Quaternary International最新文献_第4页

Snapshots from the past: Biodiversity of the Vesuvian area before AD 79 from new archaeopalynological studies

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2025-01-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109669

A. Florenzano , P. Torri , G. Bosi , E. Clò , P. Caprio , A.M. Mercuri

The Vesuvian area is rich in well-studied archaeological sites, in which the exceptional preservation of plant remains has led to an in-depth botanical reconstruction of aspects related to diet, rituals and elements of the local urban landscape. Pollen analyses have been mainly focused on the reconstruction of gardens, providing direct evidence of floristic composition, plant selection and seasonality. With a biological approach, the present study aims to contribute to a broader understanding of the plant diversity that characterised the Vesuvian area through the study of 1^st century AD Vesuvian sites, i.e. Stabiae and Pompeii. Forty pollen samples were studied from three sites in the Vesuvian area: the two multipoint sites of Stabiae and Pompeii and the Civita Giuliana site close to Pompeii. At Stabiae (nowadays Castellammare di Stabia), pollen investigation conducted in two villae (“Villa Arianna” and “Villa San Marco”) provided important information to reconstruct the plant landscape before the catastrophic eruption of AD 79. In Pompeii, two plaster samples from two houses (“Casa del Menandro” and “Casa del Centenario”) were studied and, in the nearby Civita Giuliana, samples are from an agricultural area. Among the main features common to the studied contexts, it is noteworthy the presence of a large amount of pollen from fruit trees (Juglans, Olea, Vitis, Castanea) and evidence of ornamental plants. These elements characterised the rich cultural landscape of the area. Despite some caution due to pollen preservation issues, when a high level of identification is achieved, palynology proves to be a reliable tool for the knowledge of biodiversity and landscape patterns in vulnerable areas exposed to natural events.

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引用次数: 0

Climate and land-cover controls of aquatic carbon dynamics since the last glacial maximum: Evidence from stable carbon isotopes of subfossil Cladocera

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.109597

Qian Wang , N. John Anderson , Xiangdong Yang

Lake metabolism and associated emissions of CO₂ in lakes are heavily subsidized by terrestrial carbon. However, how land-cover change and long-term climate interact to influence landscape biogeochemistry remains unclear. A ∼26,000-year sediment record from a lake in Southwest China shows how terrestrial-aquatic carbon dynamics responded to climate changes, atmospheric CO₂ levels, and changing land-cover (vegetation composition) prior to cultural disturbances. Decoupled and coupled variations in the δ¹³C of Zooplankton (Bosmina) and sedimentary organic carbon from the Last Glacial Maximum tracked changes in atmospheric CO₂ and the δ¹⁸O records of monsoonal intensity (Dykoski et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005), highlighting a primary climatic control on coupled terrestrial-aquatic carbon dynamics. Zooplankton and algal production, alongside Bosmina δ¹³C-inferred lake CO₂ concentrations, exhibited synchronous variations with the intensification of the southwest monsoon from ∼10 cal kyr BP, reflecting both increased aquatic production and enhanced terrestrial carbon export driven by forest expansion. These results highlight the critical role of monsoon-driven hydrological changes in regulating terrestrial organic matter inputs to lakes and shaping aquatic carbon dynamics at timescales of 10²–10³ year.

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引用次数: 0

Medium and large-sized Glires (Rodents and Lagomorphs) from the early Pleistocene Cooper's D locality in the Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2025-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.008

Pierre Linchamps , Raphaël Hanon , Emmanuelle Stoetzel , Brigette Cohen , Christine Steininger

Remains of mesomammals, i.e. intermediate-sized mammals, are ubiquitous in southern African fossil sites. Even though they do not constitute a taxonomically cohesive group, medium-sized mammals share common ecological traits and are subject to similar taphonomic processes, making them essential for understanding past ecosystems. This study focuses on craniodental remains of medium- and large-sized rodents and lagomorphs from the Early Pleistocene hominin-bearing site of Cooper's Cave in the Cradle of Humankind. The Cooper's D deposit, dated to approximately <1.4 Ma, has provided a wealth of faunal material, including many mesomammal remains. This contribution presents an updated taxonomic analysis of fossil material, including morphological descriptions with new diagnostic criteria, ecological information about the different taxa, and preliminary taphonomic observations. Notably, this assemblage documents the oldest known occurrence of the genus Geosciurus in South Africa, pushing its attested presence back by over one million years.

中型哺乳动物（即中等体型的哺乳动物）的遗迹在非洲南部的化石遗址中随处可见。尽管中型哺乳动物在分类学上并不构成一个具有凝聚力的类群，但它们具有共同的生态特征，并经历类似的岩石学过程，因此对于了解过去的生态系统至关重要。本研究的重点是人类摇篮库珀洞穴早更新世人类居住遗址中的中型和大型啮齿类动物的颅齿遗骸以及蜥脚类动物的颅齿遗骸。库珀D沉积物的年代大约为1.4Ma，它提供了丰富的动物材料，包括许多中型哺乳动物遗骸。这篇论文对化石材料进行了最新的分类分析，包括带有新诊断标准的形态描述、不同类群的生态信息以及初步的岩石学观察。值得注意的是，这批化石记录了南非已知最古老的 Geosciurus 属，将其存在的时间向前推了 100 多万年。

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引用次数: 0

El Niño-Southern Oscillation signals imprinted in stalagmite δ18O from 2005 to 2017 2005 - 2017年石笋δ18O的El Niño-Southern振荡信号

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.109631

Jianshun Chen , Yijia Liang , Kan Zhao , Yongjin Wang , Zhenqiu Zhang , Fucai Duan , Jingwei Zhang , Qingfeng Shao , Junji Zhu , Shaohua Yang , Lian Tang , Yuqing Wang , Hai Cheng

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is essential to the annual rainfall in the Pacific Rim, causing frequent floods and droughts in these regions. However, its relationship with precipitation in southeastern China on the interannual timescale remains uncertain. Here we reconstruct an ultra-high-resolution hydroclimate record from 2005AD to 2017AD using 301 sets of δ¹⁸O data, U/Th dates, and annual-layer counting on a stalagmite MG2 from Meiguang Cave, Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. We find that both calcite and precipitation δ¹⁸O records have negative correlations with local rainfall amount, with heavier rainfall correlating with negative excursions of δ¹⁸O, supporting the rainfall amount effects on calcite and precipitation δ¹⁸O signals on the seasonal timescale. On the interannual timescale, La Niña (El Niño) years are followed by positive (negative) rainfall years and decreased (increased) MG2 δ¹⁸O values, and all records have ∼3-year cyclicity. The antiphased correlation of medium coefficiency of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) with both precipitation δ¹⁸O and MG2 δ¹⁸O records implies that ENSO could modulate the calcite δ¹⁸O signals in the monsoonal region of China through circulation effects. Therefore, we suggest that changes in cave δ¹⁸O values in China can be controlled by both rainfall amount and circulation effects related with the ENSO activities, which provides a good reference for the paleoclimate studies on short timescales.

厄尔尼诺Niño-Southern涛动（ENSO）对环太平洋地区的年降雨至关重要，导致这些地区频繁发生洪涝和干旱。但在年际尺度上，其与中国东南部降水的关系仍不确定。本文利用301组δ18O数据、U/Th日期和年层数对江西省梅光洞石笋MG2进行了2005 - 2017年的超高分辨率水文气候记录重建。方解石和降水δ18O记录均与局地降雨量呈负相关，降水偏强与δ18O负漂移相关，支持降雨量对季节尺度上方解石和降水δ18O信号的影响。在年际尺度上，La Niña （El Niño）年之后是正（负）降雨年，MG2 δ18O值减小（增大），周期均为~ 3年。南方涛动指数（SOI）介质系数与降水δ18O和MG2 δ18O记录的反相位相关表明，ENSO可以通过环流效应调制中国季风区方解石δ18O信号。因此，我们认为中国洞穴δ18O值的变化可以同时受到与ENSO活动相关的降雨量和环流效应的控制，这为短时间尺度的古气候研究提供了很好的参考。

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引用次数: 0

Iceberg-rafted debris events from the glacial Kamchatka in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea over the past 110 kyrs 在过去的110年里，来自鄂霍次克海西南部堪察加冰川的漂流碎片事件

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.109595

Kunshan Wang , Xuefa Shi , Dirk Nürnberg , Zhengquan Yao , Jianjun Zou , Anqi Wang , Xuejiao Jiang

High-resolution analyses of ice-rafted debris (IRD) and its light and heavy minerals in a sediment core sample from the SW Okhotsk Sea reveal the varying sources of terrigenous material and iceberg discharge events from the Kamchatka Peninsula into the SW Okhotsk Sea since the last interglacial period (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5). Our results suggest the dominance of seasonal and mobile sea ice since 110 ka BP, with occasional perennial sea ice in the SW Okhotsk Sea, which is the most important agent for the basin-wide dispersal of land-sourced terrigenous material. Between 33 ka BP and 14 ka BP (MIS 2), prevalent sea ice formed on the northern shelves. Since 14 ka BP, instead, the IRD originated mainly from the Sakhalin Gulf, with a substantial increase in near-source material input. Thirteen events of IRD_Kamchatka were identified between 87 and 27 ka BP (mainly in MIS 4–3), with debris definitely originating from the Kamchatka Peninsula. Among these events, the four most prominent types of iceberg/ice sheet rafting occurred at ∼63 ka, ∼53 ka, ∼40 ka, and ∼33 ka BP. Simultaneously, they are consistent with the IRD_iceberg events that occurred in the core of western Kamchatka and are also close to the age of H6, H5, H4 and H3 in the Heinrich Events. The initial source areas and transportation pathways of these iceberg armadas varied considerably over time. During ∼87–53 ka BP, icebergs originated from the western Kamchatka Peninsula and migrated southward. During ∼53–27 ka BP, IRD_Kamchatka inputs likely originated from the eastern Kamchatka Peninsula. This suggests that during MIS 4/3, the mountain glaciers of the Kamchatka Peninsula experienced a reduction in scale and retreated from the western to the eastern part of the peninsula. The event at 27 ka BP marks the last major IRD_Kamchatka contribution to the Okhotsk Sea from the Kamchatka Peninsula. Since 14 ka BP, the input of IRD_Kamchatka into the SW Okhotsk Sea has become very weak.

对西南鄂霍次克海沉积物岩心样品中浮冰碎屑（IRD）及其轻矿物和重矿物的高分辨率分析揭示了末次间冰期（海洋同位素阶段（MIS） 5）以来从察察加半岛进入西南鄂霍次克海的陆源物质来源和冰山排放事件的变化。我们的结果表明，自110 ka BP以来，西南鄂霍次克海以季节性和流动海冰为主，偶尔有常年海冰。这是陆源陆源物质在整个盆地扩散的最重要因素。在33 ka BP和14 ka BP （MIS 2）之间，在北部大陆架形成了普遍的海冰。而自14ka BP以来，IRD主要来自库页湾，近源物质输入大幅增加。在87 ~ 27 ka BP之间，确定了13次堪察加寒带地震事件（主要发生在MIS 4-3），碎屑肯定来自堪察加半岛。在这些事件中，四种最突出的冰山/冰盖漂流类型发生在~ 63 ka、~ 53 ka、~ 40 ka和~ 33 ka BP。同时，它们与发生在堪察加西部核心的IRDiceberg事件一致，也接近Heinrich事件的H6、H5、H4、H3时代。随着时间的推移，这些冰山舰队最初的来源区域和运输途径发生了很大的变化。在~ 87-53 ka BP期间，冰山起源于堪察加半岛西部并向南迁移。在~ 53 ~ 27 ka BP期间，ird堪察加输入可能来自堪察加半岛东部。这表明，在MIS 4/3期间，堪察加半岛的山地冰川经历了规模的缩小，并从半岛的西部向东部退缩。27 ka BP的事件标志着堪察加半岛对鄂霍次克海的最后一次重大贡献。14 ka BP以来，堪察加半岛东部向西南鄂霍次克海的输入变得非常微弱。

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引用次数: 0

Subsidence and recent landscape evolution at Volturno Coastal Plain (Italy)

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.002

Ines Alberico, Fabio Matano

Alluvial plains along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea are susceptible to subsidence due to natural sediment compaction, tectonic forces, urban growth and over-exploitation of groundwater resources. Subsidence process may largely affect coastal landscapes, especially in areas with compressible deposits in the subsoil. In this article, the historical changes of landscape (from 1600 to present) and the vertical ground movement (in the last 30 years) of Volturno Coastal Plain (VCP) were analyzed to shed light on the possible relations between the location of subsiding lands and the landscape changes in the last centuries mainly due to land reclamation works. To this aim, historical maps, satellite images, and radar interferometric vertical ground deformation datasets were acquired and integrated in a geographic information system. The historical cartography allowed to ouline the landscape changes of coastal plain features that took place mainly in the marshy and swampy areas and in the dune system before and after the reclamation works. Ground deformation trends have been assessed between 1992 and 2021 based on processing several radar satellite data with Synthetic Aperture Radar Differential Interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. Vector and grid analysis tools have been used to draw features of past landscapes, to continuously represent the vertical movement of soil and to compare the available data. Before the mid-1950s, anthropogenic activity was limited and not associated with active subsidence processes in the marshes and lacustrine areas. However, in recent decades, satellite radar interferometric data show that high subsidence areas in the middle and lower sectors of Volturno Coastal Plain (VCP) are locally enhanced by anthropogenic activity. It is noteworthy that the subsidence of VCP today is related to the cumulative effects of several processes that have developed at different temporal and spatial scales.

{"title":"Subsidence and recent landscape evolution at Volturno Coastal Plain (Italy)","authors":"Ines Alberico, Fabio Matano","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alluvial plains along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea are susceptible to subsidence due to natural sediment compaction, tectonic forces, urban growth and over-exploitation of groundwater resources. Subsidence process may largely affect coastal landscapes, especially in areas with compressible deposits in the subsoil. In this article, the historical changes of landscape (from 1600 to present) and the vertical ground movement (in the last 30 years) of Volturno Coastal Plain (VCP) were analyzed to shed light on the possible relations between the location of subsiding lands and the landscape changes in the last centuries mainly due to land reclamation works. To this aim, historical maps, satellite images, and radar interferometric vertical ground deformation datasets were acquired and integrated in a geographic information system. The historical cartography allowed to ouline the landscape changes of coastal plain features that took place mainly in the marshy and swampy areas and in the dune system before and after the reclamation works. Ground deformation trends have been assessed between 1992 and 2021 based on processing several radar satellite data with Synthetic Aperture Radar Differential Interferometry (DInSAR) techniques. Vector and grid analysis tools have been used to draw features of past landscapes, to continuously represent the vertical movement of soil and to compare the available data. Before the mid-1950s, anthropogenic activity was limited and not associated with active subsidence processes in the marshes and lacustrine areas. However, in recent decades, satellite radar interferometric data show that high subsidence areas in the middle and lower sectors of Volturno Coastal Plain (VCP) are locally enhanced by anthropogenic activity. It is noteworthy that the subsidence of VCP today is related to the cumulative effects of several processes that have developed at different temporal and spatial scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":"712 ","pages":"Article 109584"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Publisher's Note - Introducing Article Numbering to Quaternary International

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.109591

引用次数: 0

A new technique mapping submerged beachrocks using low-altitude UAV photogrammetry, the Altınova region, northern coast of the Sea of Marmara (NW Türkiye)

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.10.011

Mustafa Geyik , Ufuk Tarı , Orkan Özcan , Gürsel Sunal , Cenk Yaltırak

High-resolution aerial imagery captured from low altitudes enables the detailed reconstruction of the geomorphological features of submerged beachrocks and the quantification of their topographic complexity. These coastal deposits serve as vital indicators for estimating past sea-level positions and deformation, contributing to our understanding of climate and tectonic processes across various temporal and spatial scales. This study focuses on submerged beachrocks identified in the nearshore coastal area of Tekirdağ city (Altınova), and the existing knowledge regarding such geological formations is limited.

Situated in the tectonically active western Marmara region, the coastal zone of The Tekirdağ-Altınova is influenced by the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), which has significantly shaped the coastline over time. Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) data, we successfully isolated submerged beachrocks from other coastal deposits, identifying them at depths of 2 m below current sea level and extending approximately 5 km along the coast. This identification was facilitated by integrating high-resolution aerial imagery with morphological analysis techniques, specifically employing structure-from-motion photogrammetry to generate a dense point cloud for bathymetric mapping.

The utilization of cost-effective UAV imagery facilitated the efficient monitoring of beachrocks. Geographic information systems (GIS) and the TerraceM application were employed to analyze the high-resolution bathymetry data (with a 5 cm resolution), enabling the precise estimation of shoreline angles and associated errors. These shoreline angles, which correspond to the past sea levels high stand, were mapped using swath profiles oriented perpendicular to the isobaths. Our findings reveal that the majority of submerged beachrocks exhibit shoreline angles between ∼ −0.7 m and −1.1 m. This study presents innovative methodologies for mapping the height and spatial distribution of beachrocks, as well as for reliably estimating reliable uplift rates in the nearshore area of Tekirdağ-Altınova.

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引用次数: 0

Machine learning-based identification of geomorphological units in Quintero Bay (32°S) and its implications for the search for early drowned archaeological sites on the western coast of South America

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.003

Valentina Flores-Aqueveque , Hugo Neira-Santander , Cristina Ortega , César Méndez , Isabel Cartajena , Renato Simonetti , Diego Carabias

High-resolution predictive modeling of submerged landscapes has successfully allowed the detection of early archaeological sites that are presently underwater. These models have traditionally relied on geophysical techniques, which can be both time-consuming and expensive, especially for extensive survey areas. In contrast, geomorphological mapping using Machine Learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a rapid and accessible alternative with numerous advantages over conventional methods. In this work, we employ ML algorithms (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Partial Least Squares, and Principal Component Analysis) trained on land to analyze the seabed of Quintero Bay to identify relic landforms that characterize the paleolandscape within which the submerged early site GNLQ1 formed. The methodology also included a multicriteria analysis that integrated geological (geomorphological, tectonic, eustatic) and archaeological (attributes of non-submerged records in the region) approaches to delineate potential areas of archaeological interest. The findings of this work can guide and enhance future archaeological research. The results underscore the importance of possessing a comprehensive understanding of the study area and its associated variables to the successful application of ML techniques. This also applies to modeling drowned paleolandscapes. Nevertheless, despite these challenges, ML-based modeling of drowned paleolandscapes can provide an overview of the distribution of geoforms comprising the paleolandscape, which in turn can help identify future geophysical survey areas to focus on in the search for archaeological evidence, thereby improving our understanding of the relationship between early human groups and these landscapes.

{"title":"Machine learning-based identification of geomorphological units in Quintero Bay (32°S) and its implications for the search for early drowned archaeological sites on the western coast of South America","authors":"Valentina Flores-Aqueveque , Hugo Neira-Santander , Cristina Ortega , César Méndez , Isabel Cartajena , Renato Simonetti , Diego Carabias","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2024.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-resolution predictive modeling of submerged landscapes has successfully allowed the detection of early archaeological sites that are presently underwater. These models have traditionally relied on geophysical techniques, which can be both time-consuming and expensive, especially for extensive survey areas. In contrast, geomorphological mapping using Machine Learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a rapid and accessible alternative with numerous advantages over conventional methods. In this work, we employ ML algorithms (Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Partial Least Squares, and Principal Component Analysis) trained on land to analyze the seabed of Quintero Bay to identify relic landforms that characterize the paleolandscape within which the submerged early site GNLQ1 formed. The methodology also included a multicriteria analysis that integrated geological (geomorphological, tectonic, eustatic) and archaeological (attributes of non-submerged records in the region) approaches to delineate potential areas of archaeological interest. The findings of this work can guide and enhance future archaeological research. The results underscore the importance of possessing a comprehensive understanding of the study area and its associated variables to the successful application of ML techniques. This also applies to modeling drowned paleolandscapes. Nevertheless, despite these challenges, ML-based modeling of drowned paleolandscapes can provide an overview of the distribution of geoforms comprising the paleolandscape, which in turn can help identify future geophysical survey areas to focus on in the search for archaeological evidence, thereby improving our understanding of the relationship between early human groups and these landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":"712 ","pages":"Article 109585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143148426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Late Holocene seismic uplift events depicted by coastal karst formations in Bali, Indonesia

IF 1.9 3区地球科学 Q3 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Quaternary International

Pub Date : 2024-12-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2024.10.009

Miklós Kázmér , Rikza Nahar , Krzysztof Gaidzik

Limestone shores record earthquake-related uplift and subsidence worldwide. While comprehensive investigations exist for the Mediterranean and Japan, only limited studies are available in other regions. In this study, we analyze the carbonate shore of the Sunda Arc on Bali Island, Indonesia, in terms of tectonic uplift/subsidence. We surveyed coastal profiles of terraces and notches, identifying coastal karst features and bioerosion traces and determining their position relative to sea level. We found a set of marine terraces at Suluban Beach: Level A (lowest) – the active reef pavement with occasional surf potholes; Level B – 0.5–0.7 m above level A, with surf potholes and channels; Level C – 0.8 m above level B, heavily pitted by flat-bottomed pans, separated by heavily karstified ridges; Level D – 2 m above level C, karstified surface, with several decimetres deep karren. The increasing depth of coastal karst features marks a longer time of exposure to the sea, both in the intertidal and the supratidal zone. Holocene sea level reached its present-day position about 5000–6000 years ago; therefore, all coastal features, which require the action of the sea, salt water, and wave action to develop, formed following this period. Bali is on the front of the overriding plate in the Sunda arc. Seismicity is expressed by the uplift of the coastal zone. We propose that seismic events of moment magnitude 6.5–7, with a few hundred years return period, can produce the observed repeated surface uplift of 0.5–2 m in Bali.

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引用次数: 0