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Has Russia heard about the European Union’s Arcticness? The EU’s Arctic steps as seen from Russia – CORRIGENDUM 俄罗斯听说过欧盟的北极吗?从俄罗斯看欧盟的北极措施-勘误表
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000256
Natalia Skripnikova, Andreas Raspotnik
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引用次数: 0
Russia’s Arctic policy: Upcoming change? 俄罗斯的北极政策:即将改变?
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000220
Jørgen Staun
Abstract Russia’s Arctic policy since 2008 has been influenced by two competing foreign policy lines (discourses): the “Arctic as a resource base” and the “sovereignty discourse”. The “Arctic as a resource base” has been the dominant one since the first Russian Arctic Strategy in 2008. It is primarily about exploiting the vast oil and gas resources estimated to be located there, as well as turn the Northern Sea Route into a “global transport corridor”. In Russia’s Arctic Strategy of 2020, however, there is enhanced emphasis on sovereignty and power balancing in Russian Arctic policy. And the focus on sovereignty was heightened with the amendments to Russia’s Arctic Strategy in March 2023. This increased emphasis on sovereignty, territorial defence and balance of power in Russian Arctic policy is likely to be further reinforced by the growing great-power competition between the USA and Russia, which has gained new momentum following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
自2008年以来,俄罗斯的北极政策一直受到两种相互竞争的外交政策路线(话语)的影响:“北极作为资源基地”和“主权话语”。自2008年俄罗斯首次提出北极战略以来,“北极作为资源基地”一直占据主导地位。它主要是为了开发据估计蕴藏在那里的巨大石油和天然气资源,并将北海航线变成“全球运输走廊”。然而,在俄罗斯2020年北极战略中,俄罗斯北极政策更加强调主权和力量平衡。随着2023年3月俄罗斯对北极战略的修订,对主权的关注得到了加强。俄罗斯北极政策中对主权、领土防御和力量平衡的日益重视,可能会因美俄之间日益激烈的大国竞争而进一步加强,这种竞争在俄罗斯2022年入侵乌克兰后获得了新的动力。
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引用次数: 0
Research on the implementation and practice of the CCAMLR System of Inspection CCAMLR检验制度的实施与实践研究
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s003224742300027x
Chong Feng
Abstract The CCAMLR System of Inspection has been in place for more than 30 years, but its implementation and impact have yet to be summarised and analysed. The purpose of the research is to clarify the legal basis, analyse the implementation and make suggestions for further improvements. By analysing the CAMLR Convention and historical files, the System of Inspection has been further improved and many details have been added based on some international fisheries agreements and domestic laws regulating fisheries. Article XXIV of the CAMLR Convention, various Conservation Measures and documents form the legal basis of the System of Inspection. The System is divided into two types, namely At-sea inspection and Port inspection. Combined with the annual reports of CCAMLR meetings over the past 30 years, the System has become relatively complete as a “Compliance Monitoring Mechanism” under the CCAMLR Compliance Evaluation Procedure with other monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) tools. However, inspection data have not been stable over the years. Since 2017, the increase in catches has not led to an increase in the number of inspections in the annual reports. In addition, At-sea inspections do not cover all Subareas of the Convention. At present, the objects of inspection have been extended to Non-Member vessels, so that it should also be sanctioned through various mechanisms. In addition, the System of Inspection is different from the Compliance Evaluation Procedure and the relationship between the two needs to be confirmed in practice. Due to the change in inspection methods, the lack of inspection data and the increase in other MCS tools, At-sea inspection does not cover all Subareas of the Convention. The System of Inspection is constantly being practised and improved. The study calls on Members to continue to carry out inspections and to improve the System in order to achieve the conservation and rational use of fishery resources.
CCAMLR检查制度已经存在了30多年,但其实施和影响尚未得到总结和分析。研究的目的是明确法律依据,分析实施情况,并提出进一步改进的建议。通过对CAMLR公约和历史档案的分析,在一些国际渔业协定和管理渔业的国内法律的基础上,进一步完善了检查制度,增加了许多细节。根据CAMLR公约第24条,各种保护措施和文件构成了检查制度的法律基础。该系统分为海上检验和港口检验两种类型。结合CCAMLR过去30年的年度会议报告,该系统作为CCAMLR合规评估程序下的“合规监测机制”,与其他监测、控制和监督(MCS)工具相结合,已经相对完善。然而,多年来检验数据并不稳定。自2017年以来,捕捞量的增加并没有导致年度报告中检查次数的增加。此外,海上视察并不包括《公约》的所有分领域。目前,检查对象已扩大到非会员国船只,因此也应通过各种机制予以制裁。此外,检查制度不同于符合性评价程序,两者的关系需要在实践中加以确认。由于检查方法的变化、检查数据的缺乏以及其他MCS工具的增加,海上检查并未涵盖公约的所有次区域。巡视制度不断得到实践和完善。该研究呼吁各成员继续进行检查和改善该制度,以实现渔业资源的养护和合理利用。
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引用次数: 0
Erebus The Ice Dragon: A portrait of an Antarctic volcano, Colin Monteath (2023), Auckland, New Zealand: Massey University Press. 368p, hard cover. NZ$ 65. ISBN: 978-1-99-101636-2 《冰龙埃里伯斯:南极火山的肖像》,科林·蒙泰斯(2023),新西兰奥克兰:梅西大学出版社,368页,精装。65新西兰元。ISBN: 978-1-99-101636-2
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000232
Bob Frame
An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
此内容没有摘要。当您可以访问此内容时,该页上会提供完整的HTML内容。此内容的PDF也可以通过“保存PDF”操作按钮获得。
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引用次数: 0
Lake Ladoga. The coastal history of the greatest lake in Europe. Maria Lähteenmäki and Isaac Land, editors. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, SKS. 2023. 233 p, paperback, epub and pdf. ISBN 978-951-858-628-2 (print). €45. Also available as a free open-access download (https://doi.org/10.21435/sfh.27). 拉多加湖。欧洲最大湖泊的海岸历史。编辑Maria Lähteenmäki和Isaac Land。赫尔辛基:芬兰文学协会,SKS。2023. 233p,平装本,epub和pdf。ISBN 978-951-858-628-2(印刷)。€45。也可以免费开放下载(https://doi.org/10.21435/sfh.27)。
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000207
Gareth Rees
Lake Ladoga. The coastal history of the greatest lake in Europe. Maria Lähteenmäki and Isaac Land, editors. Helsinki: Finnish Literary Society, SKS. 2023. 233 p, paperback, epub and pdf. ISBN 978-951-858-628-2 (print). €45. Also available as a free open-access download (https://doi.org/10.21435/sfh.27). - Volume 59
拉多加湖。欧洲最大湖泊的海岸历史。编辑Maria Lähteenmäki和Isaac Land。赫尔辛基:芬兰文学协会,SKS。2023. 233p,平装本,epub和pdf。ISBN 978-951-858-628-2(印刷)。€45。也可以免费开放下载(https://doi.org/10.21435/sfh.27)。-第59卷
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引用次数: 0
Can China change the Arctic regime? 中国能改变北极体制吗?
4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000244
Mariia Kobzeva, Andrey Todorov
Abstract China’s role in the Arctic regime remains a debatable topic in the expert discourse on the High North. Currently, in view of the aggravated conflicts in other regions that include Russia as the largest Arctic state, and China as its strategic partner, the Arctic regimes are experiencing salient disturbances. Against this backdrop, an understanding of China’s opportunities to affect Arctic affairs is urgently needed. We address this issue by combining political and legal analyses. We used the regime theory approach to outline the Arctic regime complex (ARC), and through this lens, we discuss the recent changes that are being observed. Based on this, we determine China’s actual potential for making amendments to the ARC. We conclude that China has no capacity to make a crucial shift in the ARC, but it is still able to alter particular rules, like those related to Arctic Ocean management and scientific cooperation. The further efficient operation of the Arctic Council will play a decisive role in envisaging China’s behaviour in the region.
中国在北极制度中的作用在高北专家讨论中仍然是一个有争议的话题。当前,由于包括俄罗斯作为北极最大国家和中国作为其战略伙伴在内的其他地区的冲突加剧,北极政权正经历着突出的动荡。在此背景下,迫切需要了解中国影响北极事务的机会。我们通过结合政治和法律分析来解决这个问题。我们使用制度理论方法来概述北极制度复合体(ARC),并通过这个镜头,我们讨论了最近正在观察到的变化。在此基础上,我们确定了中国修改ARC的实际潜力。我们的结论是,中国没有能力在ARC中做出重大转变,但它仍然能够改变某些规则,例如与北冰洋管理和科学合作有关的规则。北极理事会的进一步有效运作将在设想中国在该地区的行为方面发挥决定性作用。
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引用次数: 0
Bilateral collaboration between the Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) and United States Research Communities – from a vision to everyday practice 格陵兰(Kalaallit Nunaat)和美国研究界之间的双边合作——从愿景到日常实践
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI: 10.1017/S0032247422000298
J. Mercer, J. Nymand, L. Culler, Rebecca Lynge, Sten Lund, Bo Gregersen, Brett Makens, R. Virginia, Kristian G. Moore
Abstract Each year, hundreds of international researchers enter Greenland to conduct scientific fieldwork. Historically, they have had little interaction with local communities and scientists at Greenland research institutes. Recognising that collaboration between Greenland and the United States can yield better research, consider more diverse perspectives, articulate the benefits of research to Greenland society, and train the next generation in a collaborative framework, representatives from both countries have been engaged in a series of events to cultivate bilateral relationships. Here, we describe the process of these events (workshops, conference sessions, and public dialogues), the findings, and the outcomes that have followed. Prior to this focused engagement, United States and Greenland scientists typically pursued their research independently. Since the engagement, more researchers from both countries have successfully partnered to obtain funding for collaborative research. Furthermore, development of a bilateral collaboration network is underway. The focused approach on bilateral engagement also proved essential for maintaining research and other activities during the global pandemic. When United States researchers were prevented from entering Greenland, their Greenland partners were able to continue the fieldwork, ensuring that progress was not lost. Future international projects can build on these successes to expand collaborative and interdisciplinary research in Greenland.
摘要每年都有数百名国际研究人员进入格陵兰岛进行科学实地考察。从历史上看,他们与当地社区和格陵兰研究所的科学家几乎没有互动。认识到格陵兰岛和美国之间的合作可以产生更好的研究,考虑更多样的视角,阐明研究对格陵兰社会的好处,并在合作框架内培训下一代,两国代表参与了一系列活动,以培养双边关系。在这里,我们描述了这些活动的过程(研讨会、会议和公众对话)、调查结果以及随后的结果。在此之前,美国和格陵兰岛的科学家通常独立进行研究。自参与以来,两国越来越多的研究人员成功合作,为合作研究获得资金。此外,正在发展双边合作网络。事实证明,重点关注双边接触的方法对于在全球疫情期间保持研究和其他活动也至关重要。当美国研究人员被阻止进入格陵兰岛时,他们的格陵兰合作伙伴能够继续实地调查,确保不会失去进展。未来的国际项目可以在这些成功的基础上扩大格陵兰的合作和跨学科研究。
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引用次数: 0
The question of Icebergs: a cryo-history of Arctic submarine cables 冰山的问题:北极海底电缆的低温史
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-16 DOI: 10.1017/S0032247422000262
M. Abildgaard
Abstract “The Question of Icebergs” is a cryo-history (Sörlin, 2015) of Arctic infrastructures: How has ice and snow shaped communication infrastructures in the Arctic by both drawing in and deterring interest in travelling through, connecting with and building in the region? This study follows the case of the 160-year-old plans for “The Northern Route,” a transatlantic telegraph which would have placed Greenland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands at the centre of transatlantic communication in the early 1860s. I draw on Actor-Network Theory and postcolonial studies to trace how notions of the Arctic Sublime, a dependency on “credible ice witnesses,” local ice knowledges and the “politics of comparison” influenced the eventual abandonment of the route, where Arctic territories were (dis)regarded and considered as mere “substrate” for infrastructure. I argue that this cryo-history of Arctic telecommunication infrastructures is an essential contribution to a new socio-technical agenda in cable studies, which shows how established logics about who to connect, and where, still influence infrastructural development in the region today.
摘要“冰山问题”是北极基础设施的低温史(Sörlin,2015):冰雪是如何通过吸引和阻止人们对穿越、连接和建设该地区的兴趣来塑造北极的通信基础设施的?这项研究以160年前的“北方之路”计划为例,这是一种跨大西洋电报,在19世纪60年代初将格陵兰岛、冰岛和法罗群岛置于跨大西洋通信的中心。我利用行动者网络理论和后殖民研究来追踪北极升华的概念、对“可信的冰见证者”的依赖、当地的冰知识和“比较政治”是如何影响最终放弃这条路线的,在那里,北极领土被视为基础设施的“基底”。我认为,北极电信基础设施的低温历史是对电缆研究中新的社会技术议程的重要贡献,该议程表明,关于连接谁以及在哪里连接的既定逻辑今天仍然影响着该地区的基础设施发展。
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引用次数: 0
Mining tourism in abandoned and existing mines in the Swedish Far North 在瑞典远北废弃和现有矿山的采矿旅游
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1017/S003224742100019X
J. Byström
Abstract The Swedish North is sometimes described as a resource periphery, while others choose to label it a pleasure periphery. Regardless of the terms used, the region is characterised by problems such as out-migration and demographic issues. This study investigates why there are such different perceptions of the same area, and whether there is any contradiction between extractive resource industries and the tourism industry. This is done by collecting visitor data from mining companies and conducting interviews with a variety of respondents in three mining communities in northern Sweden. Mining tourism is a phenomenon occurring in this region and can be regarded as a context in which the two main narratives meet while being a rather overlooked form of tourism. This is partly due to the low level of knowledge regarding its impacts, but also to a somewhat established idea of mining tourism as a “bad” form of tourism. Individuals’ perceptions of mining tourism as a phenomenon seem to be highly value-related and influenced by both location and occupation. As such, various opinions can be explained by social exchange theory, which proposes that attitudes will be influenced by individuals’ evaluation of outcomes for themselves and their community. In this paper, the emergence of mining tourism is understood as knowledge creation rooted in a regional path dependency on mining and tourism. Hence, mining tourism becomes a new regional tourism product that contributes to tourism, at least in terms of standard technical visits and, at best, a well-developed tourist attraction that appeals to visitors in quantities similar to iconic regional attractions such as the Icehotel. Then again, a tourism industry selling dreams of “untouched nature” argues that this tourism product produces “bad imaging”.
瑞典北部有时被描述为资源边缘,而其他人则选择将其标记为快乐边缘。无论使用何种术语,该区域的特点是外移和人口问题等问题。本研究调查了为什么对同一地区会有如此不同的看法,以及采掘资源产业与旅游业之间是否存在矛盾。这是通过从矿业公司收集访客数据,并在瑞典北部的三个矿业社区对各种受访者进行采访来完成的。采矿旅游是发生在该地区的一种现象,可以被视为两种主要叙述相遇的背景,同时也是一种相当被忽视的旅游形式。这部分是由于对其影响的认识水平较低,但也是由于采矿旅游作为一种“坏”旅游形式的某种既定观念。作为一种现象,个人对采矿旅游的看法似乎与价值高度相关,并受到地点和职业的影响。因此,社会交换理论可以解释各种各样的观点,该理论认为,态度会受到个人对自己和社区结果的评价的影响。本文将矿业旅游的出现理解为基于对矿业和旅游业的区域路径依赖的知识创造。因此,采矿旅游成为一种新的区域旅游产品,至少在标准的技术访问方面有助于旅游业,充其量是一个发达的旅游景点,吸引游客的数量与冰旅馆等标志性区域景点相似。然而,兜售“原始自然”梦想的旅游业认为,这种旅游产品会产生“糟糕的形象”。
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引用次数: 0
The “Rediscovery” of Reginald Ford and his New Zealand Antarctic Lectures, 1905 to 1926 雷金纳德·福特的“再发现”及其1905年至1926年的新西兰南极讲座
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-11-24 DOI: 10.1017/S0032247422000341
M. Roche
Abstract Reginald Ford, steward on Scott’s Discovery expedition, settled in New Zealand in 1905 and over the next two decades gave public lectures about his Antarctic experiences. Hitherto unrelated biographical details of Ford’s early life are assembled, and something of the character of his lantern slide lectures are reconstructed from various sources. The means by which Ford established his authority as a public speaker included his actual participation in the events he lectured about, his credentialling as a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and the use of his own lantern slides. The “performative triangle” established around the audience, the lantern slide images, and Ford as lecturer, is examined via contemporary newspaper accounts and Ford’s other writings.
雷金纳德·福特是斯科特探索号探险队的乘务员,1905年定居新西兰,在接下来的二十年里,他公开讲述了自己的南极经历。迄今为止,福特早期生活的一些不相关的传记细节被收集起来,他的灯笼幻灯片讲座的一些特点是从各种来源重建的。福特确立其公共演讲权威的手段包括实际参与他演讲的活动、获得皇家地理学会会员资格以及使用自己的幻灯片。围绕观众建立的“表演三角”、灯笼幻灯片图像和福特作为讲师,通过当代报纸报道和福特的其他作品进行了研究。
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引用次数: 0
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