首页 > 最新文献

Polar Record最新文献

英文 中文
Blubber for Bibles: translating colonialism in Inuit missions, c. 1750–1850 鲸脂圣经:因纽特传教士的殖民主义翻译,约 1750-1850 年
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247424000093
Hilary Mary Carey
Between 1750 and 1850, at least twenty versions of the Greenlandic Bible were published through the efforts of Greenlandic catechists, Danish Lutherans, German Moravians, the Danish Bible Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS). This article assesses the role of Greenlandic and other Inuit translators as they were engaged in the colonial project of devising a complete version of the scriptures in their own language. Using the relatively untapped correspondence of the BFBS, it considers how and why the status of Inuit translators changed over the course of the missionary translation project. In one response to the reception of new Bibles, Inuit people offered gifts of blubber to the BFBS to support translations for other mission communities. To understand the meaning of this exchange, this essay brings together the methodologies and perspectives of missionary linguistics. It uncovers the unique role played by Greenlandic and other Inuit translators and catechists, foregrounding their contribution to a successful national project, the creation of a national language for independent Greenland and the emergence of literate Christian communities. By reading along and against the grain of colonial archives, it seeks to recover something of the names and motivation of Inuit scripture translators.
1750 年至 1850 年间,在格陵兰慕道者、丹麦路德教会、德国摩拉维亚教会、丹麦圣经公会和英国及外国圣经公会(BFBS)的努力下,至少出版了 20 个版本的格陵兰圣经。本文评估了格陵兰和其他因纽特人译者在用自己的语言设计完整版圣经这一殖民项目中所扮演的角色。文章利用相对尚未开发的《圣经与布道书》的对应关系,探讨了因纽特人译者的地位在传教士翻译项目过程中发生变化的方式和原因。因纽特人在收到新《圣经》后的一个反应是,他们向英国圣经与传教士联合会赠送鲸脂,以支持其他传教团体的翻译工作。为了理解这种交换的意义,本文汇集了传教士语言学的方法和观点。文章揭示了格陵兰及其他因纽特人翻译和慕道者所扮演的独特角色,强调了他们对一个成功的国家项目、独立格陵兰的国家语言的创造以及有文化的基督教社区的出现所做出的贡献。通过顺着和逆着殖民档案的纹理进行阅读,该书试图恢复因纽特人经文翻译者的姓名和动机。
{"title":"Blubber for Bibles: translating colonialism in Inuit missions, c. 1750–1850","authors":"Hilary Mary Carey","doi":"10.1017/s0032247424000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247424000093","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1750 and 1850, at least twenty versions of the Greenlandic Bible were published through the efforts of Greenlandic catechists, Danish Lutherans, German Moravians, the Danish Bible Society and the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS). This article assesses the role of Greenlandic and other Inuit translators as they were engaged in the colonial project of devising a complete version of the scriptures in their own language. Using the relatively untapped correspondence of the BFBS, it considers how and why the status of Inuit translators changed over the course of the missionary translation project. In one response to the reception of new Bibles, Inuit people offered gifts of blubber to the BFBS to support translations for other mission communities. To understand the meaning of this exchange, this essay brings together the methodologies and perspectives of missionary linguistics. It uncovers the unique role played by Greenlandic and other Inuit translators and catechists, foregrounding their contribution to a successful national project, the creation of a national language for independent Greenland and the emergence of literate Christian communities. By reading along and against the grain of colonial archives, it seeks to recover something of the names and motivation of Inuit scripture translators.","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
British sailor or Inuk? A reappraisal of the ancestry of human skeletal remains found in 1949 by Henry Larsen, Cape Felix, King William Island 英国水手还是伊努克人?重新评估亨利-拉森 1949 年在威廉国王岛费利克斯角发现的人类骸骨的祖先身份
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1017/s003224742400010x
Douglas Stenton

In 1949, human skeletal remains discovered by RCMP Inspector Henry Larsen near Cape Felix, King William Island, Nunavut, were identified as an adult male of European ancestry and a member of the 1845 Franklin Northwest Passage Expedition. The identification has never been questioned and is considered significant to reconstructions of the fate of the Franklin expedition because the sailor’s death presumably pre-dated the desertion of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror in April 1848 and because no other human remains of expedition personnel have ever been found between Victory Point and Cape Felix. The aim of this study was to re-examine the basis on which the ancestry of the skeleton was interpreted to be European. A review of archival records revealed previously unpublished details concerning the location and context of the discovery, and re-assessments of the antiquity and of key morphological attributes of the bones suggest they are those of an adult male Inuk and have no connection to the 1845 Franklin expedition.

1949 年,加拿大皇家骑警探长亨利-拉森(Henry Larsen)在努纳武特地区威廉国王岛费利克斯角附近发现了一具人类骸骨,经鉴定,这是一名成年男性,祖籍欧洲,是 1845 年富兰克林西北航程探险队的成员。这一鉴定从未受到质疑,而且被认为对重建富兰克林探险队的命运具有重要意义,因为这名水手的死亡时间可能早于 1848 年 4 月埃里伯斯号和恐怖号的遗弃时间,而且在胜利角和菲利克斯角之间从未发现过其他探险队人员的遗骸。这项研究的目的是重新审查将这具骸骨的祖先解释为欧洲人的依据。对档案记录的审查揭示了以前未曾公布过的有关发现地点和背景的细节,对骸骨的古老程度和关键形态特征的重新评估表明,这些骸骨是一具成年男性伊努克人的骸骨,与 1845 年富兰克林探险队没有任何联系。
{"title":"British sailor or Inuk? A reappraisal of the ancestry of human skeletal remains found in 1949 by Henry Larsen, Cape Felix, King William Island","authors":"Douglas Stenton","doi":"10.1017/s003224742400010x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s003224742400010x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In 1949, human skeletal remains discovered by RCMP Inspector Henry Larsen near Cape Felix, King William Island, Nunavut, were identified as an adult male of European ancestry and a member of the 1845 Franklin Northwest Passage Expedition. The identification has never been questioned and is considered significant to reconstructions of the fate of the Franklin expedition because the sailor’s death presumably pre-dated the desertion of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror in April 1848 and because no other human remains of expedition personnel have ever been found between Victory Point and Cape Felix. The aim of this study was to re-examine the basis on which the ancestry of the skeleton was interpreted to be European. A review of archival records revealed previously unpublished details concerning the location and context of the discovery, and re-assessments of the antiquity and of key morphological attributes of the bones suggest they are those of an adult male Inuk and have no connection to the 1845 Franklin expedition.</p>","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142204816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
“A romance based on information”: The curious case of Clements Markham’s Franklin Expedition novel "基于信息的浪漫":克莱门茨-马卡姆的富兰克林探险小说奇案
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247424000081
Allegra Rosenberg

Sir Clements Markham (1830-1916), secretary of the Royal Geographical Society for many decades, is best known for his role in shaping the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration and especially the career of his protege Robert Falcon Scott. His unpublished work of Franklin Expedition fiction, a 350-page handwritten manuscript held in the collection of the RGS, is an understudied artefact which has much to say about Markham’s life, work, and ideology. A work of fact-based history, yet also a fantasy on themes of chivalry, his 1899 novel James Fitzjames…, while occasionally mined for biographical information by scholars of the 19th-century Arctic, has never been fully evaluated on its own terms. An initial read reveals various preoccupations: Christian spirituality; the male body in extremis; loyalty to the imperial hierarchy; and a deep interest in establishing James Fitzjames as a heroic figure for posterity. In this paper, I aim to uncover various meanings embedded in this romance, place it into the ongoing literary afterlife of the Franklin Expedition, and demonstrate some of the insights it can offer regarding Markham’s role as a vital figure in the history of polar exploration.

克莱门茨-马卡姆爵士(1830-1916 年)曾担任英国皇家地理学会秘书数十年,因其在南极探险英雄时代,特别是其门徒罗伯特-法尔孔-斯科特的职业生涯中扮演的角色而闻名于世。他未出版的富兰克林探险小说作品是一份 350 页的手写手稿,由英国皇家地理学会收藏,是一件未被充分研究的文物,其中有许多关于马卡姆的生活、工作和意识形态的内容。他在 1899 年创作的小说《詹姆斯-菲茨杰姆斯......》是一部以事实为基础的历史作品,但同时也是一部以骑士精神为主题的幻想小说,虽然研究 19 世纪北极地区的学者偶尔会从这部小说中挖掘出一些传记信息,但从未对其本身进行过全面评价。初读这本书,会发现它有各种关注点:基督教的精神信仰;极端情况下的男性身体;对帝国等级制度的忠诚;以及将詹姆斯-菲茨杰拉德塑造成后世英雄人物的浓厚兴趣。在本文中,我旨在揭示这部浪漫主义作品所蕴含的各种意义,将其置于富兰克林探险的文学后世中,并展示它对马卡姆作为极地探险史上的重要人物所能提供的一些启示。
{"title":"“A romance based on information”: The curious case of Clements Markham’s Franklin Expedition novel","authors":"Allegra Rosenberg","doi":"10.1017/s0032247424000081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247424000081","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sir Clements Markham (1830-1916), secretary of the Royal Geographical Society for many decades, is best known for his role in shaping the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration and especially the career of his protege Robert Falcon Scott. His unpublished work of Franklin Expedition fiction, a 350-page handwritten manuscript held in the collection of the RGS, is an understudied artefact which has much to say about Markham’s life, work, and ideology. A work of fact-based history, yet also a fantasy on themes of chivalry, his 1899 novel <span>James Fitzjames…,</span> while occasionally mined for biographical information by scholars of the 19th-century Arctic, has never been fully evaluated on its own terms. An initial read reveals various preoccupations: Christian spirituality; the male body in extremis; loyalty to the imperial hierarchy; and a deep interest in establishing James Fitzjames as a heroic figure for posterity. In this paper, I aim to uncover various meanings embedded in this romance, place it into the ongoing literary afterlife of the Franklin Expedition, and demonstrate some of the insights it can offer regarding Markham’s role as a vital figure in the history of polar exploration.</p>","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141259553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Discovery of some initial sketches and notes for William Scoresby Junior’s An Account of the Arctic Regions 发现威廉-斯考斯比(William Scoresby Junior)《北极地区记述》的一些初步草图和笔记
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247424000056
Fiona Louise Barnard

A scruffy piece of paper covered in notes and dated sketches of snowflake segments has been found caught between the pages of a later book in Whitby Museum’s Scoresby archive. The paper had been cut and folded to secure it round the ship Esk’s logbook. Close examination shows pencil drawing beneath the 22 ink sketches, which can be linked to entries for May 1817 in the logbook and matched to completed snowflakes from William Scoresby Junior’s 1820 book An Account of the Arctic Regions. This is almost certainly the first indication of Scoresby’s process for drawing snowflakes at sea.

The paper also contains jottings on many topics that Scoresby was considering including in his book. Comparing these with the published work, his later fact checking was clearly meticulous.

在惠特比博物馆斯科斯比档案馆的一本后来出版的书的书页之间发现了一张邋遢的纸,上面写满了雪花片段的注释和日期草图。这张纸曾被裁剪和折叠,以便固定在埃斯克号的航海日志上。仔细观察可以发现,22 幅水墨素描下面是铅笔画,这些素描可以与航海日志中 1817 年 5 月的记录联系起来,并与小威廉-斯考斯比(William Scoresby Junior)1820 年出版的《北极地区记述》(An Account of the Arctic Regions)一书中完成的雪花相匹配。这几乎可以肯定是斯考斯比在海上绘制雪花过程的第一个迹象。这张纸上还包含了斯考斯比考虑写入书中的许多主题的记事。将这些内容与已出版的作品相比较,他后来的事实核查工作显然是一丝不苟的。
{"title":"Discovery of some initial sketches and notes for William Scoresby Junior’s An Account of the Arctic Regions","authors":"Fiona Louise Barnard","doi":"10.1017/s0032247424000056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247424000056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A scruffy piece of paper covered in notes and dated sketches of snowflake segments has been found caught between the pages of a later book in Whitby Museum’s Scoresby archive. The paper had been cut and folded to secure it round the ship <span>Esk’s</span> logbook. Close examination shows pencil drawing beneath the 22 ink sketches, which can be linked to entries for May 1817 in the logbook and matched to completed snowflakes from William Scoresby Junior’s 1820 book <span>An Account of the Arctic Regions</span>. This is almost certainly the first indication of Scoresby’s process for drawing snowflakes at sea.</p><p>The paper also contains jottings on many topics that Scoresby was considering including in his book. Comparing these with the published work, his later fact checking was clearly meticulous.</p>","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"131 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141151655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Scoping Arctic expertise: The mismatch between traditional theories of expertise and Indigenous expertise 北极专门知识的范围:传统专业知识理论与土著专业知识之间的不匹配
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-29 DOI: 10.1017/s003224742400007x
Gabriella Gricius

While much work on expertise has explored the mobilisation and production of knowledge, the development of epistemic communities, and the mechanisms through which expertise operates – little work has been done exploring how expertise is understood across academic literature on particular regional cases such as the Arctic. In this article, I scope a broad literature review of the Arctic, seeking out how expertise has been depicted and framed in academic and theoretical literature. The results are framed around five different themes: (1) expertise serving the interests of great powers, (2) recognition of the overall importance of expertise in Arctic governance, (3) the purpose of experts, (4) science diplomacy and expertise: a murky barrier, and (5) how to study experts, but also find that Indigenous knowledge is often left out of literature that relies upon Western frameworks of expertise. This incongruity suggests that there are two competing conceptualizations of Arctic expertise, one in theory and another in practice – which has consequences for how the region and its expertise are narrated.

尽管许多关于专业知识的研究都探讨了知识的动员和生产、认识论社区的发展以及专业知识的运作机制,但很少有研究探讨如何在北极等特定地区的学术文献中理解专业知识。在本文中,我对北极地区进行了广泛的文献综述,探寻学术和理论文献是如何描述和构建专业知识的。研究结果围绕五个不同主题展开:(1) 专业知识服务于大国利益;(2) 认识到专业知识在北极治理中的整体重要性;(3) 专家的目的;(4) 科学外交与专业知识:一个模糊的障碍;(5) 如何研究专家。这种不协调表明,北极专业知识存在两种相互竞争的概念,一种是理论上的,另一种是实践中的--这对如何叙述该地区及其专业知识产生了影响。
{"title":"Scoping Arctic expertise: The mismatch between traditional theories of expertise and Indigenous expertise","authors":"Gabriella Gricius","doi":"10.1017/s003224742400007x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s003224742400007x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>While much work on expertise has explored the mobilisation and production of knowledge, the development of epistemic communities, and the mechanisms through which expertise operates – little work has been done exploring how expertise is understood across academic literature on particular regional cases such as the Arctic. In this article, I scope a broad literature review of the Arctic, seeking out how expertise has been depicted and framed in academic and theoretical literature. The results are framed around five different themes: (1) expertise serving the interests of great powers, (2) recognition of the overall importance of expertise in Arctic governance, (3) the purpose of experts, (4) science diplomacy and expertise: a murky barrier, and (5) how to study experts, but also find that Indigenous knowledge is often left out of literature that relies upon Western frameworks of expertise. This incongruity suggests that there are two competing conceptualizations of Arctic expertise, one in theory and another in practice – which has consequences for how the region and its expertise are narrated.</p>","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140808801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Climate change, energy production, and Arctic tourism: A case study analysis of northern Alaska 气候变化、能源生产和北极旅游业:阿拉斯加北部案例研究分析
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247424000044
Elizabeth Nyman, Jenna A. Lamphere
Historically, there have been two kinds of economic activities in northern Alaska. The first and oldest is the subsistence lifestyle of the Indigenous peoples. The second and more recent is the development of the oil and gas industry, which began in earnest in 1977 with the competition of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline and construction of a new road, the Dalton Highway. Although first used only by commercial traffic for the oilfield, in 1994, the highway opened to the public and is now frequented by tourists travelling above the Arctic Circle. In this paper, we analyse the future of northern Alaska tourism by considering evolutionary economic geography and the area’s likely reduction in oil and gas activity. We consider how climate change may serve as a trigger, impacting tourism through the rise of last chance tourism, and conduct a scenario-based analysis. We argue that the oil and gas industry is likely to continue along its current path, exhausting accessible resources and innovating technology to push into new territories in the far north. However, should the culmination of extraneous factors render climate change a trigger, industry decline could be offset by investments that repurpose the area’s industrial heritage into tourism sites.
历史上,阿拉斯加北部有两种经济活动。第一种,也是最古老的一种,是土著人自给自足的生活方式。第二种也是最近的一种经济活动是石油和天然气工业的发展。1977 年,随着跨阿拉斯加输油管道(Trans-Alaskan Pipeline)的竞争和一条新公路--道尔顿公路(Dalton Highway)的修建,石油和天然气工业的发展正式开始。尽管最初只有油田的商业交通使用这条公路,但 1994 年,这条公路向公众开放,现在,北极圈以上的游客经常光顾这条公路。在本文中,我们通过考虑经济地理的演变以及该地区石油和天然气活动的可能减少,分析了阿拉斯加北部旅游业的未来。我们考虑了气候变化如何可能成为触发因素,通过最后机会旅游的兴起对旅游业产生影响,并进行了基于情景的分析。我们认为,石油和天然气行业很可能会沿着目前的道路继续发展,耗尽可获得的资源,并通过技术创新来开拓极北地区的新领地。然而,如果外在因素的最终结果导致气候变化成为触发因素,那么将该地区的工业遗产重新改造成旅游景点的投资就可以抵消该行业的衰退。
{"title":"Climate change, energy production, and Arctic tourism: A case study analysis of northern Alaska","authors":"Elizabeth Nyman, Jenna A. Lamphere","doi":"10.1017/s0032247424000044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247424000044","url":null,"abstract":"Historically, there have been two kinds of economic activities in northern Alaska. The first and oldest is the subsistence lifestyle of the Indigenous peoples. The second and more recent is the development of the oil and gas industry, which began in earnest in 1977 with the competition of the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline and construction of a new road, the Dalton Highway. Although first used only by commercial traffic for the oilfield, in 1994, the highway opened to the public and is now frequented by tourists travelling above the Arctic Circle. In this paper, we analyse the future of northern Alaska tourism by considering evolutionary economic geography and the area’s likely reduction in oil and gas activity. We consider how climate change may serve as a trigger, impacting tourism through the rise of last chance tourism, and conduct a scenario-based analysis. We argue that the oil and gas industry is likely to continue along its current path, exhausting accessible resources and innovating technology to push into new territories in the far north. However, should the culmination of extraneous factors render climate change a trigger, industry decline could be offset by investments that repurpose the area’s industrial heritage into tourism sites.","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140203333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Phasing out coal on Svalbard: From a conflict of interest to a contest over symbolic capital 在斯瓦尔巴逐步淘汰煤炭:从利益冲突到象征性资本之争
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247424000020
Tiril Vold Hansen
In 2021, the decision to close the last Norwegian coal mine on Svalbard was made, and with that, the Norwegian coal adventure on the archipelago came to an end. This was a result of a political process, which is the focus of this article. Drawing on fieldwork conducted during the fall of 2022, I argue that the political process of phasing out coal changed from a conflict over interests to a contest over symbolic capital. The article contributes to the understanding of Norwegian Svalbard politics and the “balancing act” that this represents. I focus on how power, in the form of shaping people’s perceptions and as prestige, influenced what interests prevail and why. The article addresses (1) why the decision to phase out coal was not made earlier, (2) what ultimately made this decision possible and (3) why and over what the key actors were still competing after the decision to phase out coal was made.
2021年,挪威决定关闭斯瓦尔巴岛上的最后一座煤矿,挪威在斯瓦尔巴群岛上的煤炭开采冒险就此结束。这是一个政治进程的结果,也是本文讨论的重点。根据2022年秋季进行的实地调查,我认为逐步淘汰煤炭的政治进程已从利益冲突转变为象征资本的争夺。这篇文章有助于人们理解挪威斯瓦尔巴群岛的政治及其所代表的 "平衡之术"。我将重点放在权力是如何通过塑造人们的观念和威望的形式,影响哪些利益占上风以及为什么占上风。文章探讨了:(1)为什么没有更早地做出逐步淘汰煤炭的决定;(2)是什么最终使这一决定成为可能;以及(3)在做出逐步淘汰煤炭的决定后,为什么主要参与者仍在争夺什么。
{"title":"Phasing out coal on Svalbard: From a conflict of interest to a contest over symbolic capital","authors":"Tiril Vold Hansen","doi":"10.1017/s0032247424000020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247424000020","url":null,"abstract":"In 2021, the decision to close the last Norwegian coal mine on Svalbard was made, and with that, the Norwegian coal adventure on the archipelago came to an end. This was a result of a political process, which is the focus of this article. Drawing on fieldwork conducted during the fall of 2022, I argue that the political process of phasing out coal changed from a conflict over interests to a contest over symbolic capital. The article contributes to the understanding of Norwegian Svalbard politics and the “balancing act” that this represents. I focus on how power, in the form of shaping people’s perceptions and as prestige, influenced what interests prevail and why. The article addresses (1) why the decision to phase out coal was not made earlier, (2) what ultimately made this decision possible and (3) why and over what the key actors were still competing after the decision to phase out coal was made.","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139764593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A tale of two species: Pringlea antiscorbutica and Azorella polaris, sub-Antarctic scurvy remedies 两个物种的故事:Pringlea antiscorbutica 和 Azorella polaris,亚南极坏血病良药
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-30 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247424000019
Karri Horton Hartley, Paul L. Guy, Janice M. Lord

Pringlea antiscorbutica (Brassicaceae) and Azorella polaris (syn. Stilbocarpa polaris, Apiaceae) are endemic sub-Antarctic flowering plants of significant ecological and historical importance. Pringlea antiscorbutica occurs on Îles Kerguelen and Crozet, Prince Edward, and the Heard and MacDonald Islands; A. polaris on Auckland, Campbell, and Macquarie Islands. We examine the use of these unrelated species of “wild cabbage,” as scurvy remedies and sustenance for eighteenth–nineteenth-century sailors. We trace their European discovery, taxonomic treatment, morphological representation, and cultural association through the historical record. Scurvy killed more sailors during the sixteenth-nineteenth centuries than armed conflict and shipwrecks combined. Both plants were essential to the survival of sailors and formed a nutritious, carbohydrate-rich staple of their diets, however, attitudes to these plants were strongly influenced by cultural background. Use of P. antiscorbutica as a scurvy remedy was promoted by Cook and Anderson, leading to a greater historical legacy than A. polaris, and a unique contemporary research focus on the plant’s nutritional value and cultivation potential. In contrast, contemporary studies of A. polaris have been directed primarily at the plant’s protection. Pringlea antiscorbutica and A. polaris are intrinsically linked to human associations with the sub-Antarctic islands, which further increases their cultural and conservation value.

Pringlea antiscorbutica(十字花科)和 Azorella polaris(同属 Stilbocarpa polaris,Apiaceae)是亚南极特有的开花植物,具有重要的生态和历史意义。Pringlea antiscorbutica 生长在凯尔盖朗岛和克罗泽岛、爱德华王子岛、赫德岛和麦克唐纳岛;A. polaris 生长在奥克兰、坎贝尔和麦夸里群岛。我们研究了这些互不相关的 "野卷心菜 "物种作为坏血病疗法和十八至十九世纪水手食物的使用情况。我们通过历史记录来追溯它们在欧洲的发现、分类学处理、形态表现和文化关联。十六至十九世纪期间,死于坏血病的水手人数比死于武装冲突和海难的水手人数总和还要多。这两种植物对水手的生存都至关重要,是他们饮食中营养丰富、富含碳水化合物的主食,但是,文化背景对这些植物的态度有很大影响。库克和安德森将 P. antiscorbutica 用作治疗坏血病的良药,这使得它比 A. polaris 拥有更多的历史遗产,并在当代成为研究该植物营养价值和栽培潜力的独特重点。相比之下,对北极草的当代研究主要针对该植物的保护。Pringlea antiscorbutica 和 A. polaris 与人类与亚南极岛屿的关系有着内在联系,这进一步提高了它们的文化和保护价值。
{"title":"A tale of two species: Pringlea antiscorbutica and Azorella polaris, sub-Antarctic scurvy remedies","authors":"Karri Horton Hartley, Paul L. Guy, Janice M. Lord","doi":"10.1017/s0032247424000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247424000019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><span>Pringlea antiscorbutica</span> (Brassicaceae) and <span>Azorella polaris</span> (syn. <span>Stilbocarpa polaris</span>, Apiaceae) are endemic sub-Antarctic flowering plants of significant ecological and historical importance. <span>Pringlea antiscorbutica</span> occurs on Îles Kerguelen and Crozet, Prince Edward, and the Heard and MacDonald Islands; <span>A. polaris</span> on Auckland, Campbell, and Macquarie Islands. We examine the use of these unrelated species of “wild cabbage,” as scurvy remedies and sustenance for eighteenth–nineteenth-century sailors. We trace their European discovery, taxonomic treatment, morphological representation, and cultural association through the historical record. Scurvy killed more sailors during the sixteenth-nineteenth centuries than armed conflict and shipwrecks combined. Both plants were essential to the survival of sailors and formed a nutritious, carbohydrate-rich staple of their diets, however, attitudes to these plants were strongly influenced by cultural background. Use of <span>P. antiscorbutica</span> as a scurvy remedy was promoted by Cook and Anderson, leading to a greater historical legacy than <span>A. polaris</span>, and a unique contemporary research focus on the plant’s nutritional value and cultivation potential. In contrast, contemporary studies of <span>A. polaris</span> have been directed primarily at the plant’s protection. <span>Pringlea antiscorbutica</span> and <span>A. polaris</span> are intrinsically linked to human associations with the sub-Antarctic islands, which further increases their cultural and conservation value.</p>","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139587427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Franklin’s “Cemented Tomb”: The Jamme Report of 1928 Revisited 富兰克林的 "水泥墓":重温 1928 年的贾姆报告
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000347
Russell S. Taichman
Few details are known about the fate of the Franklin Expedition after it departed England in 1845. What we do know is derived from the archaeological record, Inuit testimony and brief communications written in 1847 and 1848 from the Expedition. During the 1860s, Charles Francis Hall went to the Arctic in search of survivors, papers, and relics. During Hall’s second expedition, two Inuit testimonies emerged which reported unusual site(s) on the Westcoast of King William Island which were reputedly built by the Expedition. Hall believed these sites were either a burial site or a cemented document vault(s). The first testimony, recorded by Hall himself, was obtained from a Pelly Bay Inuk, Sŭ-pung-er, in 1866. The second was collected from Pelly Bay Inuit by members of Hall’s support team, including Peter Bayne, in Hall’s absence in 1868. Eventually, the second testimony was sold to the Canadian Government in the form of a report written by George Jamme after Bayne’s death in 1928. Until now, only extracts of the Jamme Report have been available. This paper describes the background to the Jamme report and presents it in its entirety along with critiques so that scholars in the future may have this tool.
关于富兰克林探险队在 1845 年离开英国后的命运,人们所知甚少。我们所知道的信息来自考古记录、因纽特人的证词以及远征队在 1847 年和 1848 年写下的简短通信。19 世纪 60 年代,查尔斯-弗朗西斯-霍尔前往北极寻找幸存者、文件和遗物。在霍尔的第二次探险中,出现了两份因纽特人的证词,其中报告了威廉国王岛西海岸的不寻常地点,据说这些地点是探险队建造的。霍尔认为,这些遗址要么是一个埋葬地,要么是一个或多个水泥砌成的文件库。霍尔自己记录的第一份证词是 1866 年从佩利湾的伊努克人 Sŭ-pung-er 那里获得的。第二份证词是 1868 年霍尔不在时,由包括彼得-贝恩在内的霍尔支持团队成员从佩利湾因纽特人那里收集的。最终,第二份证词在贝恩于 1928 年去世后,以乔治-贾姆(George Jamme)撰写的报告的形式卖给了加拿大政府。迄今为止,人们只能获得贾姆报告的摘要。本文介绍了《贾姆报告》的背景,并将其全文连同批评意见一并提交,以便未来的学者可以利用这一工具。
{"title":"Franklin’s “Cemented Tomb”: The Jamme Report of 1928 Revisited","authors":"Russell S. Taichman","doi":"10.1017/s0032247423000347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247423000347","url":null,"abstract":"Few details are known about the fate of the Franklin Expedition after it departed England in 1845. What we do know is derived from the archaeological record, Inuit testimony and brief communications written in 1847 and 1848 from the Expedition. During the 1860s, Charles Francis Hall went to the Arctic in search of survivors, papers, and relics. During Hall’s second expedition, two Inuit testimonies emerged which reported unusual site(s) on the Westcoast of King William Island which were reputedly built by the Expedition. Hall believed these sites were either a burial site or a cemented document vault(s). The first testimony, recorded by Hall himself, was obtained from a Pelly Bay Inuk, Sŭ-pung-er, in 1866. The second was collected from Pelly Bay Inuit by members of Hall’s support team, including Peter Bayne, in Hall’s absence in 1868. Eventually, the second testimony was sold to the Canadian Government in the form of a report written by George Jamme after Bayne’s death in 1928. Until now, only extracts of the Jamme Report have been available. This paper describes the background to the Jamme report and presents it in its entirety along with critiques so that scholars in the future may have this tool.","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139587697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Collaring nature: The use of foxes to find and rescue the members of the lost Franklin expedition 捕捉自然:利用狐狸寻找和营救失散的富兰克林探险队成员
IF 0.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0032247423000360
Robert M. Peck

The mysterious disappearance of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror while searching for the Northwest Passage under the leadership of Sir John Franklin in the 1840s led to more than thirty different expeditions seeking to find the lost ships and their 129-man crews. It also fostered the first and only use of wild animals as a means of communication in such a rescue operation. Since covering the vast search areas was challenging, if not impossible during sub-freezing winter conditions, some of the would-be rescuers turned to Arctic foxes as couriers of information that they hoped might direct the lost explorers to safety. Based on excerpts from the participants’ diaries and published reports from the period, and on the physical evidence that survives, this paper describes the role Arctic foxes were asked to play in one of the greatest (unsuccessful) rescue efforts ever undertaken in the Far North.

19 世纪 40 年代,在约翰-富兰克林爵士的领导下,英国皇家海军埃里伯斯号和恐怖号在寻找西北航道时神秘失踪,导致 30 多次不同的探险活动,试图找到失联的船只及其 129 名船员。这也促成了在此类救援行动中首次也是唯一一次使用野生动物作为通信手段。由于在严寒的冬季条件下,要覆盖广阔的搜索区域即使不是不可能,也是极具挑战性的,因此一些可能的救援人员将北极狐作为信息传递者,希望它们能够将失联的探险者引向安全地带。本文根据参与者的日记摘录和当时的公开报道,以及现存的实物证据,描述了北极狐在远北地区有史以来最伟大的一次营救行动(未获成功)中所扮演的角色。
{"title":"Collaring nature: The use of foxes to find and rescue the members of the lost Franklin expedition","authors":"Robert M. Peck","doi":"10.1017/s0032247423000360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0032247423000360","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The mysterious disappearance of <span>HMS Erebus</span> and <span>HMS Terror</span> while searching for the Northwest Passage under the leadership of Sir John Franklin in the 1840s led to more than thirty different expeditions seeking to find the lost ships and their 129-man crews. It also fostered the first and only use of wild animals as a means of communication in such a rescue operation. Since covering the vast search areas was challenging, if not impossible during sub-freezing winter conditions, some of the would-be rescuers turned to Arctic foxes as couriers of information that they hoped might direct the lost explorers to safety. Based on excerpts from the participants’ diaries and published reports from the period, and on the physical evidence that survives, this paper describes the role Arctic foxes were asked to play in one of the greatest (unsuccessful) rescue efforts ever undertaken in the Far North.</p>","PeriodicalId":49685,"journal":{"name":"Polar Record","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Polar Record
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1