Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.09.002
{"title":"Bows and arrows in South America: Advances and debates","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142172363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.05.008
In the last decade Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates has become commonplace for archaeologists grappling with regional chronologies. Here we present Bayesian analysis for radiocarbon dates from Moche cultural contexts from the north coast of Peru with the aim to understand the duration of the phenomenon and to compile all known dates in a single location for future analysis and use. The analysis demonstrates that the long-standing Moche ceramic sequence does not provide a perfect proxy for tracking the timing of all social interactions. However, our results show general agreement with traditional relative Moche chronologies. Finally, our study shows that Moche was a shorter cultural phenomenon than has been previously argued, with the current data indicating that it began between the late 4th and early 6th centuries CE and lasted until the 9th century CE.
{"title":"Moche chronology of ancient Peru: Bayesian assessment of radiocarbon dates and ceramic styles from north to south","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last decade Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates has become commonplace for archaeologists grappling with regional chronologies. Here we present Bayesian analysis for radiocarbon dates from Moche cultural contexts from the north coast of Peru with the aim to understand the duration of the phenomenon and to compile all known dates in a single location for future analysis and use. The analysis demonstrates that the long-standing Moche ceramic sequence does not provide a perfect proxy for tracking the timing of all social interactions. However, our results show general agreement with traditional relative Moche chronologies. Finally, our study shows that Moche was a shorter cultural phenomenon than has been previously argued, with the current data indicating that it began between the late 4th and early 6th centuries CE and lasted until the 9th century CE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618224001642/pdfft?md5=d4e5947c5e138f8e5d25cd5115fd9339&pid=1-s2.0-S1040618224001642-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142172637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2023.10.002
The Late Intermediate Period (LIP, cal AD 1000–1450) in the central Andes is defined as a hiatus after the collapse of Tiwanaku and Wari, expansive state polities of the Middle Horizon (cal AD 600–1000), and before the domination of the Inca empire in the Late Horizon (cal AD 1450–1532). The LIP is often characterized as a unit, but major developments took place within this long period, including diasporic migrations and the new colonization of some regions, demographic change, intensified conflict, large-scale adverse climate episodes, and changes associated with the onset of Inca expansion. Here we make a preliminary attempt to clarify the chronology of these developments. A database of published and new radiocarbon dates is compiled for the south-central highlands and coastal valleys in order to model overall and subregional demographic trends using an updated “dates-as-data” cumulative kernel density estimate (CKDE) approach, and to examine specific LIP phenomena in two subregions. Our results indicate major demographic change including 1) substantial population growth beginning in the 13th century, 2) a marked 14th-century population surge in most, but not all, subregions included here, 3) evidence of population decline in several subregions during the same intervals when neighboring populations are expanding. Population growth was associated with intensified violence and increased physiological stress in the upper Nasca drainage. In the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia, population growth accompanied the rise of defensive hillforts and monumental cemeteries. Our date models also indicate a more complicated terminal LIP in the altiplano, with the height of classically “LIP” societies overlapping with early evidence for imperial Inca presence. This paper highlights the ways that more refined chronology can make advances in our understanding of a turbulent post-collapse era in the Andes.
{"title":"The Late Intermediate Period in the south-central Andes (AD 1000–1450): Key problems in chronology","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Late Intermediate Period (LIP, cal AD 1000–1450) in the central Andes is defined as a hiatus after the collapse of Tiwanaku and Wari, expansive state polities of the Middle Horizon (cal AD 600–1000), and before the domination of the Inca empire in the Late Horizon (cal AD 1450–1532). The LIP is often characterized as a unit, but major developments took place within this long period, including diasporic migrations and the new colonization of some regions, demographic change, intensified conflict, large-scale adverse climate episodes, and changes associated with the onset of Inca expansion. Here we make a preliminary attempt to clarify the chronology of these developments. A database of published and new radiocarbon dates is compiled for the south-central highlands and coastal valleys in order to model overall and subregional demographic trends using an updated “dates-as-data” cumulative kernel density estimate (CKDE) approach, and to examine specific LIP phenomena in two subregions. Our results indicate major demographic change including 1) substantial population growth beginning in the 13th century, 2) a marked 14th-century population surge in most, but not all, subregions included here, 3) evidence of population decline in several subregions during the same intervals when neighboring populations are expanding. Population growth was associated with intensified violence and increased physiological stress in the upper Nasca drainage. In the altiplano of Peru and Bolivia, population growth accompanied the rise of defensive hillforts and monumental cemeteries. Our date models also indicate a more complicated terminal LIP in the altiplano, with the height of classically “LIP” societies overlapping with early evidence for imperial Inca presence. This paper highlights the ways that more refined chronology can make advances in our understanding of a turbulent post-collapse era in the Andes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135762278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.01.012
In 2013 archaeological radiocarbon databases covering 13,000–7000 14C BP for nine countries in South America, including Peru, were published in a special issue of Quaternary International. The past decade has seen new field research and radiocarbon ages contributed to the Peruvian archaeological record, two updates to the southern hemisphere calibration curve, and research papers drawing from South American radiocarbon databases to explore region- and continent-scale patterns of human-environment interaction, settlement dynamics, and paleodemography.
This paper provides an update to the Peruvian archaeological radiocarbon database for the Late Pleistocene to early Middle Holocene. The new database (version 2) includes 493 radiocarbon dates spanning 20,000 to 7000 14C BP. No radiocarbon dates >13,000 14C BP meet basic archaeological criteria. First, I review the structure of Peru's early archaeological radiocarbon record and highlight several research and landscape taphonomic biases. Second, I examine distributions of archaeological sites through time, beginning with basic site and date frequencies and progressing to Bayesian analysis of aggregated radiocarbon dates. Third, applying established criteria for well-dated archaeological events, I identify some unresolved problems in early Peruvian radiocarbon chronologies, with the goal of outlining priorities for future archaeological and chronometric research.
{"title":"Updated Peru archaeological radiocarbon database, 20,000–7000 14C BP","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 2013 archaeological radiocarbon databases covering 13,000–7000 <sup>14</sup>C BP for nine countries in South America, including Peru, were published in a special issue of <em>Quaternary International</em>. The past decade has seen new field research and radiocarbon ages contributed to the Peruvian archaeological record, two updates to the southern hemisphere calibration curve, and research papers drawing from South American radiocarbon databases to explore region- and continent-scale patterns of human-environment interaction, settlement dynamics, and paleodemography.</p><p>This paper provides an update to the Peruvian archaeological radiocarbon database for the Late Pleistocene to early Middle Holocene. The new database (version 2) includes 493 radiocarbon dates spanning 20,000 to 7000 <sup>14</sup>C BP. No radiocarbon dates >13,000 <sup>14</sup>C BP meet basic archaeological criteria. First, I review the structure of Peru's early archaeological radiocarbon record and highlight several research and landscape taphonomic biases. Second, I examine distributions of archaeological sites through time, beginning with basic site and date frequencies and progressing to Bayesian analysis of aggregated radiocarbon dates. Third, applying established criteria for well-dated archaeological events, I identify some unresolved problems in early Peruvian radiocarbon chronologies, with the goal of outlining priorities for future archaeological and chronometric research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618224000181/pdfft?md5=804f6a3f8147e0c314f0412a1d0b72c8&pid=1-s2.0-S1040618224000181-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140008680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2023.09.010
The middle Holocene saw major changes in political and socioeconomic organization in Peru. Still, not all Peruvian groups transitioned to food production or engaged in mound or monument construction, yet we know relatively little about those who maintained a mobile lifestyle centered on foraging. Using GIS and statistical analyses to interrogate a database of radiocarbon dates, we assess the Peruvian record of forager distributions through the middle Holocene. We identify patterns consistent with biases stemming from disproportionate research attention, regional and intrasite sampling methodologies, and taphonomy that may be hampering our study of middle Holocene foragers. Further confounding our understanding of foragers during this period are reports of middle Holocene radiocarbon gaps attributed to population decline across South America in response to climate-induced scarcity of freshwater and other resources. We show, however, that this might also be an artifact of sampling in some cases and argue for both increased archaeological attention to middle Holocene foragers and greater awareness of perceptual biases that might influence research design and, therefore, research attention and outcomes.
{"title":"Spatial and temporal trends in Peru's radiocarbon record of middle Holocene foragers","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2023.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2023.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The middle Holocene saw major changes in political and socioeconomic organization in Peru. Still, not all Peruvian groups transitioned to food production or engaged in mound or monument construction, yet we know relatively little about those who maintained a mobile lifestyle centered on foraging. Using GIS and statistical analyses to interrogate a database of radiocarbon dates, we assess the Peruvian record of forager distributions through the middle Holocene. We identify patterns consistent with biases stemming from disproportionate research attention, regional and intrasite sampling methodologies, and taphonomy that may be hampering our study of middle Holocene foragers. Further confounding our understanding of foragers during this period are reports of middle Holocene radiocarbon gaps attributed to population decline across South America in response to climate-induced scarcity of freshwater and other resources. We show, however, that this might also be an artifact of sampling in some cases and argue for both increased archaeological attention to middle Holocene foragers and greater awareness of perceptual biases that might influence research design and, therefore, research attention and outcomes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135484453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.06.014
The South Coast of Peru, the location where Peru's widely used period/horizon relative ceramic chronology was established and where archaeological samples were obtained for the earliest radiocarbon studies, has figured prominently in the development of chronologies in the Central Andes. We examine the current state of chronology in the region with a compilation of 770 published and unpublished radiocarbon dates from >60 sites in the Nasca and Ica drainages and on the Paracas Peninsula, spanning a period of approximately 8000 years, to evaluate the relative ceramic chronologies and explore the timing and duration of major cultural changes. Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) summaries of Bayesian phase models demonstrate the following aspects of regional cultural dynamics: the earliest settlements began in the Preceramic ca. 6000 BCE and are found on the coast; the Paracas culture was established ca. 900 BCE and cultural development was first focused in the north and then spread south; a reverse direction of cultural influence is found during the Nasca culture when innovation began in the south and spread north; an early mixture of Late Nasca/local Loro culture is found in Nasca (510–720 CE) followed by the spread of Loro elsewhere and the establishment of intrusive highland Wari colonies that peaked in the mid-9th century CE; and the Late Intermediate Period was variable throughout the region in terms of timing and duration, reflecting a turbulent period. The results of the study reveal strong temporal overlap in the ceramic styles indicating they are not purely sequential and consequently are inadequate as chronological markers on a regional level. The research highlights the potential of radiocarbon evidence to reveal sub-regional temporal heterogeneity and to help us better understand the dynamics of cultural change.
{"title":"Reconsidering chronologies and cultural change on the south coast of Peru: A compilation and analysis of radiocarbon dates from Nasca, Ica, and Paracas","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.06.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.06.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The South Coast of Peru, the location where Peru's widely used period/horizon relative ceramic chronology was established and where archaeological samples were obtained for the earliest radiocarbon studies, has figured prominently in the development of chronologies in the Central Andes. We examine the current state of chronology in the region with a compilation of 770 published and unpublished radiocarbon dates from >60 sites in the Nasca and Ica drainages and on the Paracas Peninsula, spanning a period of approximately 8000 years, to evaluate the relative ceramic chronologies and explore the timing and duration of major cultural changes. Kernel Density Estimate (KDE) summaries of Bayesian phase models demonstrate the following aspects of regional cultural dynamics: the earliest settlements began in the Preceramic ca. 6000 BCE and are found on the coast; the Paracas culture was established ca. 900 BCE and cultural development was first focused in the north and then spread south; a reverse direction of cultural influence is found during the Nasca culture when innovation began in the south and spread north; an early mixture of Late Nasca/local Loro culture is found in Nasca (510–720 CE) followed by the spread of Loro elsewhere and the establishment of intrusive highland Wari colonies that peaked in the mid-9th century CE; and the Late Intermediate Period was variable throughout the region in terms of timing and duration, reflecting a turbulent period. The results of the study reveal strong temporal overlap in the ceramic styles indicating they are not purely sequential and consequently are inadequate as chronological markers on a regional level. The research highlights the potential of radiocarbon evidence to reveal sub-regional temporal heterogeneity and to help us better understand the dynamics of cultural change.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141839208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.04.007
The expansion and impact of the Wari polity across the Andes has been heavily debated by scholars over the past two decades. We use radiocarbon dates, Bayesian statistics, and contextual data from several Andean regions to review the chronology for Wari expansion, political reorganization, and impact on local settlements. We recognize that Wari political and economic influence will vary in space and time and present a model that addresses how influential moments (expansion, reorganization, collapse) in Wari's trajectory may or may not have had broader impacts across the landscapes of its peer polities. Our model, while not completely comprehensive, draws on both Wari's presence in the north highlands and in the south, where scholars have argued for distinct trajectories and character of Wari influence. It also examines data from local communities in these same regions contemporary with identified Wari settlements, but perhaps without outward indicators of Wari hegemony, to evaluate broader patterns in Middle Horizon settlement through the latter half of the first millennium CE.
{"title":"Wari across the Andes: Modeling the radiocarbon evidence","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.04.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.04.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The expansion and impact of the Wari polity across the Andes has been heavily debated by scholars over the past two decades. We use radiocarbon dates, Bayesian statistics, and contextual data from several Andean regions to review the chronology for Wari expansion, political reorganization, and impact on local settlements. We recognize that Wari political and economic influence will vary in space and time and present a model that addresses how influential moments (expansion, reorganization, collapse) in Wari's trajectory may or may not have had broader impacts across the landscapes of its peer polities. Our model, while not completely comprehensive, draws on both Wari's presence in the north highlands and in the south, where scholars have argued for distinct trajectories and character of Wari influence. It also examines data from local communities in these same regions contemporary with identified Wari settlements, but perhaps without outward indicators of Wari hegemony, to evaluate broader patterns in Middle Horizon settlement through the latter half of the first millennium CE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141055316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2023.11.006
Recent articles provide a captivating set of radiocarbon dates from Machu Picchu and environs, with important ramifications for the site and the Inca Empire more broadly. Here, we present Bayesian models of these dates that incorporate life history details of each dated individual, including age at death, age of tissue formation for dated samples, family relationships, and associated grave goods. We calibrate dates with a bespoke calibration curve mixture specific to Machu Picchu. These model boundaries suggest the site was first occupied ∼ AD 1435 (1410–1455, 95%) and abandoned ∼ AD 1495 (1480–1515, 95%). This is consistent with dates from the region and builds on the consensus that ethnohistoric dates are unreliable. Anchoring Inca history to this radiocarbon chronology allows us to explore the ethnohistoric sources in a new light. We can more plausibly trace the life history of the ruler Pachacutec, including his founding of the Machu Picchu royal estate. Regionally, this approach leads us to reassess the conquest of the earliest and largest Inca conquest, the southern quarter. This area was subject to waves of intense interaction for nearly two centuries by multiple royal houses, possibly starting under Yahuar Huacac, Pachacutec's grandfather, events that were almost completely scrubbed from Inca praise narratives.
{"title":"Absolute Chronology revisited: Integrating precise Bayesian models from Machu Picchu with Inca ethnohistoric praise narratives","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2023.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2023.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent articles provide a captivating set of radiocarbon dates from Machu Picchu and environs, with important ramifications for the site and the Inca Empire more broadly. Here, we present Bayesian models of these dates that incorporate life history details of each dated individual, including age at death, age of tissue formation for dated samples, family relationships, and associated grave goods. We calibrate dates with a bespoke calibration curve mixture specific to Machu Picchu. These model boundaries suggest the site was first occupied <em>∼ AD 1435 (1410–1455, 95%)</em> and abandoned <em>∼ AD 1495 (1480–1515, 95%)</em>. This is consistent with dates from the region and builds on the consensus that ethnohistoric dates are unreliable. Anchoring Inca history to this radiocarbon chronology allows us to explore the ethnohistoric sources in a new light. We can more plausibly trace the life history of the ruler Pachacutec, including his founding of the Machu Picchu royal estate. Regionally, this approach leads us to reassess the conquest of the earliest and largest Inca conquest, the southern quarter. This area was subject to waves of intense interaction for nearly two centuries by multiple royal houses, possibly starting under Yahuar Huacac, Pachacutec's grandfather, events that were almost completely scrubbed from Inca praise narratives.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138714808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-01DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.05.001
Using the Central Andean Chavín Phenomenon as a case study, this paper explores the middle ground between top-down (big data) and bottom-up (Bayesian modeling) approaches to archaeological radiocarbon data. Compiling radiocarbon dates associated with the Chavín Phenomenon addresses questions of chronology, demonstrating that the relevant phases at interacting sites are relatively brief and broadly contemporary. In addition, the definition of a discrete span of time associated with the Chavín Phenomenon makes it possible to explore the context for that period of heightened interaction. Juxtaposing that timespan with a compilation of Central Andean radiocarbon dates identifies contemporary non-participatory sites, enabling characterization of the sociopolitical milieu within which the Chavín Phenomenon emerged, flourished, and faded. The identification of that corpus of sites also highlights the importance of a shift in focus from identification of interaction to characterization of interaction. Bottom-up approaches to radiocarbon chronology will be a key element of that effort, while high-level summary of radiocarbon assemblages can identify where additional dating and Bayesian modeling can have the greatest interpretive impact.
{"title":"Archaeological 14C assemblages and the Chavín Phenomenon in the Central Andes","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Using the Central Andean Chavín Phenomenon as a case study, this paper explores the middle ground between top-down (big data) and bottom-up (Bayesian modeling) approaches to archaeological radiocarbon data. Compiling radiocarbon dates associated with the Chavín Phenomenon addresses questions of chronology, demonstrating that the relevant phases at interacting sites are relatively brief and broadly contemporary. In addition, the definition of a discrete span of time associated with the Chavín Phenomenon makes it possible to explore the context for that period of heightened interaction. Juxtaposing that timespan with a compilation of Central Andean radiocarbon dates identifies contemporary non-participatory sites, enabling characterization of the sociopolitical milieu within which the Chavín Phenomenon emerged, flourished, and faded. The identification of that corpus of sites also highlights the importance of a shift in focus from identification of interaction to characterization of interaction. Bottom-up approaches to radiocarbon chronology will be a key element of that effort, while high-level summary of radiocarbon assemblages can identify where additional dating and Bayesian modeling can have the greatest interpretive impact.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141034507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.08.002
A multi-proxy study of biotic and abiotic components was conducted on surface sediment samples from six lakes/wetlands located along the western transitional boundary of the contemporary Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in the Indian Subcontinent. The primary goal is to assess the suitability of various proxies as representatives of modern vegetation, environmental and climatic conditions. The collected data indicate significant variations in the composition and density of pollen in response to climate-induced and anthropogenic ecological changes throughout the northwest India transect. The palynological studies from eastern Rajasthan shows high forest elements in comparison to western Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. In addition, the palynological data was juxtaposed with other biotic proxies such as diatom and isotopic studies, along with geochemical proxies and paleomagnetic data of the surface lake sediments. The presence of marker pollen taxa including Cerealia type Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Brassicaceae, allows for distinct recognition of anthropogenic activities throughout the whole transect. The diversity and distribution of diatoms also support the palynological data in response to climate-induced and anthropogenic ecological changes. Furthermore, grain size, geochemistry (TOC/TN ratio with stable carbon isotope), and magnetic susceptibility data offer crucial insights about the sediment's depositional settings and general mineralogical composition. Stable carbon isotope data shows C3 dominance in relatively humid areas and C4 dominance in semi-arid areas, suggesting climate-driven control over sediment organic matter composition. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates that biotic variables (pollen, diatom, stable isotopic composition) are significantly controlled by modern precipitation and temperature. Redundancy analysis reveals a significant influence of current average temperature and precipitation on major element oxide variations in surface lake sediments. Therefore, we propose using palynological, stable carbon isotope, diatom data, along with grain size, environmental magnetism, and geochemistry, to establish a multiproxy modern analogue for quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstructions. As a result, this study provides the first modern analogues from a climate-sensitive region that separates the area under ISM influence from an area with meager precipitation in western India.
对位于印度次大陆当代印度夏季季风(ISM)西部过渡边界沿线的六个湖泊/湿地的表层沉积物样本进行了生物和非生物成分的多代理研究。主要目的是评估各种代用指标作为现代植被、环境和气候条件代表的适宜性。收集到的数据表明,在整个印度西北横断面上,花粉的组成和密度随着气候引起的和人为的生态变化而发生了显著变化。与哈里亚纳邦西部和北方邦西部相比,拉贾斯坦邦东部的古生物学研究显示出较高的森林元素。此外,古生物学数据还与其他生物代用指标并列,如硅藻和同位素研究,以及地表湖泊沉积物的地球化学代用指标和古地磁数据。标记花粉类群的存在,包括谷类(Cerealia type Poaceae)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)和芸香科(Brassicaceae),使整个横断面上的人为活动得以明确识别。硅藻的多样性和分布也支持古生物学数据对气候和人为生态变化的响应。此外,粒度、地球化学(TOC/TN 比值与稳定碳同位素)和磁感应强度数据为了解沉积物的沉积环境和总体矿物组成提供了重要信息。稳定碳同位素数据显示,相对潮湿地区以 C3 为主,半干旱地区以 C4 为主,这表明气候对沉积物有机质组成的控制。典型对应分析(CCA)表明,生物变量(花粉、硅藻、稳定同位素组成)在很大程度上受现代降水和温度的控制。冗余分析表明,当前平均气温和降水量对地表湖泊沉积物中主要元素氧化物的变化有重大影响。因此,我们建议利用古生物学、稳定碳同位素、硅藻数据以及粒度、环境磁性和地球化学数据,为定量古气候重建建立一个多代理现代模拟模型。因此,这项研究首次提供了来自气候敏感地区的现代类似物,该地区将印度西部受ISM影响的地区与降水稀少的地区分开。
{"title":"Characterization of biotic and abiotic signatures of modern lake sediments of western India, and its palaeo-environmental implications","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A multi-proxy study of biotic and abiotic components was conducted on surface sediment samples from six lakes/wetlands located along the western transitional boundary of the contemporary Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) in the Indian Subcontinent. The primary goal is to assess the suitability of various proxies as representatives of modern vegetation, environmental and climatic conditions. The collected data indicate significant variations in the composition and density of pollen in response to climate-induced and anthropogenic ecological changes throughout the northwest India transect. The palynological studies from eastern Rajasthan shows high forest elements in comparison to western Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. In addition, the palynological data was juxtaposed with other biotic proxies such as diatom and isotopic studies, along with geochemical proxies and paleomagnetic data of the surface lake sediments. The presence of marker pollen taxa including Cerealia type Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Brassicaceae, allows for distinct recognition of anthropogenic activities throughout the whole transect. The diversity and distribution of diatoms also support the palynological data in response to climate-induced and anthropogenic ecological changes. Furthermore, grain size, geochemistry (TOC/TN ratio with stable carbon isotope), and magnetic susceptibility data offer crucial insights about the sediment's depositional settings and general mineralogical composition. Stable carbon isotope data shows C<sub>3</sub> dominance in relatively humid areas and C<sub>4</sub> dominance in semi-arid areas, suggesting climate-driven control over sediment organic matter composition. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicates that biotic variables (pollen, diatom, stable isotopic composition) are significantly controlled by modern precipitation and temperature. Redundancy analysis reveals a significant influence of current average temperature and precipitation on major element oxide variations in surface lake sediments. Therefore, we propose using palynological, stable carbon isotope, diatom data, along with grain size, environmental magnetism, and geochemistry, to establish a multiproxy modern analogue for quantitative palaeoclimatic reconstructions. As a result, this study provides the first modern analogues from a climate-sensitive region that separates the area under ISM influence from an area with meager precipitation in western India.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142173065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}