the emission values in different habitats makes it possible to draw conclusions about the nature of the factors that control the degradation processes in the soil. Measurements of carbon dioxide emissions from the soil were carried out by the chamber method in the second half of August 2020–2021 at five sites in the Voronezh, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Samara and Rostov regions. The work was carried out on pairs of plots covered with herbaceous vegetation and forest plantations. Emission of carbon dioxide from soil in forest stands was significantly higher (2.99 ± 0.26 g C m<sup>–2</sup>) compared to treeless areas (2.20 ± 0.11 g C m<sup>–2</sup>) (<i>P</i> < 0.01). A statistical analysis of the correlation between emission values and soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm, volumetric soil moisture in the 0–7 cm layer, and the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) of vegetation cover was carried out. Humidity and NDVI were found to be significant emission factors, while temperature was not significant. The results obtained in this work and available in other scientific publications allowed us to conclude that the emission of carbon dioxide, as a rule, increased after the conversion of grass to tree cover. However, an increase in emissions was not accompanied by a loss of soil carbon stock, which either remained constant or increased slightly. An increase in NDVI indicated an increase in net primary production in forest plantations, that is, the modified ecosystem became a carbon sink with the totality of phytomass and soil pools. This pattern of change in carbon stocks and fluxes, even in carbon-rich arid soils, makes ambitious plans to create protective forest plantations to enhance carbon sequestration meaningful.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-08DOI: 10.1134/s1067413623070081
A. V. Kovalev, P. E. Tsikalova
Abstract
Population outbreaks of such species as Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetv., in Siberian taiga forests begin with areas of several hectares and develop up to hundreds of thousands of hectares, resulting in significant damage to forests. Boundaries of foci change with time depending on external factors, population dynamics, and the state of forage trees. In this regard, it is important to determine the beginning of an outbreak and the affected area in advance as predictors of increasing pest numbers. To assess necessary conditions for an outbreak, a method for assessing the state of forest stands is proposed based on remote sensing data. In this regard, it is important to assess risks of outbreaks and to determine in advance their onset times and starting zones. In order to evaluate necessary conditions for an outbreak, a “cascade” of factors is considered: geophysical (solar activity), weather, and the state of forest stands. Each of these factors is characterized by its own area, within the bounds of which any changes in this particular factor affect the insect population.
{"title":"Predictors of Insect Damage to Forest Stands According to Satellite Data Using the Siberian Silkmoth Dendrolimis Sibiricus Tschetv as an Example","authors":"A. V. Kovalev, P. E. Tsikalova","doi":"10.1134/s1067413623070081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1134/s1067413623070081","url":null,"abstract":"<h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Abstract</h3><p>Population outbreaks of such species as <i>Dendrolimus sibiricus</i> Tschetv<i>.</i>, in Siberian taiga forests begin with areas of several hectares and develop up to hundreds of thousands of hectares, resulting in significant damage to forests. Boundaries of foci change with time depending on external factors, population dynamics, and the state of forage trees. In this regard, it is important to determine the beginning of an outbreak and the affected area in advance as predictors of increasing pest numbers. To assess necessary conditions for an outbreak, a method for assessing the state of forest stands is proposed based on remote sensing data. In this regard, it is important to assess risks of outbreaks and to determine in advance their onset times and starting zones. In order to evaluate necessary conditions for an outbreak, a “cascade” of factors is considered: geophysical (solar activity), weather, and the state of forest stands. Each of these factors is characterized by its own area, within the bounds of which any changes in this particular factor affect the insect population.</p>","PeriodicalId":49586,"journal":{"name":"Russian Journal of Ecology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2024-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139756242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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